1083:
North and West
Germanic, the /l/ cluster disappeared. This suggests that clusters are affected as words are loaned to other languages. The examples show that every language has syllable preference based on syllable structure and segment harmony of the language. Other factors that affect clusters when loaned to other languages include speech rate, articulatory factors, and speech perceptivity. Bayley has added that social factors such as age, gender, and geographical locations of speakers can determine clusters when they are loaned crosslinguistically.
460:
77:
364:
179:
36:
405:
1082:
may not appear adjacently word-initially. Some
English words, including thrash, three, throat, and throw, start with the voiceless dental fricative /θ/, the liquid /r/, or the /r/ cluster (/θ/+/r/). This cluster example in Proto-Germanic has a counterpart in which /θ/ was followed by /l/. In early
984:
Another element of consonant clusters in Old
Chinese was analysed in coda and post-coda position. Some "departing tone" syllables have cognates in the "entering tone" syllables, which feature a -p, -t, -k in Middle Chinese and Southern Chinese varieties. The departing tone was analysed to feature a
998:
Some consonant clusters originate from the loss of a vowel in between two consonants, usually (but not always) due to vowel reduction caused by lack of stress. This is also the origin of most consonant clusters in
English, some of which go back to Proto-Indo-European times. For example,
1438:
Consonant clusters at the ends of syllables are less common but follow the same principles. Clusters are more likely to begin with a liquid, approximant, or nasal and end with a fricative, affricate, or stop, such as in
English "world"
1291:
often produces sounds in two different syllables (following the general principle of saturating the subsequent syllable before assigning sounds to the preceding syllable). Also note a combination digraph and cluster as seen in
634:
has initial consonant clusters natively only on South-Western dialects and on foreign loans, and only clusters of three inside the word are allowed. Most spoken languages and dialects, however, are more permissive. In
989:
in more modern varieties. Old
Vietnamese also had a rich inventory of initial clusters, but these were slowly merged with plain initials during Middle Vietnamese, and some have developed into the palatal nasal.
985:
post-coda sibilant, "s". Clusters of -ps, -ts, -ks, were then formed at the end of syllables. These clusters eventually collapsed into "-ts" or "-s", before disappearing altogether, leaving elements of
542:. Languages' phonotactics differ as to what consonant clusters they permit. Many languages are more restrictive than English in terms of consonant clusters, and some forbid consonant clusters entirely.
1018:
Consonant clusters can also originate from assimilation of a consonant with a vowel. In many Slavic languages, the combination mji, mje, mja etc. regularly gave mlji, mlje, mlja etc. Compare
Russian
736:
870:. It is extremely difficult to accurately classify which of these consonants may be acting as the syllable nucleus, and these languages challenge classical notions of exactly what constitutes a
334:. Others claim that the concept is more useful when it includes consonant sequences across syllable boundaries. According to the former definition, the longest consonant clusters in the word
1405:(which many of its descendants have, including English). Certain consonants are more or less likely to appear in consonant clusters, especially in certain positions. The
1638:, Mercury Series, Canadian Ethnology Service (No. 92) (Ottawa: National Museums of Canada), cited in Bruce Bagemihl (1991), "Syllable Structure in Bella Coola", in the
1003:
comes from Proto-Germanic *glo-, which in turn comes from Proto-Indo-European *gʰel-ó, where *gʰel- is a root meaning 'to shine, to be bright' and is also present in
1541:
967:, words with initial consonant clusters are commonly reduced in colloquial speech to pronounce only the initial consonant, such as the pronunciation of the word
647:) at the initial onset are allowed in writing and only two (the initial and one medial) are pronounced; these clusters are restricted to certain letters. Some
1358:
Not all consonant clusters are distributed equally among the languages of the world. Consonant clusters have a tendency to fall under patterns such as the
959:. Additionally, initial clusters such as "tk" and "sn" were analysed in recent reconstructions of Old Chinese, and some were developed as palatalised
882:
1228:, are more common. Within compound words, clusters of five consonants or more are possible (if cross-syllabic clusters are accepted), as in
1456:
585:, are single consonants.) It also permits a syllable to end in a consonant as long as the next syllable begins with the same consonant.
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94:
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The extent of consonant clusters in
Moroccan Arabic depends on the analysis. Richard Harrell's grammar of the language postulates
141:
279:
261:
113:
485:
189:
98:
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1395:
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120:
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is thought of as consonant plus vowel rather than as a diphthong, three-consonant clusters also occur in words such as
127:
330:
Some linguists argue that the term can be properly applied only to those consonant clusters that occur within one
875:
659:
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forbids initial consonant clusters and more than two consecutive consonants in other positions, as do most other
1173:
470:
204:
787:
can form syllable nuclei in West and South Slavic languages and behave phonologically as vowels in this case.
