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published by people associated with the network over the last twelve years or so. These cover a wide range of topics, from child psychiatry, psychotherapy, the role of diagnosis in psychiatry, critical psychiatry, philosophy and postpsychiatry, to globalization and psychiatry. CPN has also organized a number of conferences in the past, and continues to do so in collaboration with other groups and bodies. It has run workshops for psychiatrists and offers peer supervision face to face and via videolink. It also supports service user and survivor activists who campaign against the role of the pharmaceutical industry in psychiatry, and the campaign for the abolition of the schizophrenia label. The CPN has published a statement in support.
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depression, for example, such as that produced for the UK National Health
Service by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), one might be fooled into believing that the evidence for the efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is established beyond question. In reality this is not the case, as re-examinations of drug trial data in meta-analyses, especially where unpublished data are included (publication bias means that researchers and drug companies do not publish negative findings for obvious commercial reasons), have revealed that most of the benefits seen in active treatment groups are also seen in the placebo groups.
205:
the study comments that cases may have left the system in the 'non-diagnostic' approach, not because treatment had worked, but because (1) multi-agency involvement meant long-term work may have been continued by a different agency, (2) the starting question of 'Do we think our service can make a positive difference to this young person's life?' rather than 'What is wrong with this young person?' may have led to treatment not being continued, and (3) the attitude of viewing a case as problematic when no improvement has occurred after five sessions may have led to treatment not being continued (rather than the case 'drifting' on in the system).
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more understandable than is commonly supposed. Mainstream psychiatry has never accepted Laing's ideas, but many in CPN regard The
Divided Self as central to twentieth century psychiatry. Laing's influence continued in America through the work of the late Loren Mosher, who worked at the Tavistock Clinic in the mid-1960s, when he also spent time in Kingsley Hall witnessing Laing's work. Shortly after his return to the US, Loren Mosher was appointed Director of Schizophrenia Research at the National Institute of Mental Health, and also the founding editor of the journal Schizophrenia Bulletin.
116:
became clear that the
Alliance would accept those aspects of the House of Commons Scrutiny Committee's report that would result in the introduction of CTOs. Psychiatrists not identified with CPN shared the Network's concern about the more coercive aspects of the government's proposals, so CPN carried out a questionnaire survey of over two and a half thousand (2,500) consultant psychiatrists working in England seeking their views of the proposed changes. The responses (a response rate of 46%) indicated widespread concern in the profession about reviewable detention and CTOs.
181:
metaphysics). A common theme running through
Laingian antipsychiatry, Ingleby's critical psychiatry, contemporary critical psychiatry and postpsychiatry is the view that social, political and cultural realities play a vital role in helping us to understand the suffering and experience of madness. Like Laing, Ingleby stressed the importance of hermeneutics and interpretation in inquiries about the meaning of experience in psychiatry, and (like Laing) he drew on psychoanalysis as an interpretative aid, but his work was also heavily influenced by the critical theory of the
144:(although the latter two rejected the term) were identified as part of a movement against psychiatry in the 1960s and 1970s. Stung by these attacks, as well as accusations that in any case psychiatrists could not even agree who was and who was not mentally ill, academic psychiatrists responded by stressing the biological and scientific basis of psychiatry through strenuous efforts to improve the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis based in a return to the traditions of one of the founding fathers of the profession,
880:
196:, an environment modeled on Kingsley Hall in which people experiencing acute psychoses could be helped with minimal drug use and a form of interpersonal phenomenology influenced by Heidegger. He also conducted evaluation studies of the effectiveness of Soteria. A recent systematic review of the Soteria model found that it achieved as good, and in some areas, better, clinical outcomes with much lower levels of medication (Soteria House was not anti-medication) than conventional approaches to drug treatment.
112:. This set out ethical and practical objections to CTOs, and ethical and human rights objections to the idea of reviewable detention. It was also critical of the concept of personality disorder as a diagnosis in psychiatry. In addition, CPN's evidence called for the use of advance statements, crisis cards and a statutory right to independent advocacy as ways of helping to sustain autonomy at times of crisis. CPN also responded to government consultation on the proposed amendment, and the white paper.
233:, although this does draw attention to the person's relationship with their experiences (such as voices or unusual beliefs), and focuses on helping them to find different ways of coping, it however, it is based on a particular set of assumptions about the nature of the self, the nature of thought, and how reality is constructed. The pros and cons of this have been explored in some detail in a recent publication.
