31:
607:), and continued to be so employed until the Ottoman Empire's end. Since İslam religion was against the castration, the slaves preferred were castrated boys from Coptic Christians, Jews of Sudan and Egyptian extract. Also the people who castrated due to their crimes were accepted in this job as well. The eunuchs usually received flower names, and after a period of training in the palace school, they entered service in the harem. The eunuchs began at the post of ordinary recruit (
565:
153:
305:
the advice of his mother, a concubine or the head gardener at the helm of the royal barge than of the grand vizier". Thus the kizlar agha's political power, although exercised behind the scenes, was very considerable, influencing imperial policy and at times controlling the appointments to the grand vizierate, or even intervening in dynastic disputes and the succession to the throne. The Kizlar Agha
267:), controlling its provisioning as well as the messages to and from. In addition, he was the only individual allowed to carry the grand vizier's communications to the sultan and had a recognized role in public ceremonies. Among his duties in the palace was also the supervision of the education of imperial princes until they entered puberty, when they were enrolled in the
458:, a major "source of power and profit" for the kizlar agha, and the foundation of the office's political influence: its conferment by Murad III marked the start of the office's ascendancy, and its eventual removal by Mahmud II marked its end. As part of the grand viziers' attempts to lessen the power of the kizlar aghas, unsuccessful attempts were made in the reigns of
409:
201:) to over a thousand under Murad III. While black eunuchs had served alongside white eunuchs in the palace, by 1592, for reasons that are unclear, both a separation of roles as well as the ascendancy of the black eunuchs over the white ones had become established: white eunuchs were restricted to the supervision of the male pages (
695:
of their own there. Thus they became local grandees and were involved in patronizing trade and agriculture. Thus, and given the important role Egypt played in the provisioning of the two holy cities, for which the kizlar aghas were particularly responsible while in office, the aghas and their agents
291:
Most Kizlar Agha did not remain in service of the harem up to their deaths. They would be dismissed and exiled to Cairo, removed from central political influence. Although removed from the harem of the
Ottoman capitol, an exiled Kizlar Agha would still maintain influence as they joined a network of
304:
writes, the sultan "had closer contact with the pages of the privy chamber, the agha of the gate, the agha of the girls or with other courtiers than he did with the grand vizier, and these too could petition the sultan on their own or somebody else’s behalf. He might, too, be more inclined to take
287:
Another reason for the use of black eunuchs is believed to be the cultural and geographical differences between the Kizlar agha and the harem he guarded. The rationale being that it would help to mitigate sexual contact between guardians and the harem. Jane
Hathaway, a researcher specializing in
279:
Within the imperial harem, it is unclear why East
Africans were predominantly recruited as opposed to eunuchs of Caucasian lineage. It is argued that since the male harem already consisted of white eunuchs prior to the establishment of the female harem, combined with the heavy ingress of Habeşi
675:). In the Topkapi Palace, the kizlar agha had his own spacious apartment near the Aviary Gate, while the other eunuchs under his supervision lived together in cramped and rather squalid conditions in a three-storey barracks. When they were dismissed, the chief black eunuchs received a pension (
450:
designated for the upkeep of the Muslim holy places had been established by members of the
Ottoman court since early times, and their administration entrusted to special departments already since the late 15th century. Initially under the overall supervision of the Kapi Agha, in 1586 Murad III
483:
This began a long process whereby the kizlar agha gradually acquired a sweeping jurisdiction over the various waqfs of the Empire: already in May 1598, he acquired control of the foundations allocated to the upkeep of the imperial mosques in the capital, followed soon after by
288:
Ottoman history, also posits that these displaced elite slaves were preferred over free subjects due to concerns about free subject's loyalty - the East
African slave's dependence on their new rulers and lack of familial ties would ensure that no regional bias was present.
374:
tried to force Beshir's retirement to stop him from interfering in state affairs, but through the influence of the valide sultan, Beshir secured
Ibrahim's dismissal instead. Beshir died in 1747 at an advanced age. His successor, also called Beshir, was executed in 1752.