109:
710:). Consonants cannot appear as syllable nuclei in Georgian, so this syllable is analysed as CCCCCCCCVC. Many
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639:, consonant clusters of only up to three consonants (the initial and two medials—two written forms of
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sounds in many positions that do not occur in other analyses. For example, the word that appears as
1218:
1181:
948:
1160:), though this is rare (perhaps owing to being derived from a recent German loanword). However, the
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that states a
Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
1945:
1940:
1885:
1831:
1796:
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1471:
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855:
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Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, K. (2019). "On the structure, survival and change of consonant clusters".
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1682:"Syncope, syllabic consonant formation, and the distribution of stressed vowels in English"
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permits only initial consonant clusters with up to three consonants in a row per syllable.
1047:
898:
791:
742:
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languages of
Georgia are drastically more permissive of consonant clustering. Clusters in
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588:
558:
1413:, which doesn't violate the SSP, but nonetheless is unusual in having the labio-dental
1075:
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1542:"Phonics and Word Recognition Instruction in Early Reading Programs, Reading Rockets"
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to the nasal. For speakers without this feature, the word is pronounced without the
1060:('to well up'), violates Ubykh's limit of two initial consonants. The English words
714:
may manifest almost as formidable numbers of consecutive consonants, such as in the
1237:
539:
17:
1904:
1046:
All languages differ in syllable structure and cluster template. A loanword from
1814:
Wilson, C. (2001). "Consonant cluster neutralisation and targeted constraints".
1362:(SSP); the closer a consonant in a cluster is to the syllable's vowel, the more
944:
894:
574:(the name of the largest island of Japan). (Palatalized consonants, such as in
459:
288:
76:
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1881:
1827:
1792:
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1079:
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the consonant is. Among the most common types of clusters are initial stop-
564:
1655:
Occupational Prestige and Consonant Cluster Simplification in Bangkok Thai
1779:
Guy, G. R.; Boyd, S. (1990). "The development of a morphological class".
1653:
1177:
960:
871:
331:
323:. In the education field it is variously called a consonant cluster or a
267:
1744:
Côté, M. (2004). "Consonant cluster simplification in Québec French".
651:
allow for clusters of up to four consonants (with the addition of the
1601:
Highly Complex Syllable Structure: A Typological and Diachronic study
1868:
Bayley, R. (1994). "Consonant cluster reduction in Tejano English".
1316:
followed by a voiceless consonant in the same syllable often does);
881:
There has been a trend to reduce and simplify consonant clusters in
207:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1569:
1095:, the longest possible initial cluster is three consonants, as in
1030:, which lacks the change, both from Proto-Balto-Slavic *źemē. See
691:
308:
1386:). Other common ones include initial stop-approximant (e.g. Thai
1267:
together represent the single consonant . Conversely, the letter
1394:) sequences. More rare are sequences which defy the SSP such as
1152:; the longest possible final cluster is five consonants, as in
833:, clusters of six or even seven consonants are possible (e.g.
666:
of four, five or six consonants are not unusual—for instance,
453:
398:
357:
172:
70:
29:
655:
medial, which can combine with the above-mentioned medials).
1849:
Jun, J. (2011). "Positional effects in consonant clusters".
1580:
Ablaut and Ambiguity: Phonology of a Moroccan Arabic Dialect
1443:. Yet again, there are exceptions, such as English "lapse"
1287:(some pronunciations of "luxury"). It is worth noting that
829:
representing single consonants: and , respectively. In
414:
is written like an original, unattributed academic essay
419:
196:
1259:
standing for a single sound. For example, in the word
858:
exhibit long words with no vowels at all, such as the
1583:
1573:
1661:. International Journal of the Sociology of Language
809:
266:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1640:Proceedings of the New England Linguistics Society
741:), meaning 'stick a finger through the neck', the
619:influence, allows strings of several consonants.
694:are used, it allows an eight-consonant cluster:
557:is almost as strict, but allows a sequence of a
280:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
868:he had had in his possession a bunchberry plant
553:languages, forbid consonant clusters entirely.
1255:, while a digraph is a group of two consonant
575:
562:
27:Group of consonants without a vowel in between
1426:
1390:) and initial fricative-liquid (e.g. English
1251:. Clusters are made of two or more consonant
1019:
918:
768:
599:permits initial two-consonant clusters (e.g.
