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138:). He was frequently described as a "principal chief", "head chief", or "sachem" by the Oneida but held no hereditary position and was not an officially condoled chief. Bread was a pragmatist who found ways to compromise between "promoting tribal sovereignty and treaty rights" and cooperating with federal and state officials. He played a major role in adapting the Iroquois
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228:. It was in this context that Daniel Bread worked to find consensus among a highly divided Oneida community and prevent the Oneidas from being moved again. Historians Laurence Hauptman and Gordon McLester credit him with being "the Indian most responsible for the overall administration of the move to Michigan Territory".
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Chief Bread's leadership had largely collapsed by the fall of 1869. Historians
Hauptman and McLester ascribe this to losing influence with federal Indian agents and with the Episcopal Church hierarchy in Wisconsin. According to the federal Indian agent W. R. Bourne, Bread had stopped attending church
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into an annual commemoration of
Independence Day, to which Oneida chiefs invited guests from the white community. The day's events featured speeches by Oneida chiefs, lacrosse matches, social dancing, fireworks, and meals served by both the Methodist and Episcopal churches. The annual Oneida pow-wow
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arrived in the area with his followers (the
Orchard Party) and became a political rival to Bread. Bread's party (the First Christian party) and the Orchard Party operated separately on the Oneida reservation, with their own chiefs, church, schools, and lacrosse teams, but the two men allied to argue
305:
Bread became principal chief of the
Wisconsin Oneidas in 1832. He was an active member of the Hobart Church (Episcopal), serving as choir member and lay reader. He achieved financial success running a blacksmith shop, shoe shop, and merchandise store, and lived in a three-story house.
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Bread was criticized for being too friendly to the white man because of his support for missionary schools, acculturation, and for becoming a U.S. citizen. Some accused Bread of using political connections and power to benefit himself financially, taking payments from the government.
262:, where Bread explained the 1831 treaty's provision for the Oneida was not "sufficient in quality or quantity" for the tribe. Jackson accepted Bread's alternative proposal to exchange lands for other, "more fertile" lands in the southern part of Menominee Territory.
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Census of the First
Christian and Orchard Parties of Oneida Indians, residing at Green Bay, Wisconsin Territory, taken by Henry S. Baird, U.S. Commissioner, on November 15, 1838, under provisions of the Treaty of February 3, 1838., 11/15/1838 -
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had written to
Washington asking for Goodnough's dismissal. Furthermore, Bread had renewed attempts to cooperate with Chief Jacob Cornelius and the Orchard party to protect the tribe's timber resources. Meanwhile, hereditary Oneida chief
192:, lose influence among the Oneida by signing away many of the Oneida lands over to the state in the 1780s and 1790s. Bread's tribe was subject to yellow fever, tuberculosis, and alcohol-related problems during his youth.
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Daniel Bread was the son of Dinah Bread and an Oneida named
Williams; however his biological father died. He was renamed after his stepfather, Daniel Bread. He had at least one sister.
337:, Bread helped Indian families apply for pensions, and aided widows and orphans. In 1867, he became guardian to a teenager, Sallie Anthony, whose father had died in military service.
188:. Bread also likely learned a great deal from tales told by Oneida council leaders. He would also have had the opportunity to observe the spokesman for the First Christian party,
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missionary to the Oneida in 1817. Williams proposed that the
Iroquois move from New York to Michigan Territory, and led delegations to Green Bay to negotiate treaties with the
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died in 1870, and the
Episcopal missionary Edward A. Goodnough had become more powerful in Oneida Nation politics. In 1865, Bread and First Christian Party Chief
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In the 1830s, Bread continued his efforts to collaborate within his tribe and find compromises between tribal and federal agendas. In 1834, Oneida chief
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political and cultural leader who helped the Oneida preserve their culture while adapting to new realities during their transplantation from
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In 1831, Bread and other
Indians travelled to Washington to challenge reductions in Oneida lands brought by the 1827
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into a July 4 celebration that recognized the alliance of the Oneida with
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Seven Generations of Iroquois Leadership: The Six Nations Since 1800
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Bread died of "bilious fever" on July 23, 1873. His granddaughter,
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Chief Daniel Bread and the Oneida Nation of Indians of Wisconsin
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Little is known about Daniel Bread's early life, but historian
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181:, learning to read and write English, arithmetic, and the
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which claimed separate treatment for the Oneida from the
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and granted the Oneida a distinct 65,420-acre tract.
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173:reports he spent time in the Oneida reservation's
676:Hauptman, Laurence; McLester III, Gordon (2002).
341:and "deserted his party". Bread's friend bishop
150:. At age 14, Bread was part of the defense of
29:Tekaya-tilu, Tega-wir-tiron ("Learning Body")
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365:and continue to advocate for the Oneida and
216:(Winnebago) tribes that secured land along
314:is still celebrated on July 4 to this day.
309:Bread led the tribe to adapt the Iroquois
300:History of Brown County, Wisconsin, Vol. 1
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200:A Canadian clergyman of Mohawk descent,
122:(March 27, 1800 – July 23, 1873) was an
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246:. There they met with Secretary of War
40:Daniel Bread, Chief of the Oneida, 1831
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16:Oneida political and cultural leader
739:Native Americans in the War of 1812
270:for federal payments due from the
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684:. University of Oklahoma Press.
629:Hauptman & McLester III 2002
614:Hauptman & McLester III 2002
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434:Hauptman & McLester III 2002
398:Hauptman & McLester III 2002
196:Oneida resettlement to Wisconsin
708:, Wisconsin Historical Society.
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661:. Syracuse University Press.
657:Hauptman, Laurence (2008).
363:Society of American Indians
361:, would go on to found the
280:Oneida Treaty of Washington
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177:mission school founded by
156:Battle of Big Sandy Creek
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87:Cause of death
734:Native American leaders
359:Laura Cornelius Kellogg
298:Portrait of Bread from
276:Treaty of Buffalo Creek
106:principal chief of the
73:Oneida Castle, New York
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233:Treaty of Butte Morts
218:Duck Creek, Wisconsin
754:Anglican lay readers
272:Treaty of Canadaigua
244:Treaty of Washington
311:condolence ceremony
148:American Revolution
140:condolence ceremony
335:American Civil War
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238:2015-02-28 at the
136:Michigan Territory
691:978-0-8061-3412-3
668:978-0-8156-3165-1
171:Laurence Hauptman
144:George Washington
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749:1873 deaths
744:1800 births
260:White House
220:and in the
154:during the
146:during the
723:Categories
713:11/15/1838
651:References
347:Adam Swamp
333:After the
329:Later life
248:Lewis Cass
162:Early life
284:Menominee
210:Menominee
190:Skenandoa
186:catechism
183:Christian
132:Wisconsin
103:Known for
369:people.
236:Archived
214:Ho-Chunk
128:New York
320:Critics
258:at the
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124:Oneida
53:leader
51:Oneida
373:Notes
686:ISBN
663:ISBN
212:and
79:Died
67:Born
224:at
130:to
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