619:("watch substitute") to senior posts in the guard of the harem. Having completed their training and after a period of service, some were detached from guard duties and transferred to the attendance of the inhabitants of the harem: the sultan's personal attendants (
503:) favourite concubines, who hailed from the city and who, having received many complaints of its maladministration, obtained its possession as a gift from the sultan. After her death, Athens came under the purview of the kizlar agha.
280:
slaves upon said harem's establishment in
Topkapi Palace, the black eunuchs assigned to the court would naturally fill this newly established role. These elite black slaves were selected for the sultan by Egyptian pasha and
719:
by the late 19th-century scholar Mehmed Süreyya Bey, while information on the history and evolution of the office in the institutional framework of the
Ottoman palace is contained in Tayyarzade Ahmed Ata's
393:) finally ended the political power of the kizlar aghas, and those who held the role were confined to their palace and ceremonial role, which continued until the abolition of the office following the
488:
in both
Constantinople and other parts of the Empire, often entrusted to his care by the ladies of the palace. Among the possessions that fell to the kizlar agha in this way was the city of
350:
in 1715, to curb their influence by prohibiting the recruitment and castration of black slaves, but this was never carried out due to his death soon after. Indeed, the long tenure of Hacı
175:) in 1574, with the Habeshi Mehmed Agha as its first occupant. Until then, the Ottoman palace had been dominated by the white eunuchs, chiefly drawn from the Christian populations of the
300:
In
Ottoman legal theory, the sultan was supposed to conduct affairs of state exclusively via the grand vizier, but in reality this arrangement was often circumvented. As the Ottomanist
1785:
1162:"The Political and Administrative Role of the Kizlar a ghas in Egypt During the first Half of the twelfth Century A.H (A.D 1687-1737), in Contemporary Arabic Manuscript Sources"
358:" culture then flourishing in the empire, being was engaged in "intellectual and religious pursuits" that according to historian Jateen Lad "contributed to the Ottoman brand of
121:(charitable foundations) in the Empire came under his purview. The wealth thus amassed, the proximity to the sultan, and the role the harem ladies played in court intrigues ("
2359:
109:
Established in 1574, the post ranked among the most important in the Ottoman Empire until the early 19th century, especially after the stewardship of the two holy cities of
596:, then castrated and inducted into the palace service, had begun to be employed as the guards of the women of the sultan's harem since the time of Murad III's predecessor,
2229:
480:) to remove the waqfs from his jurisdiction. Finally, in 1834, Mahmud II deprived the post of the supervision of the waqfs and granted it to a new Ministry of Waqfs.
1748:
1655:
2471:
1812:
2259:
2558:
715:, listing the occupants of the office from Mehmed Agha (1574–90) until Moralı Beshir Agha (1746–52). The work is complemented by select biographies in the
1822:
2364:
370:
in 1730, his influence was such that he was responsible for the elevation of grand viziers and the direction of foreign affairs. In 1731, Grand Vizier
30:
2662:
2159:
1832:
2800:
2627:
1896:
2795:
1968:
1807:
691:
in Medina. As a result, serving kizlar aghas often took care to prepare for a comfortable retirement in Egypt by buying property and establishing
492:. According to a—possibly semi-fictional—17th-century account, the administration of the city was originally granted to Basilica, one of Sultan
249:
The post's power derived not only from its proximity to the sultan, but also from its association with the mothers of the sultans, the powerful
2790:
2711:
2503:
2491:
2408:
2090:
1963:
1827:
2622:
1916:
1624:
1603:
1527:
1500:
1479:
1368:
1271:
1220:
2100:
2075:
2044:
1719:
518:), which by the late 18th century supervised the imperial mosques and the waqfs of Istanbul and European provinces, and the Bureau of the
354:
that followed in 1717–1746 is recognized as perhaps the apogee of the post's power and influence. Beshir Agha was a notable patron of the "
1886:
1707:
1648:
2820:
2756:
2716:
2690:
2644:
2385:
2132:
1780:
130:
2014:
1931:
1921:
1765:
1416:
1389:
1314:
1292:
212:), while black eunuchs took over the far more prestigious supervision of the private apartments of the sultan and the palace women (
2422:
2354:
222:"agha of the gate", who had hitherto been the head of the palace personnel, and rose to become, in the words of the Orientalist
2785:
2652:
2617:
2523:
2481:
1775:
229:
At the height of the post's power in the 17th and 18th centuries, the kızlar ağası was a vizier of the first rank ("with three
2476:
2302:
2243:
1849:
1641:
1817:
125:") meant that its occupant had considerable political influence; several kızlar aghas were responsible for the downfall of
2749:
2695:
2545:
2535:
2029:
1672:
551:
137:
2313:
2805:
2095:
1844:
2721:
2685:
2667:
2634:
2605:
2120:
346:
The often pernicious involvement of the chief black eunuchs in politics led to at least one attempt, by Grand Vizier
2380:
1685:
1572:
1257:
671:) from the sultan. Alongside the lands belonging to the office, the kizlar agha usually received a personal fief (
1770:
1510:
Lad, Jateen (2010). "Panoptic Bodies: Black Eunuchs as Guardians of the Topkapi Harem". In Booth, Marilyn (ed.).