8:
1247:It is important to distinguish clusters and
1025:
795:
790:An example of a true initial cluster is the
755:
746:
606:
600:
1188:. Final clusters of four consonants, as in
1055:
883:the Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
846:
840:
834:
719:
488:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
392:Learn how and when to remove these messages
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1304:representing a cluster of two consonants:
968:
350:, which is phonetically in some accents.
1697:
874:. The same problem is encountered in the
526:Learn how and when to remove this message
508:Learn how and when to remove this message
442:Learn how and when to remove this message
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
1038:for more information about this change.
1516:
1483:
1409:of Taiwan has initial clusters such as
538:Each language has an associated set of
1180:require insertion of a voiceless stop
311:. In English, for example, the groups
1078:loanwords, violate the rule that two
1024:, which had this change, with Polish
728:
580:
569:
7:
1851:The Blackwell Companion to Phonology
1457:English consonant cluster reductions
1417:in the second position. The cluster
486:adding citations to reliable sources
270:. For the distinction between ,
99:adding citations to reliable sources
1525:"National reading panel, page 2-99"
1271:can produce the consonant clusters
1235:and in the Yorkshire place-name of
658:At the other end of the scale, the
319:are consonant clusters in the word
1607:. Berlin: Language Science Press.
1176:, nasal-sibilant sequences in the
25:
1263:, the two letters of the digraph
373:This section has multiple issues.
45:This article has multiple issues.
1578:"they wrote" in Jeffrey Heath's
909:, which yielded retroflexion in
897:was known to contain additional
458:
403:
362:
177:
75:
34:
1308:(although it may be pronounced
851:("treading the most softly")).
381:or discuss these issues on the
262:International Phonetic Alphabet
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
804:("you will initiate"). In the
730:[str̩tʃpr̩stskr̩skr̩k]
561:plus another consonant, as in
1:
1870:Language Variation and Change
1781:Language Variation and Change
1557:Syllabification and allophony
1360:sonority sequencing principle
1336:; and compound words such as
1680:Polgárdi, Krisztina (2015).
1584:
1574:
1421:is also rare, but occurs in
346:, whereas the latter allows
1909:Online Etymology Dictionary
763:("clunk"; "flop"), and the
607:
601:
576:
563:
203:the claims made and adding
1962:
1758:10.1515/prbs.2004.16.2.151
845:("writing the worst") and
776:("welfare"). However, the
307:which have no intervening
1882:10.1017/S0954394500001708
1828:10.1017/S0952675701004043
1793:10.1017/S0954394500000235
1699:10.1017/S0022226714000486
1652:Beebe, Leslie M. (1975).
1427:
969:
919:
876:Northern Berber languages
1717:. 53(s40-s1) (53): 107.
1636:The Bella Coola Language
864:/xɬpʼχʷɬtʰɬpʰɬːskʷʰt͡sʼ/
1168:may also be considered
1056:
1036:History of Proto-Slavic
540:phonotactic constraints
258:phonetic transcriptions
1723:10.1515/flih-2019-0006
1686:Journal of Linguistics
1634:Hank F. Nater (1984),
1598:Easterday, S. (2019).
1370:sequences, such as in
1324:followed by a cluster
1320:with a silent digraph
1120:, all beginning with
1026:
1020:
935:, is reconstructed as
847:
841:
839:("a scream of fear"),
835:
810:
796:
769:
756:
747:
720:
422:by rewriting it in an
255:This article contains
1588:in Harrell's grammar.
1042:Clusters in languages
1032:Proto-Slavic language
1013:⟨glade⟩
1009:⟨gleam⟩
690:)—and if grammatical
597:Modern Israeli Hebrew
1005:⟨glee⟩
1001:⟨glow⟩
949:Zhengzhang Shangfang
947:by Sinologists like
817:("victualling") the
482:improve this section
95:improve this article
1396:Proto-Indo-European
1192:in other dialects (
624:Mon–Khmer languages
110:"Consonant cluster"
1492:⟨ew⟩
1472:Consonant stacking
1467:Conjunct consonant
1322:⟨gh⟩
1314:⟨ng⟩
1302:⟨th⟩
1298:⟨ng⟩
1296:with two digraphs
1265:⟨sh⟩
1140:, and ending with
856:Salishan languages
842:slechtstschrijvend
823:⟨nj⟩
819:⟨lj⟩
721:Strč prst skrz krk
571:[hoꜜɰ̃ɕɯː]
424:encyclopedic style
301:consonant compound
297:consonant sequence
188:possibly contains
18:Consonant clusters
1903:Harper, Douglas.
