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Savastano, D., The pigment report: although 2006 was a year of improvement, pigment manufacturers are coping with a wide variety of challenges, including raw material pricing and supply issues and overcapacity. Ink world 2007,
191:. The pigment is insoluble. It is a standard pigment used in printing ink and packaging industry. The diarylide yellow pigment Yellow 12 is one of the three main colored pigments used in the four color process of
82:. Other diarylide yellow pigments are shown below. Worldwide production of color organic pigments was estimated to be about 250,000 metric tons (t) in 2006, with about 25%, or 62,500 t, being diarylide yellows.
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The molecular structures of these molecules is more conjugated than represented in the images shown below. The pigments' colors can range from yellow to green. One of the more common diarylide yellow pigments is
267:
Lewis, D. M., Modern
Colorants Synthesis and Structure. Advances in Color Chemistry Series, Vol. 3. Edited by A. T. Peters & H. S. Freeman, Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, 1995, xii + 245 pp.
304:
Rodenburg, L. A.; Guo, J.; Du, S.; Cavallo, G. J., Evidence for Unique and
Ubiquitous Environmental Sources of 3,3'-Dichlorobiphenyl (PCB 11). Environmental Science & Technology 2009, 44, (8), 2816-2821.
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Barrow, M. J.; Christie, R. M.; Monteith, J. E., The crystal and molecular structures of three diarylide yellow pigments, C. I. Pigments Yellow 13, 14 and 63. Dyes and
Pigments 2002, 55, (2-3), 79-89.
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The diarylide yellows are the most common yellow pigments used in printing as well as a wide variety of other applications. Due to their stability, diarylide yellows are used in
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Diarylide yellow pigments are considered to be non-toxic. There is, however, evidence that these pigments degrade when exposed to temperatures above 200 °C to release
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congeners, PCB 11 (3,3’-dichlorobiphenyl), and some evidence indicates that the use of diarylide yellow pigments introduces PCB 11 to the environment.
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66:. By varying both of these components, several pigments have been produced. A related family of organic pigments are the simpler
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in inks and related materials. They often are yellow or yellow-green. To some extent, these organic compounds have displaced
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195:. As such, its use is ubiquitous in printing both in commercial applications and in home color printers, as well as in
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from the market. They exist as yellow powders of low solubility in water.
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215:. 3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine is structurally similar to one of the
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The formation of these pigments involves the reaction of doubly
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Class of organic compounds that are used as pigments
74:diazonium salts with the same coupling partners.
211:, a carcinogen that is listed in the U.S. EPA’s
249:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
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247:K. Hunger. W. Herbst "Pigments, Organic" in
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70:, which arise from the coupling of
58:aromatic diamines (derivatives of
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314:http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/121-a86/
158:Pigment Yellow 14, RN = 5468-75-7
146:Pigment Yellow 17, RN = 4531-49-1
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251:, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2012.
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257:10.1002/14356007.a20_371
217:polychlorinated biphenyl
213:Toxics Release Inventory
209:3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
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50:, a diarylide pigment.
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203:Toxicity and hazards
187:, coatings, and as
347:Diarylide pigments
86:Diarylide pigments
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46:Synthesis of C.I.
189:plastic colorants
171:Pigment Yellow 16
134:, RN = 22094-93-5
132:Pigment Yellow 81
117:Pigment yellow 83
98:Pigment Yellow 13
80:Pigment yellow 12
64:acetoacetanilides
48:Pigment Yellow 12
26:that are used as
24:organic compounds
20:Diarylide pigment
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342:Shades of yellow
337:Organic pigments
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197:textile printing
173:, RN = 5979-28-2
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229:List of colours
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104:= 5102-83-0
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326:Categories
235:References
56:diazotized
38:Production
60:benzidine
332:Pigments
223:See also
68:arylides
28:pigments
62:) with
295:March.
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22:s are
270:ISBN
185:inks
179:Uses
72:mono
253:doi
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102:RN
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