1244:
661:
From these senior posts a eunuch could be selected and appointed to the post of kizlar agha by imperial decree (
2528:
2287:
2276:
1758:
347:
47:
371:
2815:
2763:
2269:
2112:
687:. Starting in the late 17th century, many former holders were appointed to head the eunuchs who guarded the
2810:
2583:
2337:
1938:
1724:
1700:
1559:
99:
2429:
2344:
2059:
1854:
394:
261:
sole intermediary between the closed world of the harem and the outer, male quarters of the palace (the
712:
2439:
2568:
2553:
2297:
2054:
663:
1729:
2292:
1695:
555:
219:
2600:
1859:
1736:
1712:
1533:
1422:
1339:
1191:
254:
122:
2125:
238:
2731:
2573:
1926:
1620:
1599:
1582:
1523:
1496:
1475:
1453:
1445:
1412:
1385:
1364:
1310:
1288:
1267:
1216:
1204:
506:
The administration of the waqfs was exercised through two subordinates, the chief secretary (
2590:
2349:
2147:
1953:
1680:
1515:
1441:
1404:
1356:
1331:
1183:
1173:
688:
589:
559:
152:
129:
and the accession of sultans. Soon after its creation and until its abolition, close to the
55:
514:), and was divided into two fiscal departments: the Bureau of Accounts of the Holy Cities (
2595:
2449:
2390:
2152:
1911:
1326:
1324:
Hathaway, Jane (1992). "The Role of the Kizlar Aǧasi in 17th-18th Century Ottoman Egypt".
581:
336:
35:
442:, being responsible for their supply as well as for the annual ritual sending of gifts (
233:") and came third in the state hierarchy, next only to the Empire's chief minister, the
2677:
2657:
2610:
1664:
1567:
1563:
1353:
The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 2: From 1517 to the End of the Twentieth Century
1252:
1240:
1230:
569:
292:
other previously exiled Kizlar agha whom the new acting Kizlar agha would be aware of.
223:
218:). Consequently, the "chief black eunuch" quickly eclipsed the "chief white eunuch" or
203:
187:
103:
1550:
1235:
654:, who supervised the work of the other eunuchs. The senior-most eunuchs were known as
2779:
2578:
2518:
2332:
2215:
2003:
1990:
1958:
1948:
1943:
1555:
1545:
1492:
The Black Eunuchs of the Ottoman Empire: Networks of Power in the Court of the Sultan
1436:
1426:
1248:
1195:
701:
684:
470:
455:
424:
340:
332:
306:
268:
250:
134:
2049:
564:
2464:
2434:
2324:
2164:
2142:
1741:
1690:
680:
430:
234:
230:
126:
74:
1360:
519:
1614:
1490:
1469:
1379:
1351:
Hathaway, Jane (1998). "Egypt in the seventeenth century". In Daly, M. W. (ed.).