241:
given the considerable evidence that in
Britain, Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) communities are particularly poorly served by mental health services. For this reason an important practical aspect of postpsychiatry is the use of community development in order to engage with these communities. The community development project Sharing Voices Bradford is an excellent example of such an approach.
85:. Features of CPN are pragmatism and full acknowledgment of the suffering commonly associated with mental health difficulties. As a result, it functions primarily as a forum within which practitioners can share experiences of practice, and provide support and encouragement in developing improvements in mainstream NHS practice where most participants are employed.
237:
are of primary importance. Recent meta-analyses into the effectiveness of antidepressants and cognitive therapy in depression confirm that non-specific, non-technical factors (such as the quality of the therapeutic relationship as seen by the patient, and the placebo effect in medication) are more important than the specific factors.
96:, and with like-minded psychiatrists in other countries. It maintains its own website. The network is open to any sympathetic psychiatrist, and members meet in person, in the UK, twice a year. It is primarily intended for psychiatrists and psychiatric trainees and full participation is not available to other groups.
228:
According to
Bracken, progress in the field of mental health is presented in terms of 'breakthrough drugs', 'wonders of neuroscience', 'the Decade of the Brain' and 'molecular genetics'. These developments suited the interests of a relatively small number of academic psychiatrists, many of whom have
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One comparison study showed 34% of patients of a 'medical model' team were still being treated after two years, compared with only 9% of patients of a team using a 'non-diagnostic' approach (less medication, little diagnosis, individual treatment plans tailored to the person's unique needs). However
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Shea, M. Tracie; Elkin, Irene; Imber, Stanley D.; Sotsky, Stuart M.; Watkins, John T.; Collins, Joseph F.; Pilkonis, Paul A.; Beckham, Edward; Glass, David R.; Dolan, Regina T.; Parloff, Morris B. (October 1992). "Course of
Depressive Symptoms Over Follow-up: Findings From the National Institute of
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There are many commonalities between critical psychiatry and postpsychiatry, but it is probably fair to say that whereas postpsychiatry would broadly endorse most aspects of the work of critical psychiatry, the obverse does not necessarily hold. In identifying the modernist privileging of technical
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Framing mental health problems as 'technical' in nature involves prioritising technology and expertise over values, relationships and meanings, the very things that emerge as important for service users, both in their narratives, and in service user-led research. For many service users these issues
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Another consequence of the domination of psychiatry by biological science is that the importance of contexts in understanding distress and madness is played down. This has a number of consequences. First, it obscures the true nature of what in fact are extremely complex problems. For example, if we
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Anti-psychiatry can best be understood against the counter-cultural context in which it arose. The decade of the 1960s was a potent mix of student rebellion, anti-establishment sentiment and anti-war (Vietnam) demonstrations. It saw the rise to prominence of feminism and the
American civil rights
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Postpsychiatry tries to move beyond the view that we can only help people through technologies and expertise. Instead, it prioritises values, meanings and relationships and sees progress in terms of engaging creatively with the service user movement, and communities. This is especially important
188:
The most forceful critic of this view was R. D. Laing, who famously attacked the approach enshrined by
Jaspers' and Kraepelin's work in chapter two of The Divided Self, proposing instead an existential-phenomenological basis for understanding psychosis. Laing always insisted that schizophrenia is
180:
There is a common theme, here, with the work of David
Ingleby whose chapter in Critical Psychiatry: The Politics of Mental Health sets out a detailed critique of positivism (the view that epistemology, or knowledge about the world is best served by empiricism and the scientific method rather than
115:
The concern about these proposals caused a number of organizations to come together under the umbrella of the Mental Health Alliance to campaign in support of the protection of patients' and carers' rights, and to minimise coercion. CPN joined the Alliance's campaign, but resigned in 2005 when it
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amongst psychiatric diagnoses and scepticism about the efficacy of anti-depressants, mood stabilisers and anti-psychotic agents. According to them, these concerns have ramifications in the area of the use of psychiatric diagnosis to justify civil detention and the role of scientific knowledge in
1500:
Elkin, Irene; Shea, M. Tracie; Watkins, John T.; Imber, Stanley D.; Sotsky, Stuart M.; Collins, Joseph F.; Glass, David R.; Pilkonis, Paul A.; Leber, William R.; Docherty, John P.; Fiester, Susan J.; Parloff, Morris B. (November 1989). "National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression
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As far as schizophrenia is concerned, neuroleptic drugs may have some short-term effects, but it is not the case that these drugs possess specific 'anti-psychotic' properties, and it is impossible to assess whether or not they confer advantages in long-term management of psychoses because of the
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The use of standardized diagnostic criteria and checklists may have improved the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis, but the problem of its validity remains. The investment of huge sums of money in Britain, America and Europe over the last half-century has failed to reveal a single, replicable
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CPN is involved in four main areas of work, writing and the publication of academic and other papers, organizing and participating in conferences, activism and support. A glance at the members' publication page on the CPN website reveals in excess of a hundred papers, books and other articles
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movement and the Northern Ireland civil rights movement. Across the world, formerly colonised peoples were throwing off the shackles of colonialism. Some of these themes emerged in the Dialectics of Liberation, a conference organized by Laing and others in the Round House in London in 1968.