1715:Folia Linguistica
1330:⟨s⟩
1326:⟨t⟩
1289:⟨x⟩
1269:⟨x⟩
1116:, and "squirrel"
953:William H. Baxter
848:zachtstschrijdend
778:liquid consonants
754:("quarter"), and
593:Semitic languages
582:[toːkʲoː]
551:Malayo-Polynesian
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293:consonant cluster
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963:. Similarly, in
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700:he's plucking us
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649:Burmese dialects
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611:"pumpkin"), and
610:
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815:/ɔpskr̩bʎiʋaɲɛ/
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718:tongue twister
613:Moroccan Arabic
589:Standard Arabic
559:nasal consonant
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1425:words such as
1355:
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1219:rhotic accents
1128:, containing
1088:
1085:
1052:Ubykh language
1043:
1040:
995:
992:
973:reducing from
957:Laurent Sagart
911:Middle Chinese
811:opskrbljivanje
806:Serbo-Croatian
761:/ʒbl̩ŋknucɪɛ̯/
676:/mt͡sʼvrtnɛli/
534:
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1462:Vowel cluster
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1424:
1408:
1407:Tsou language
1397:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1341:/ˈsaɪtskriːn/
1339:
1319:
1295:
1283:(sexual), or
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1231:
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1220:
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1199:
1191:
1183:
1179:
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1174:many speakers
1171:
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1077:
1070:
1063:
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836:angstschreeuw
832:
828:
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788:
779:
771:
766:
758:
749:
744:
737:
731:
722:
717:
713:
709:
704:/gvprt͡skvni/
701:
693:
689:
681:
673:
665:
661:
656:
650:
638:
633:
629:
625:
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603:
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566:
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548:
545:For example,
543:
541:
530:
527:
512:
509:
501:
491:
487:
483:
477:
476:
472:
467:This section
465:
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456:
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421:
415:
412:This section
410:
401:
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328:
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245:
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198:
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191:
186:This article
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
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143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
1936:Phonotactics
1912:. Retrieved
1908:
1898:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1784:
1780:
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1739:
1714:
1708:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1663:. Retrieved
1654:
1647:
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1635:
1630:
1618:. Retrieved
1600:
1593:
1579:
1564:
1556:
1554:J.C. Wells,
1550:
1536:
1519:
1498:
1486:
1437:
1357:
1348:/ˈkætʃfreɪz/
1344:
1337:
1317:
1312:instead, as
1293:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1242:/hæmpsθweɪt/
1238:Hampsthwaite
1236:
1233:/ˈhændsprɪŋ/
1229:
1222:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1165:
1153:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1068:
1061:
1045:
1017:
997:
983:
940:
936:
913:and today's
880:
867:
853:
789:
707:
699:
696:/ɡvbrdɣvnis/
687:
679:
671:
657:
621:
587:
549:, like most
544:
537:
522:
504:
495:
480:Please help
468:
438:
429:
413:
389:
382:
376:
375:Please help
372:
354:Phonotactics
335:
329:
324:
320:
300:
296:
292:
286:
274:and ⟨
256:
237:
219:
210:
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
1582:appears as
1345:catchphrase
1338:sightscreen
1114:/ˈstrɛŋkθs/
1107:/ˈstruːdəl/
945:Old Chinese
917:. The word
895:Old Chinese
708:you peel us
684:/prt͡skvna/
668:/brtʼqʼɛli/
595:, although
289:linguistics
1930:Categories
1876:(3): 303.
1822:(1): 147.
1752:(2): 151.
1665:23 January
1511:References
1230:handspring
1226:/ˈɡlɪmpst/
1215:/ˈbɜːrsts/
1201:/ˈtwɛlfθs/
1182:homorganic
1170:epenthetic
1118:/ˈskwɪrəl/
1080:fricatives
975:/kʰrap̚˦˥/
929:/kɔːŋ˥⁻˥˧/
891:Vietnamese
885:, such as
802:/fʂt͡ʂɲɛʂ/
797:wszczniesz
774:/skrbstʋo/
757:žblnknutie
726:pronounced
660:Kartvelian
622:Like most
378:improve it
305:consonants
197:improve it
151:April 2008
121:newspapers
50:improve it
1946:Phonology
1941:Phonetics
1890:145407662
1816:Phonology
1801:145289008
1766:170972749
1731:199546117
1642:21: 16–30
1441:/wə(ɹ)ld/
1354:Frequency
1279:(exist),
1275:(annex),
1208:/ˈsɪksθs/
1158:/ˈæŋksts/
1111:strengths
1072:/ˈsfɪŋks/
979:/kʰap̚˦˥/
961:sibilants
933:Cantonese
498:July 2022
469:does not
432:July 2022
384:talk page
338:would be
213:July 2022
201:verifying
56:talk page
1914:17 March
1836:62574684
1787:(1): 1.