1282:
2264:
1973:
1839:
1465:
1302:
459:
351:
301:
157:
17:
1596:
Children of Hope: The Odyssey of the Oromo Slaves from Ethiopia to South Africa
428:"administrator" of the waqfs designated for the upkeep of the two holy cities (
2513:
2137:
1980:
1519:
1178:
207:
1586:
1457:
1187:
2508:
2281:
2208:
2191:
1985:
1537:
383:
367:
355:
310:
165:
1864:
378:
After that, the grand viziers curtailed the kizlar aghas' power. The 1830s
1408:
1161:
576:
Most of the office's holders, like most black eunuchs in general, were of
2459:
2307:
2064:
2039:
1753:
645:
597:
585:
379:
321:
263:
180:
27:
Head of the eunuchs who guarded the imperial harem of the Ottoman sultans
1401:
The Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Harem From African Slave to Power-Broker
408:
2454:
2444:
2224:
2198:
1879:
1874:
1343:
493:
191:
176:
2726:
2203:
2186:
2034:
489:
439:
359:
281:
186:
The 16th century, however, saw a rapid rise of the population of the
114:
95:
1335:
679:, literally "document of liberty") and from 1644 on were exiled to
615:, "the untrained"), and gradually advanced through the ranks, from
593:
563:
539:
435:
407:
363:
214:
151:
110:
29:
1633:
707:
The careers of a great number of kizlar aghas are known from the
2220:
640:
118:
1637:
1307:
Inside the Seraglio: Private Lives of the Sultans in Istanbul
331:) attempts at military reform; while in 1651 the Kizlar Agha
883:
881:
879:
530:
of the Asian and African provinces. A special treasury, the
190:, including among eunuchs, whose numbers rose from 40 under
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
226:, "in practice the principal officer of the whole palace".
156:
19th-century depiction of the Chief Black Eunuch (left), a
1213:
Women in the Ottoman Balkans: Gender, Culture and History
1166:
An-Najah University Journal for Research - B (Humanities)
742:
740:
738:
736:
711:
of the late 18th-century Ottoman statesman and historian
164:
The post of the kızlar ağası was created in the reign of
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
1381:
Beshir Agha: Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Imperial Harem
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
700:) came to play a very important role in the economy of
992:
990:
988:
866:
864:
862:
860:
805:
803:
1512:
Harem Histories: Envisioning Places and Living Spaces
1471:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power
1092:
1090:
946:
944:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
592:
groups. Black slaves, usually purchased as boys from
1284:
The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718 to 1918
1215:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 11–44.
366:
orthodoxy in general". After the downfall of Sultan
2704:
2676:
2643:
2544:
2490:
2407:
2373:
2323:
2251:
2242:
2179:
2111:
2073:
2012:
2001:
1904:
1895:
1796:
1671:
1474:(First ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
1211:. In Buturović, Amila; Schick, İrvin Cemil (eds.).
1205:"Eastern Concubines, Western Mistresses: Prévost's
451:transferred the responsibility to the kizlar agha.
1549:
1435:
1234:
667:) and the ceremonial receipt of a robe of office (
623:), the seven eunuch servants plus a head eunuch (
1403:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 276–279.
422:The kizlar agha also held a special role as the
568:Postcard with the chief black eunuch of Sultan
253:, who often dominated politics (the so-called "
1355:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–58.
643:who led harem prayers, the harem's treasurer (
34:Image of a 17th-century Kizlar Agha, from the
1649:
1069:
8:
339:on behalf of her rival and daughter-in-law,
1514:. Duke University Press. pp. 136–176.
580:, slaves were traditionally drawn from the
160:(middle) and the Chief White Eunuch (right)
63:
2496:
2248:
2009:
1901:
1800:
1656:
1642:
1634:
1573:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1258:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1057:
454:Control of the waqfs was, in the words of
1581:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 175–176.
1266:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 242–243.
1177:
658:, from an Arabic word meaning "product".
237:, and the chief religious authority, the
1616:Eunuchs and Castrati: A Cultural History
1132:
1120:
979:
923:
911:
899:
887:
758:
746:
257:" period). The kizlar agha was also the
732:
140:, and hence is also referred to as the
1020:
870:
794:
1399:Hathaway, Jane (2018). "Chapter 12".
1081:
1045:
996:
935:
851:
830:
809:
7:
542:or council to examine the accounts.
