325:. One Health evolved from the early idea of One Medicine, which was developed by veterinary communities as early as the 1900s. Originally, One Health solely promoted the interconnectedness of animal health and human health, and failed to recognize the role of the ecosystem's health in the health and wellbeing of animals and humans. However, One Health is now a recognized and valued approach to optimize the health of people, animals, and the environment, and has been adopted by a multitude of organizations and governing bodies to guide their work in protecting global health. The United States
17:
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to make way for farmland may displace a wild animal species, which then infects a domesticated animal. The domesticated animal then enters the human food chain and infects people, and a new health threat emerges. Conventional approaches to the environment, animal and human health rarely examine these
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are among the few human diseases known to be connected to the environment or animal health. As of 2023, up to 70% of emerging infectious diseases (EID) originate from animals, which has brought the concept of conservation medicine to the forefront of current ideas in healthcare.
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Looking at the environment and health together, conservation medicine has the potential to effect rapid change in public opinion on complex societal issues, by making the distant and ill-defined, local and pressing. For instance,
212:, once said "between animal and human medicine, there is no dividing line- nor should there be". The intersection of the health of animals, humans, and their environment has been an area of discussion since then. The term
231:
While the initial discovery of conservation medicine focused on health of wildlife populations, it became apparent that human health is also impacted by animals and the environment as humans became more aware of
344:
The concept of conservation medicine utilizes a One Health approach, and specifically works to decrease disease and health risks humans and animals experience due to the degradation of the natural environment.
220:, illegal hunting, and biodiversity loss contributed to the health of wildlife populations in Africa. The increasing interest in conservation medicine since then represents a significant development in both
377:), increasing the risk of new cross-species diseases. When tied to actual cases (such as SARS or HIV/AIDS), this holistic outlook resonates more powerfully with the public than more abstract explanations.
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The environmental causes of health problems are complex, global, and poorly understood. Conservation medicine practitioners form multidisciplinary teams to tackle these issues. Teams may involve
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conditions. Specifically, conservation medicine is the study of how the health of humans, animals, and the environment are interconnected and affected by conservation issues. It is also known as
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is made more relevant when seen in terms of the immediate imbalance it brings to rural ecosystems, which increases population densities and forces humans into closer contact with animals (like
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may vaguely define long-term impacts, but an immediate effect may be a relatively slight rise in air temperature. This in turn raises the flight ceiling for temperature-sensitive
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While the hands-on process of conservation medicine in individual cases is complicated, the underlying concept is quite intuitive, namely, that human health, wildlife health, and
983:. In Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: implications for wildlife and humans (eds RT Watson, M Fuller, M Pokras, WG Hunt), pp. 7–22. Boise, ID: The Peregrine Fund.
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connections. In conservation medicine, such relationships are fundamental. Professionals from the many disciplines involved necessarily work closely together.
337:(WOAH) utilizes the One Health approach to improve animal health across the globe through advocacy and the spread of veterinary information. The United States
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Since the emergence of the idea of conservation medicine, many human physicians and veterinarians have adopted the initiative titled
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939:"Connecting the Dots - The Emerging Science of Conservation Medicine Links Human and Animal Health with the Environment"
341:(EPA) highlights their use of One Health to protect the environment stating "when we protect one, we protect all".
967:
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938:
565:"Wildlife, People and development: Veterinary contributions to wildlife health and resource management in Africa"
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698:
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804:"One Health news, resources and funding for global health researchers - Fogarty International Center @ NIH"
675:"One Health news, resources and funding for global health researchers - Fogarty International Center @ NIH"
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333:(NIH) utilize the One Health approach to better understand and mitigate threats to human health. The
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Aguirre, A. Alonso; Ostfeld, Richard S.; Tabor, Gary M.; House, Carol; Pearl, Mary C., eds. (2002).
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diseases that travel to humans from animals is central. For example, burning huge areas of
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diseases. Diseases that spread between animals and humans such as certain strains of the
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than usual, which in turn may carry a disease from one country or continent to another.
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was first described in the 1990s with the recognition of the impact human population,
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New directions in conservation medicine : applied cases of ecological health
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730:"Conservation Medicine: A Solution-Based Approach for Saving Nonhuman Primates"
604:"Conservation Medicine: A Solution-Based Approach for Saving Nonhuman Primates"
518:"Conservation Medicine: A Solution-Based Approach for Saving Nonhuman Primates"
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Lead uptake and effects across species lines: a conservation medicine approach
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is an emerging, interdisciplinary field that studies the relationship between
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Aguirre, A. Alonso; Ostfeld, Richard; Daszak, Peter, eds. (2012).