163:
First, the aggrandisement of biological research creates a false impression both inside and outside the profession of the credibility of the evidence used to justify drug treatments for disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. Reading clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of
172:
consider depression to be a biological disorder remediable through the use of antidepressant tablets, then we may be excused from having to delve into the tragic circumstances that so often lie at the heart the experience. This is so in adults and children.
168:
severe disturbances that occur when people on long-term active treatment are withdrawn to placebos. These disturbances are traditionally interpreted as a 'relapse' of schizophrenia when in fact there are several possible interpretations for the phenomenon.
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Thomas, P. & Yasmeen, S. (2007) Choice and Diversity: Developing real alternatives for people from non-Western (and Western) cultures. Chapter in (eds. P. Lehmann & P. Stastny) Alternatives Beyond Psychiatry. Berlin, Peter Lehmann publishing. (pp.
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50:. They expressed concern about the implications of the proposed changes for human rights and the civil liberties of people with mental health illness. Most people associated with the group are practicing consultant psychiatrists in the United Kingdom's
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132:, and attaches too much importance to a narrow biomedical view of diagnosis. This can, in part, be understood as the response of an earlier generation of psychiatrists to the challenge of what has been called 'anti-psychiatry'. Psychiatrists such as
217:, which imagines what would happen in a world after psychiatry. Independently, Patrick Bracken and Philip Thomas coined the word later and used it as the title of a series of articles written for Openmind. This was followed by a key paper in the
355:
119:
The CPN was paid attention by Thomas Szasz who wrote: "Members of the CPN, like their American counterparts, criticize the proliferation of psychiatric diagnoses and 'excessive' use of psychotropic drugs, but embrace psychiatric coercions."
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295:(although he rejects the use of the label in relation to his own work, as did Laing and Esterson), and sociologists (Thomas Scheff). Szasz discards even more what he calls the quackery of 'antipsychiatry' than the quackery of psychiatry.
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283:, who used it to refer to the ending of the 'game' the psychiatrist plays with his or her victim (patient). It has been widely used to refer to the writings and activities of a small group of psychiatrists, most notably
1432:
Bracken, P. & Thomas, P. (2008) Cognitive Therapy, Cognitivism and the Moral Order. Chapter Eight in (eds R. House & D. Loewenthal), Against and For CBT: Toward a constructive dialogue? Ross-on-Wye, PCCS Books.
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responses to madness and distress as a primary problem, postpsychiatry has looked to postmodernist thought for insights. Its conceptual critique of traditional psychiatry draws on ideas from philosophers such as
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interests in the pharmaceutical industry, although so far the promised insights into psychosis and madness were yet to be realized. Some psychiatrists have turned to another form of technology,
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Faulkner, A. & Layzell, S. (2000) Strategies for Living: A Report of User-led Research into People's Strategies for Living with Mental Distress. London: Mental Health Foundation.
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psychiatry, and an interest in promoting the study of interpersonal phenomena such as relationship, meaning and narrative in pursuit of better understanding and improved treatment.
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Participants in the Critical Psychiatry Network share concerns about psychiatric practice where and when it is heavily dependent upon diagnostic classification and the use of
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Thomas, P. & Bracken, P. (2010) Dualisms in The Myth of Mental Illness. Chapter in (Ed. J. Moncrieff) Demedicalising Misery. Forthcoming, Palgrave Macmillan, London
108:(CTOs) to make it possible to treat people against their wishes in the community. CPN submitted evidence to the Scoping Group set up by the government under Professor
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Klerman, G. (1978) The evolution of a scientific nosology. In Shershow, J. (ed.) Schizophrenia: Science and Practice. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.