538:, and the kizlar agha held a weekly
335:murdered the powerful Valide Sultan
320:) on the throne in 1617, and backed
87:
51:
1144:
1108:
1096:
1008:
950:
782:
770:
2081:(reform and constitutional period)
588:'s southern hinterland as well as
133:, the post came to be occupied by
131:abolition of the Ottoman sultanate
25:
1969:List of Ottoman sultans' consorts
1932:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
534:, contained the revenue from the
1964:List of Ottoman sultans' mothers
1444:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
318: 1617–1618, 1622–1623
2801:Eunuchs from the Ottoman Empire
2045:Defterdars/Ministers of Finance
602:
510:) and the inspector of waqfs (
498:
475:
464:
388:
326:
315:
196:
170:
2796:Slaves from the Ottoman Empire
1786:Persecution of Ottoman Muslims
1594:Rowoldt Shell, Sandra (2018).
1452:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1207:Histoire d'une Grecque moderne
611:, literally "the lowest", and
1:
2791:Culture of the Ottoman Empire
1361:10.1017/CHOL9780521472111.003
552:Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
413:
84:agha of the House of Felicity
1619:. Markus Wiener Publishers.
412:Depiction of a Kizlar Agha,
2230:Vassal and tributary states
546:Recruitment and advancement
117:and the supervision of all
2837:
549:
516:muhasebe-i haremeyn kalemi
309:secured the succession of
2821:Turkish words and phrases
2744:
2499:
1803:
1749:Decline and modernization
1613:Scholz, Piotr O. (2001).
1598:. Ohio University Press.
1520:10.1215/9780822393467-009
1495:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1489:Junne, George H. (2016).
1231:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund
1203:Augustinos, Olga (2007).
1179:10.35552/0247-023-004-010
1160:Al-Abdin, Bashir (2009).
524:mukataa-i haremeyn kalemi
2277:Six Divisions of Cavalry
1813:Foreign Affairs Ministry
702:Egypt under Ottoman rule
526:), which supervised the
348:Silahdar Damat Ali Pasha
2270:Agha of the Janissaries
1917:List of Ottoman sultans
1434:Hathaway, Jane (2019).
1378:Hathaway, Jane (2005).
1147:, p. 172 (note 9).
372:Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha
94:), was the head of the
2786:Ottoman imperial harem
2472:Science and technology
1922:Roman succession claim
1450:Encyclopaedia of Islam
573:
419:
401:Administration of the
245:Court responsibilities
161:
100:Ottoman Imperial Harem
91:
59:
39:
2345:Dragoman of the Fleet
2060:Dragoman of the Porte
1850:Armenian Constitution
1737:Stagnation and reform
1409:10.1017/9781316257876
1281:Davis, Fanny (1986).
797:, pp. 40–42, 75.
567:
550:Further information:
411:
395:Young Turk Revolution
275:Relation to the harem
155:
33:
2065:Outer Palace Service
1981:Inner Palace Service
1384:. Oxford: Oneworld.
572:, early 20th century
522:of the Holy Cities (
2806:African slave trade
2260:Classic period army
2101:Chamber of Deputies
2076:Imperial Government
1287:. Greenwood Press.
1111:, pp. 168–169.
1048:, pp. 175–176.
785:, pp. 142–144.
761:, pp. 276–279.
627:) attached to each
556:Slavery in Ethiopia
296:Political influence
1887:Translation Office
1771:2nd Constitutional
1759:1st Constitutional
1713:Sultanate of Women
1440:. In Fleet, Kate;
1070:Rowoldt Shell 2018
713:Ahmed Resmî Efendi
631:, principal wife (
584:groups inhabiting
574:
420:
333:Uzun Süleyman Agha
255:Sultanate of Women
162:
142:Chief Black Eunuch
123:Sultanate of Women
86:(Ottoman Turkish:
40:
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2732:Star and crescent
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2402:
2399:
2398:
2238:
2237:
2175:
2174:
1927:Ottoman Caliphate
1808:Foreign relations
1626:978-1-55876-200-8
1605:978-0-8214-2318-9
1529:978-0-8223-4869-6
1502:978-0-8577-2808-1
1481:978-0-3336-1386-3
1370:978-0-521-47211-1
1309:. Penguin Books.
1273:978-90-04-07819-2
1222:978-1-84511-505-0
1188:20.500.11888/2625
1135:, pp. 53–55.