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957:"Too Darn Hot Global Warming Accelerates the Spread of Disease"
736:. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects: 63–76.
610:. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects: 63–76.
524:. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects: 63–76.
277:
877:"Conservation Medicine - Local conservation, global health"
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Conservation
Medicine : ecological health in practice
458:"Conservation medicine: combining the best of all worlds"
699:"Working Together for One Health | One Health | CDC"
362:, allowing them to feed on higher flying migratory
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832:WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health
327:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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633:
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258:severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
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262:Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
779:"One Health Basics | One Health | CDC"
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569:Tropical Animal Health and Production
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27:per 100,000 inhabitants in 2002.
7:
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335:World Organisation for Animal Health
160:from diverse disciplines, including
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462:Environmental Health Perspectives
937:Motavalli, Jim (November 2004).
430:"Conservation Medicine Overview"
339:Environmental Protection Agency
304:are all related. The threat of
977:Pokras MA, Kneeland MK (2009)
728:Deem, Sharon L. (2016-07-29).
602:Deem, Sharon L. (2016-07-29).
516:Deem, Sharon L. (2016-07-29).
21:Disability-adjusted life years
1:
968:"E WORD: Conservation Health"
369:Likewise, the broad topic of
331:National Institutes of Health
972:E—The Environmental Magazine
961:E—The Environmental Magazine
808:Fogarty International Center
679:Fogarty International Center
329:(CDC) and the United States
922:. Oxford University Press.
903:. Oxford University Press.
742:10.1007/978-3-319-30469-4_4
616:10.1007/978-3-319-30469-4_4
530:10.1007/978-3-319-30469-4_4
141:, or ecological medicine.
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851:US EPA, ORD (2022-10-27).
456:Weinhold, Bob (Aug 2003).
208:A physician in the 1800s,
974:, November/December 2004.
963:, November/December 2004.
218:environmental degradation
317:History and One Health
135:environmental medicine
108:
881:Conservation Medicine
292:, and other emerging
214:conservation medicine
112:Conservation medicine
19:
563:Kock, M. D. (1996).
474:10.1289/ehp.111-a524
198:political scientists
997:Veterinary medicine
294:infectious diseases
581:10.1007/bf02250729
152:working alongside
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910:978-0-19-515093-3
751:978-3-319-30467-0
625:978-3-319-30467-0
539:978-3-319-30467-0
468:(10): A524–A529.
397:Tropical medicine
174:marine biologists
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955:Motavalli, Jim.
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945:. Archived from
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371:suburban sprawl
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282:avian influenza
246:West Nile virus
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190:anthropologists
182:epidemiologists
162:microbiologists
139:medical geology
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63: 250-500
57: 100-250
33: no data
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966:Moss, Doug.
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948:the original
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884:. Retrieved
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860:. Retrieved
856:
853:"One Health"
846:
835:. Retrieved
831:
828:"What we do"
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811:. Retrieved
807:
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787:. Retrieved
785:. 2022-11-08
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707:. Retrieved
705:. 2022-11-28
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682:. Retrieved
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658:. Retrieved
656:. 2016-01-01
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575:(1): 68–80.
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437:. Retrieved
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286:Lyme disease
230:
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188:biologists,
166:pathologists
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111:
110:
51: 50-100
23:lost due to
857:www.epa.gov
783:www.cdc.gov
703:www.cdc.gov
290:Nipah virus
270:brucellosis
154:researchers
105: ≥3500
45: 10-50
886:2023-03-22
862:2023-03-22
837:2023-03-22
813:2023-03-22
789:2023-03-22
709:2023-03-14
684:2023-03-22
660:2023-03-14
439:2023-03-14
413:References
387:One Health
360:mosquitoes
323:One Health
204:Prevalence
194:economists
172:analysts,
158:clinicians
146:physicians
589:0049-4747
482:0091-6765
170:landscape
39: ≤10
991:Category
500:12896870
392:Zoonosis
381:See also
306:zoonotic
234:zoonotic
222:medicine
761:7122636
635:7122636
549:7122636
491:1241627
375:rodents
274:malaria
186:climate
25:malaria
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116:human
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585:ISSN
534:ISBN
496:PMID
478:ISSN
260:and
224:and
156:and
148:and
125:and
756:PMC
738:doi
654:CDC
630:PMC
612:doi
577:doi
544:PMC
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470:doi
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238:flu
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