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1380:
Campbell, P. (1996) Challenging loss of power. In (eds J Read and J Reynolds) Speaking Our Minds: An Anthology. London, Macmillan, Open University (pp.56-62).
1335:
Timimi, S; Tetley, D; Burgoine, W; Walker, G (April 2013). "Outcome Orientated Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (OO-CAMHS): a whole service model".
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Ingleby, D. (1981) Understanding 'mental illness'. In Critical Psychiatry: The Politics of Mental Health (ed. D. Ingleby), pp. 23–71. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
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Bracken, Pat; Thomas, Philip (2006). "Democracy, Citizenship and the Radical Possibilities of Postpsychiatry". In Double, D.B. (ed.).
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CPN has similarities and contrasts with earlier criticisms of conventional psychiatric practice, for example those associated with
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Kirsch, Irving; Deacon, Brett J.; Huedo-Medina, Tania B.; Scoboria, Alan; Moore, Thomas J.; Johnson, Blair T. (26 February 2008).
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Thomas, Philip; Bracken, Patrick; Leudar, Ivan (February 2004). "Hearing Voices: a phenomenological-hermeneutic approach".
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Anckarsäter, Henrik (March 2010). "Beyond categorical diagnostics in psychiatry: Scientific and medicolegal implications".
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and a book of the same name. This culminated with the publication by Bradley Lewis, a psychiatrist based in New York, of
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and someone who does not have the diagnosis. The case for the biological basis of common psychiatric disorders such as
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House, R. and Loewenthal, D. eds (2008) Against and For CBT: Toward a constructive dialogue? Ross-on-Wye, PCCS Books.
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837:"Initial Severity and Antidepressant Benefits: A Meta-Analysis of Data Submitted to the Food and Drug Administration"
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Bracken, Pat; Khalfa, Jean; Thomas, Philip (November 2007). "Recent translations of Foucault on mental health".
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1711:"Language, games and the role of interpreters in psychiatric diagnosis: a Wittgensteinian thought experiment"
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1288:"A Systematic Review of the Soteria Paradigm for the Treatment of People Diagnosed With Schizophrenia"
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1871:. International perspectives in philosophy and psychiatry. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1213:"Treatment of Acute Psychosis Without Neuroleptics: Two-Year Outcomes From the Soteria Project"
58:. A number of non-consultant grade and trainee psychiatrists are also involved in the network.
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375:"Response of the Bradford Group to the Draft Outline Proposals of the Scoping Study Committee"
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One of his most notable contributions to this area was setting up and evaluating the first
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46:, England in January 1999 in response to proposals by the British government to amend the
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Crawford, MJ; Hopkins, W; Thomas, P; Moncrieff, J; Bindman, J; Gray, AJ (7 April 2001).
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Bracken, P. (2002) Trauma: Culture, Meaning and Philosophy. London: Whurr Publications.
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Bentall, R. (2003) Madness Explained: Psychosis and Human Nature. Allen Lane, London.
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CPN maintains close links with service user or survivor led organisations such as the
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1950:
716:
591:
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129:
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1198:"Schizophrenia Treatment Without Antipsychotic Drugs and the Legacy of Loren Mosher"
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356:"Evidence submitted to the Scoping Study Committee for Review of Mental Health Act"
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There is a strong view by CPN that contemporary psychiatry relies too much on the
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329:
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1763:. Studies in existentialism and phenomenology. London: Tavistock Publications.
794:
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Moving Beyond Prozac, DSM, and the New Psychiatry: The Birth of Postpsychiatry
1286:
Calton, Tim; Ferriter, Michael; Huband, Nick; Spandler, Helen (January 2008).
1107:
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Moving Beyond Prozac, DSM, and the New Psychiatry: The Birth of Postpsychiatry
1998:
1913:
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650:
583:
393:"Response to the Consultation Document: Reform of the Mental Health Act 1983"
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American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization
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We've Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse
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1024:
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998:
748:
Boyle, M. (1993) Schizophrenia: a scientific delusion. London, Routledge.
708:
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508:
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1710:
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43:
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2039:
1540:
Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program".
331:
The Myth of the Chemical Cure: A Critique of Psychiatric Drug Treatment
1501:
Collaborative Research Program: General Effectiveness of Treatments".