1084:, pp. 20–21.
1060:, pp. 23–24.
890:, pp. 14–16.
854:, pp. 21–22.
709:Hamiletü’l-kübera
307:Hacı Mustafa Agha
88:دار السعاده اغاسي
16:(Redirected from
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2350:Imperial Arsenal
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2015:Imperial Council
2010:
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1172:(4): 1223–1240.
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689:Tomb of Muhammad
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605: 1566–1574
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560:Slavery in Sudan
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501: 1603–1617
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478: 1774–1789
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467: 1757–1774
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391: 1808–1839
390:
330:
329: 1618–1622
328:
319:
317:
200:
199: 1512–1520
198:
174:
173: 1574–1595
172:
98:who guarded the
92:Darüssaade Ağası
89:
82:), formally the
81:
78:
71:
68:
65:
53:
38:Book of Costumes
21:
18:Darüssaade Ağası
2836:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2736:
2700:
2672:
2639:
2540:
2529:Ottoman Turkish
2486:
2395:
2369:
2319:
2314:Modernized army
2298:Sekban-i Djedid
2234:
2171:
2126:Shaykh al-Islām
2107:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2023:
2018:
2017:
1997:
1912:Ottoman dynasty
1891:
1792:
1667:
1662:
1627:
1612:
1606:
1593:
1544:
1530:
1509:
1503:
1488:
1482:
1464:
1446:Rowson, Everett
1433:
1419:
1398:
1392:
1377:
1371:
1350:
1336:10.2307/1595624
1330:(75): 141–158.
1327:Studia Islamica
1323:
1317:
1301:
1295:
1280:
1274:
1241:Bosworth, C. E.
1229:
1223:
1202:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1058:Augustinos 2007
1056:
1052:
1044:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
995:
986:
978:
957:
949:
942:
934:
930:
922:
918:
914:, pp. 1–2.
910:
906:
898:
894:
886:
877:
869:
858:
850:
837:
829:
816:
808:
801:
793:
789:
781:
777:
769:
765:
757:
753:
745:
734:
730:
717:Sicill-i Osmani
621:müsahip ağaları
601:
562:
548:
532:haremeyn dolabi
497:
474:
463:
416:
406:
387:
325:
314:
298:
277:
251:valide sultanas
247:
239:Shaykh al-Islām
195:
169:
150:
79:
72:
69:
66:
48:Ottoman Turkish
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2816:Ottoman titles
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:Nizam-i Djedid
2284:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2255:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2218:
2216:Mutasarrifates
2213:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2087:
2085:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2055:Reis ül-Küttab
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2013:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1991:Palace Schools
1988:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1939:Imperial Harem
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1908:
1906:
1905:House of Osman
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1725:Decline thesis
1720:Transformation
1717:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1701:Constantinople
1698:
1693:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1665:Ottoman Empire
1663:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1610:
1604:
1591:
1546:Lewis, Bernard
1542:
1528:
1507:
1501:
1486:
1480:
1462:
1442:Krämer, Gudrun
1437:"Kızlar Ağası"
1431:
1417:
1396:
1390:
1375:
1369:
1348:
1321:
1315:
1299:
1293:
1278:
1272:
1245:van Donzel, E.
1227:
1221:
1200:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1099:, p. 143.
1086:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1025:
1023:, p. 229.
1013:
1011:, p. 139.
1001:
984:
955:
953:, p. 166.
940:
938:, p. 175.
928:
916:
904:
892:
875:
856:
835:
814:
812:, p. 153.
799:
787:
775:
773:, p. 142.
763:
751:
749:, p. 243.
731:
729:
726:
664:hatt-ı hümayun
639:), the eunuch
635:), or prince (
570:Abdul Hamid II
547:
544:
405:
399:
297:
294:
276:
273:
246:
243:
224:C. E. Bosworth
188:Topkapi Palace
149:
146:
104:Constantinople
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2833:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Ottoman Egypt
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:Ottoman court
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Naval battles
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2334:
2333:Kapudan Pasha
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2288:Reform period
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Haseki sultan
1947:
1945:
1944:Valide sultan
1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1823:United States
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:Classical Age
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:Osman's Dream
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:Ménage, V. L.