1502:/ˈskjuː/
1451:See also
1364:sonorous
1249:digraphs
1223:glimpsed
1198:twelfths
1194:/ˈæŋsts/
1100:/ˈsplɪt/
1065:/ˈsfɪər/
925:/tɕiɑŋ˥/
901:such as
872:syllable
827:digraphs
770:skrbstvo
752:/ʃtvr̩c/
664:Georgian
615:, under
555:Japanese
547:Hawaiian
332:syllable
272:/ /
268:Help:IPA
1905:"angst"
1857:: 1103.
1620:30 July
1490:If the
1423:Russian
1257:letters
1104:strudel
1093:English
1087:English
923:, read
905:and/or
899:medials
887:Chinese
765:Slovene
692:affixes
688:peeling
680:trainer
637:Burmese
632:Finnish
605:"cap";
490:removed
475:sources
418:Please
260:in the
195:Please
135:scholar
1888:
1834:
1799:
1764:
1746:Probus
1729:
1611:
1445:/læps/
1382:, and
1374:(e.g.
1368:liquid
1318:lights
1294:length
1253:sounds
1221:) and
1212:bursts
1205:sixths
1190:angsts
1172:; for
1166:angsts
1154:angsts
1069:sphinx
1062:sphere
1048:Adyghe
1027:ziemia
1021:zemlyá
1011:, and
994:Origin
955:, and
941:*krung
937:*klong
860:Nuxálk
792:Polish
745:words
743:Slovak
682:) and
617:Berber
565:Honshū
348:/kstr/
321:splits
276:
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
1886:S2CID
1832:S2CID
1797:S2CID
1762:S2CID
1727:S2CID
1659:(PDF)
1605:(PDF)
1585:ketbu
1570:schwa
1528:(PDF)
1495:/juː/
1478:Notes
1433:/mxa/
1403:/spl/
1376:/pʰl/
1310:/ŋkθ/
1148:, or
1136:, or
1097:split
1076:Greek
862:word
854:Some
831:Dutch
808:word
794:word
767:word
748:štvrť
716:Czech
653:/-l-/
645:/-w-/
641:/-j-/
628:Khmer
608:dlaat
577:Tōkyō
336:extra
313:/spl/
309:vowel
264:(IPA)
142:JSTOR
128:books
1916:2016
1667:2023
1622:2022
1609:ISBN
1575:ktbu
1499:skew
1419:/mx/
1411:/tf/
1401:and
1399:/st/
1392:/sl/
1388:/kw/
1384:/kl/
1380:/tr/
1372:Thai
1334:/ts/
1306:/ŋθ/
1285:/gʒ/
1281:/kʃ/
1277:/gz/
1273:/ks/
1261:ship
1217:(in
1178:coda
1067:and
1057:psta
1034:and
970:ครับ
965:Thai
889:and
825:are
821:and
783:and
672:flat
602:pkak
473:any
471:cite
344:/tr/
342:and
340:/ks/
317:/ts/
315:and
291:, a
114:news
1878:doi
1824:doi
1789:doi
1754:doi
1719:doi
1694:doi
1435:).
1428:мха
1415:/f/
1343:or
1196:),
1186:/k/
1164:in
1162:/k/
1150:/w/
1146:/r/
1142:/l/
1138:/k/
1134:/t/
1130:/p/
1126:/ʃ/
1124:or
1122:/s/
1091:In
977:to
943:in
939:or
931:in
907:/l/
903:/r/
785:/l/
781:/r/
702:),
674:),
484:by
299:or
287:In
199:by
97:by
1932::
1907:.
1884:.
1872:.
1853:.
1830:.
1820:18
1818:.
1795:.
1783:.
1760:.
1750:16
1748:.
1725:.
1690:51
1688:.
1684:.
1447:.
1378:,
1350:.
1332::
1328:,
1300:,
1244:.
1210:,
1203:,
1144:,
1132:,
1109:,
1102:,
1074:,
1054:,
1015:.
1007:,
981:.
951:,
893:.
878:.
866::
643:,
626:,
387:.
327:.
295:,
59:.
1918:.
1892:.
1880::
1874:6
1855:2
1838:.
1826::
1803:.
1791::
1785:2
1768:.
1756::
1733:.
1721::
1702:.
1696::
1669:.
1624:.
1530:.
1431:(
1156:(
920:江
800:(
724:(
706:(
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686:(
678:(
670:(
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511:)
505:(
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496:(
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445:)
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430:(
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390:(
282:.
244:)
238:(
226:)
220:(
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211:(
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164:)
158:(
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149:(
139:·
132:·
125:·
118:·
91:.
66:)
62:(
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