160:
has also been greatly over-stated. This has a number of consequences:
213:
Peter Campbell first used the term 'postpsychiatry' in the anthology
1587:
1461:"Placebo response in depression: bane of research, boon to therapy"
2466:
2044:
997:
Thomas, Philip; Romme, Marius; Hamelijnk, Jacobus (October 1996).
822:: The Medicalisation of Modern Living. Soundings, 6, Summer 1997.
1197:
42:. It was created by a group of British psychiatrists who met in
2470:
2048:
1896:
Liberatory Psychiatry: Philosophy, Politics and Mental Health
460:"Most psychiatrists oppose plans for new mental health act"
1981:
Psychiatric Drugs: Key issues and service user perspective
1789:(1st ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
1187:
Laing. R. D. (1959) The Divided Self. London, Tavistock.
507:
Crawford, MJ; Hopkins, W; Henderson, C (December 2000).
1853:. Critical Psychiatry Network. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
441:"Letter of resignation from the Mental Health Alliance"
1822:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 149–164.
27:
Psychiatric organization based in the United Kingdom
2980:
The Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise
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2124:
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Postpsychiatry: Mental health in a postmodern world
1155:Thomas, Philip; Bracken, Patrick (September 2004).
1043:"Postpsychiatry: A new direction for mental health"
65:. These concerns reflect their recognition of poor
2738:World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry
1952:Critical Psychiatry: The politics of mental health
1949:
830:
828:
279:is associated with the South African psychiatrist
439:Thomas, Phil; Moncrieff, Joanna (12 April 2005).
152:difference between a person with a diagnosis of
2446:2020s controversies around critical race theory
999:"Psychiatry and the politics of the underclass"
509:"Concerns over reform of the Mental Health Act"
124:The role of scientific knowledge in psychiatry
2579:Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement
2482:
2060:
1956:(1st American ed.). New York: Pantheon.
1898:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1709:Thomas, P; Shah, A; Thornton, T (June 2009).
8:
1894:Cohen, Carl I.; Timimi, Sammi, eds. (2008).
1400:. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
783:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry
2489:
2475:
2467:
2152:
2067:
2053:
2045:
1923:Critical Psychiatry: The limits of madness
1820:Critical Psychiatry: The Limits of Madness
3050:1999 establishments in the United Kingdom
1867:Bracken, Patrick; Thomas, Philip (2005).
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303:Critical Psychiatry Network - Activities
2720:Royal Association for Disability Rights
1041:Bracken, P; Thomas, P (24 March 2001).
948:Turner, EH; Rosenthal, R (8 Mar 2008).
901:"Efficacy of antidepressants in adults"
323:
321:
317:
265:Anti-psychiatry and Critical Psychiatry
104:The other involved the introduction of
209:Critical Psychiatry and Postpsychiatry
1220:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
7:
2655:Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law
1554:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100026006
1515:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110013002
553:"Varieties of psychiatric criticism"
176:Meaning and experience in psychiatry
2660:Citizens Commission on Human Rights
1211:Bola, JR; Mosher, LR (April 2003).
2619:Self-help groups for mental health
2441:Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory
2010:. London: Free Association Books.
1242:10.1097/01.nmd.0000061148.84257.f9
411:"About the Mental Health Alliance"
25:
3040:Organizations established in 1999
2685:International Disability Alliance
1161:Advances in Psychiatric Treatment
1157:"Critical Psychiatry in Practice"
1092:"Rethinking childhood depression"
1983:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
1925:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
1851:"The Case against Schizophrenia"
1787:Antipsychiatry: Quackery squared
878:
677:"On being sane in insane places"
2945:Interpretation of Schizophrenia
2670:Disability Rights International
2040:The Critical Psychiatry Network
675:Rosenhan, D (19 January 1973).
615:Double, DB (15 December 2010).
2733:Socialist Patients' Collective
2594:Psychiatric survivors movement
2517:Controversies about psychiatry
2228:international relations theory
1761:Psychiatry and Anti-psychiatry
1542:Archives of General Psychiatry
1503:Archives of General Psychiatry
1090:Timimi, S (11 December 2004).
334:. Macmillan. pp. 76–117.
1:
2690:Learning Disability Coalition
2584:Political abuse of psychiatry
2456:Privilege (social inequality)
2132:Archetypal literary criticism
1665:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
1465:British Journal of Psychiatry
1459:Andrews, Gavin (March 2001).