1557:
1552:
1551:"al-Ḥaramayn"
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1418:9781107108295
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1391:1-85168-390-9
1387:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1316:0-14-027056-6
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1294:0-313-24811-7
1290:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1133:Hathaway 1998
1129:
1126:
1123:, p. 53.
1122:
1121:Hathaway 1998
1117:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1002:
999:, p. 22.
998:
993:
991:
989:
985:
981:
980:Hathaway 2019
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
932:
929:
925:
924:Hathaway 1992
920:
917:
913:
912:Hathaway 2005
908:
905:
901:
900:Al-Abdin 2009
896:
893:
889:
888:Hathaway 2005
884:
882:
880:
876:
873:, p. 75.
872:
867:
865:
863:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
836:
833:, p. 21.
832:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
791:
788:
784:
779:
776:
772:
767:
764:
760:
759:Hathaway 2018
755:
752:
748:
747:Bosworth 1986
743:
741:
739:
737:
733:
727:
725:
723:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
665:
659:
657:
653:
649:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
571:
566:
561:
557:
553:
545:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
495:
491:
487:
481:
472:
471:Abdul Hamid I
461:
457:
456:Bernard Lewis
452:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:
427:
426:
410:
404:
400:
398:
396:
385:
381:
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
323:
312:
308:
303:
295:
293:
289:
285:
283:
274:
272:
270:
269:palace school
266:
265:
260:
256:
252:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
216:
211:
209:
205:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
167:
159:
154:
147:
145:
143:
139:
138:eunuch slaves
136:
135:Black African
132:
128:
127:grand viziers
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
85:
77:of the girls"
76:
61:
57:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
2762:
2757:Bibliography
2755:
2748:
2717:Coat of arms
2691:Christianity
2645:Demographics
2628:of Armenians
2569:Illumination
2554:Architecture
2435:Central bank
2386:Conscription
2312:
2303:Mansure Army
2286:
2258:
2165:Hakham Bashi
2133:Christianity
2080:
2030:Grand Vizier
2019:
1871:Civil codes
1845:Constitution
1691:Ghaza thesis
1615:
1595:
1578:
1571:
1538:j.ctv11g9658
1511:
1491:
1470:
1466:Imber, Colin
1449:
1400:
1380:
1352:
1325:
1306:
1303:Freely, John
1283:
1263:
1256:
1212:
1206:
1169:
1165:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1016:
1004:
931:
919:
907:
895:
790:
778:
766:
754:
721:
716:
708:
706:
697:
692:
676:
672:
668:
662:
660:
655:
651:
644:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:nevbet kalfa
616:
612:
608:
577:
575:
535:
531:
527:
523:
515:
511:
507:
505:
485:
482:
453:
447:
443:
434:) of Islam,
429:
423:
421:
402:
377:
345:
299:
290:
286:
278:
262:
258:
248:
235:grand vizier
228:
213:
202:
185:
163:
141:
108:
83:
60:kızlar ağası
43:
41:
2584:Shadow play
2430:Agriculture
2423:Reformation
2419:Enlargement
2265:Janissaries
1974:Kizlar Agha
1959:Hanımefendi
1954:Kadınefendi
1766:Dissolution
1696:Interregnum
1577:Volume III:
1568:Schacht, J.
1564:Pellat, Ch.
1253:Pellat, Ch.
1021:Scholz 2001
871:Freely 2000
795:Freely 2000
722:Tarih-i Ata
652:müsendereci
460:Mustafa III
446:) to them.
431:al-Haramayn
417: 1809
352:Beshir Agha
302:Colin Imber
158:court dwarf
90:, Turkish:
52:قيزلر اغاسی
44:kizlar agha
2780:Categories
2601:Literature
2514:Ottomanism
2209:Sanjakbeys
2192:Beylerbeys
2180:Provincial
1897:Government
1860:Family law
1082:Davis 1986
1046:Lewis 1971
997:Davis 1986
936:Imber 2002
852:Davis 1986
831:Davis 1986
810:Imber 2002
728:References
650:), or the
382:of Sultan
362:Islam and
231:horsetails
220:kapı ağası
2653:Armenians
2618:Education
2574:Miniature
2524:Languages
2509:Devshirme
2482:Transport
2282:Timariots
2148:Bulgarian
2040:Kazaskers
2002:Central (
1986:Kapi Agha
1855:Electoral
1781:Abolition
1776:Partition
1587:495469525
1556:Lewis, B.