1337:Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry
1003:British Journal of Psychiatry
950:"Efficacy of antidepressants"
513:British Journal of Psychiatry
231:Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
2715:Rehabilitation International
2650:Autism Network International
1948:Ingleby, David, ed. (1980).
1677:10.1097/YCO.0b013e3282f08782
899:; Kirsch, I (16 July 2005).
854:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045
701:10.1126/science.179.4070.250
2705:National Empowerment Center
2665:Critical Psychiatry Network
2532:History of mental disorders
966:10.1136/bmj.39510.531597.80
100:Coercion and social control
32:Critical Psychiatry Network
3066:
2975:The Myth of Mental Illness
2710:Radical Psychology Network
2111:Outline of critical theory
2008:Recovery Beyond Psychiatry
1921:Double, D.B., ed. (2006).
795:10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.12.001
476:10.1136/bmj.322.7290.866/a
328:Moncrieff, Joanna (2008).
268:
106:community treatment orders
38:organization based in the
3003:
2700:MindFreedom International
2512:Biopsychiatry controversy
2411:Hermeneutics of suspicion
1631:10.1080/13546800344000138
1619:Cognitive Neuropsychiatry
1108:10.1136/bmj.329.7479.1394
3045:Psychiatry organizations
2960:Madness and Civilization
2950:Liberation by Oppression
2006:Whitwell, David (2005).
1349:10.1177/1359104512444118
1059:10.1136/bmj.322.7288.724
917:10.1136/bmj.331.7509.155
584:10.1177/0957154X12450236
2589:Positive disintegration
2527:Hearing Voices Movement
1727:10.1136/jmh.2008.000422
1698:(subscription required)
1652:(subscription required)
1588:Sharing Voices web site
1567:(subscription required)
1528:(subscription required)
1370:(subscription required)
820:Psychiatric Imperialism
808:(subscription required)
722:(subscription required)
639:CPD Bulletin Psychiatry
604:(subscription required)
219:British Medical Journal
52:National Health Service
2920:Anatomy of an Epidemic
2675:Hearing Voices Network
2547:Martha Mitchell effect
2537:Involuntary commitment
1292:Schizophrenia Bulletin
415:Mental Health Alliance
90:Hearing Voices Network
48:Mental Health Act 1983
2990:The Radical Therapist
2985:The Protest Psychosis
2624:Therapeutic community
2599:Psychoanalytic theory
2542:Involuntary treatment
1478:10.1192/bjp.178.3.192
1304:10.1093/schbul/sbm047
1016:10.1192/bjp.169.4.401
818:Moncrieff, J. (1997)
635:"Critical Psychiatry"
617:"Critical Psychiatry"
561:History of Psychiatry
526:10.1192/bjp.177.6.563
92:, Intervoice and the
54:(NHS), among them Dr
2574:Nouthetic counseling
2436:Critical rationalism
2248:medical anthropology
1267:on 28 September 2010
1174:10.1192/apt.10.5.361
2614:Rosenhan experiment
2609:Rhetoric of therapy
2522:Critical psychiatry
2168:applied linguistics
1102:(7479): 1394–1396.
693:1973Sci...179..250R
621:Critical Psychiatry
445:Critical Psychiatry
397:Critical Psychiatry
379:Critical Psychiatry
360:Critical Psychiatry
18:Critical psychiatry
2965:Radical Psychology
2940:Doctoring the Mind
2645:Aspies For Freedom
2380:Siegfried Kracauer
2305:technical practice
2258:university studies
2243:management studies
2233:language awareness
2198:discourse analysis
1979:Read, Jim (2009).
1715:Medical Humanities
645:(1): 33–36. 2000.
399:. 8 December 2010.
215:Speaking Our Minds
110:Genevra Richardson
67:construct validity
63:psychopharmacology
3012:
3011:
3006:Psychiatry portal
2970:The Gene Illusion
2874:Elizabeth Packard
2834:Peter C. Gøtzsche
2819:Leonard Roy Frank
2759:Giorgio Antonucci
2464:
2463:
2415:Critical realism
2406:Immanent critique
2401:Binary opposition
2355:Friedrich Pollock
2335:Theodor W. Adorno
2318:
2317:
2310:terrorism studies
2017:978-1-85343-923-0
1990:978-0-230-54940-1
1963:978-0-394-42622-8
1932:978-0-230-00128-2
1905:978-0-521-68981-6
1878:978-0-19-852609-4
1829:978-0-230-00128-2
1796:978-0-8156-0943-8
1396:Lewis, B. (2006)
1053:(7288): 724–727.