1458:1873-9830
1427:165833400
1262:Volume V:
1249:Lewis, B.
1196:154713768
613:acemi ağa
397:in 1908.
384:Mahmud II
368:Ahmed III
356:Tulip Era
311:Mustafa I
166:Murad III
2764:Category
2678:Religion
2591:Clothing
2477:Taxation
2440:Currency
2381:Aviation
2355:Admirals
2308:Hamidieh
2244:Military
2225:Kadiluks
2199:Vilayets
2153:Armenian
2091:Assembly
1828:Treaties
1797:Politics
1754:Tanzimat
1570:(eds.).
1548:(1971).
1468:(2002).
1448:(eds.).
1305:(2000).
1264:Khe–Mahi
1255:(eds.).
1233:(1986).
1145:Lad 2010
1109:Lad 2010
1097:Lad 2010
1009:Lad 2010
951:Lad 2010
783:Lad 2010
771:Lad 2010
724:(1876).
646:haznedar
609:en aşağı
598:Selim II
586:Ethiopia
512:müfettiş
322:Osman II
264:selamlik
259:de facto
204:iç oğlan
181:Caucasus
2750:Outline
2705:Symbols
2696:Judaism
2623:Schools
2596:Cuisine
2559:Mosques
2546:Culture
2536:Slavery
2492:Society
2455:Sultani
2416:By era
2409:Economy
2391:Weapons
2204:Sanjaks
2187:Eyalets
2160:Judaism
2113:Millets
2050:Nişancı
2035:Viziers
1880:Halakha
1875:Mecelle
1818:Safavid
1730:Köprülü
1673:History
1344:1595624
1154:Sources
683:or the
677:asatlık
656:hasıllı
637:şehzade
625:baş ağa
582:Nilotic
494:Ahmed I
380:reforms
208:Inner
192:Selim I
179:or the
177:Balkans
148:History
96:eunuchs
67:
56:Turkish
2727:Tughra
2712:Anthem
2658:Greeks
2611:Poetry
2096:Senate
1865:Düstur
1623:
1602:
1585:
1579:H–Iram
1566:&
1536:
1526:
1499:
1478:
1456:
1425:
1415:
1388:
1367:
1342:
1313:
1291:
1270:
1251:&
1236:"Ḳi̊z"
1219:
1194:
698:wakils
693:vakifs
669:hil'at
629:valide
590:Omotic
578:Habeşi
558:, and
536:vakifs
528:vakifs
520:Leases
508:yazici
490:Athens
486:vakifs
469:) and
448:Vakifs
440:Medina
403:vakifs
360:Hanafi
341:Turhan
284:beys.
282:Mamluk
210:Boy"]]
115:Medina
36:Rålamb
2686:Islam
2668:Women
2635:Media
2606:Prose
2579:Music
2460:Kuruş
2374:Other
2365:Ships
2221:Kazas
2143:Ullah
2121:Islam
2004:Porte
1742:Tulip
1554:. In
1534:JSTOR
1423:S2CID
1340:JSTOR
1239:. In
1192:S2CID
685:Hejaz
681:Egypt
648:ağası
641:imams
633:kadın
594:Nubia
540:divan
444:sürre
436:Mecca
425:nazir
364:Sunni
337:Kösem
215:harem
119:waqfs
111:Mecca
2722:Flag
2663:Jews
2565:Art
2465:Lira
2450:Para
2445:Akçe
2338:List
2325:Navy
2252:Army
1833:Wars
1686:Rise
1621:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1583:OCLC
1524:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1454:ISSN
1413:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1217:ISBN
673:hass
496:'s (
438:and
324:'s (
113:and
75:agha
64:lit.
42:The
2138:Rūm
1840:Law
1516:doi
1405:doi
1357:doi
1332:doi
1184:hdl
1174:doi
102:in
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