960:(7643): 516–517.
911:(7509): 155–157.
687:(4070): 250–258.
341:978-0-230-57431-1
16:(Redirected from
3057:
2864:Joanna Moncrieff
2724:Paranoia Network
2491:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2451:Phallogocentrism
2385:Otto Kirchheimer
2290:security studies
2153:
2137:Deconstructivism
2116:Reconstructivism
2090:Frankfurt School
2069:
2062:
2055:
2046:
2029:
2002:
1975:
1955:
1944:
1917:
1890:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1757:Cooper, David G.
1753:
1747:
1746:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1430:
1424:
1414:
1408:
1394:
1388:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1315:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1266:
1260:. Archived from
1235:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1152:
1146:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1018:
994:
988:
987:
977:
945:
939:
938:
928:
893:
884:
883:
882:
876:
866:
856:
832:
823:
816:
810:
809:
806:
778:
772:
762:
756:
746:
740:
730:
724:
723:
720:
672:
666:
665:
663:
662:
653:. Archived from
631:
629:
627:
612:
606:
605:
602:
600:
598:
577:
557:
545:
539:
538:
528:
504:
498:
497:
487:
455:
449:
448:
436:
430:
429:
427:
426:
417:. Archived from
407:
401:
400:
389:
383:
382:
373:Bradford Group.
370:
364:
363:
352:
346:
345:
325:
183:Frankfurt School
56:Joanna Moncrieff
21:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3030:Critical theory
3025:Anti-psychiatry
3015:
3014:
3013:
3008:
2999:
2935:Crazy Therapies
2915:Against Therapy
2903:
2899:Robert Whitaker
2894:Stephen Ticktin
2829:James Gottstein
2814:Michel Foucault
2799:Judi Chamberlin
2794:Ted Chabasinski
2779:Richard Bentall
2774:Lauretta Bender
2764:Franco Basaglia
2742:
2628:
2500:
2498:Anti-psychiatry
2495:
2465:
2460:
2424:social sciences
2389:
2365:Jürgen Habermas
2345:Walter Benjamin
2330:Herbert Marcuse
2314:
2151:
2147:Technocriticism
2142:New historicism
2120:
2099:
2078:
2076:Critical theory
2073:
2036:
2018:
2005:
1991:
1978:
1964:
1947:
1933:
1920:
1906:
1893:
1879:
1866:
1863:
1861:Further reading
1858:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1797:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1651:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1548:(10): 782–787.
1538:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1509:(11): 971–982.
1499:
1498:
1494:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1415:
1411:
1395:
1391:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1233:10.1.1.564.2860
1215:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1137:
1133:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1040:
1039:
1032:
996:
995:
991:
947:
946:
942:
895:
894:
887:
877:
834:
833:
826:
817:
813:
807:
780:
779:
775:
763:
759:
747:
743:
731:
727:
721:
674:
673:
669:
660:
658:
633:
632:Reprinted from
625:
623:
614:
613:
609:
603:
596:
594:
575:10.1.1.674.8694
555:
547:
546:
542:
506:
505:
501:
457:
456:
452:
438:
437:
433:
424:
422:
409:
408:
404:
391:
390:
386:
372:
371:
367:
354:
353:
349:
342:
327:
326:
319:
314:
305:
277:anti-psychiatry
273:
271:Anti-psychiatry
267:
211:
202:
178:
126:
102:
94:Soteria Network
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2955:Mad in America
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2879:Sascha Scatter
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2824:Erving Goffman
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
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2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2680:Icarus Project
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2604:Recovery model
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2557:Medicalization
2554:
2552:Medical ethics
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:Alfred Schmidt
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:Max Horkheimer
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:historiography
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:animal studies
2159:
2157:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2095:Freudo-Marxism
2092:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2034:External links
2032:
2031:
2030:
2016:
2003:
1989:
1976:
1962:
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1671:(6): 605–608.
1655:
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1471:(3): 192–194.
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989:
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289:Aaron Esterson
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2847:
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2807:
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2792:
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2787:
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2784:Peter Breggin
2782:
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2769:Ernest Becker
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2633:Organizations
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2605:
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2597:
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2577:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:medical model
2565:
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2558:
2555:
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2543:
2540:
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2358:
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2295:social theory
2293:
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2239:
2238:legal studies
2236:
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2206:
2204:
2201:
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2178:consciousness
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