79:
158:
406:
increased risk of dry socket occurring. However, on occasion, use of local anesthetic without vasoconstrictors would not provide sufficient analgesia, especially in the presence of acute pain and infection on maxillary teeth, meaning that the total dose of local anesthetic may need to be increased. Adequate pain control during the extraction is balanced against an increased risk of dry socket. However, the use of 3%
561:) and also the removal of debris from the socket by irrigation with saline or local anesthetic. Medicated dressings are also commonly placed in the socket; although these will act as a foreign body and prolong healing, they are usually needed due to the pain. The dressings are usually stopped once the pain is lessened. Examples of medicated dressings include antibacterials, topical anesthetics and
381:. Another risk can be attributed to the actual inhalation, as drawing smoke, particularly from dense filters or tightly rolled cigarettes, creates a small amount of suction that can cause the blood clot in a healing gum to become loose or dislodged over a period of time. Not smoking in the days immediately following a dental extraction reduces the risk of a dry socket occurring.
3455:
51:
593:
ointment. A 2012 review of treatments for dry socket concluded that there was not enough evidence to determine the effectiveness of any treatments. People who develop a dry socket typically seek healthcare advice several times after the dental extraction, where the old dressing is removed, the socket
203:
Dull, aching, throbbing pain in the area of the socket, which is moderate to severe and may radiate to other parts of the head such as the ear, eye, temple and neck. The pain normally starts on the second to fourth day after the extraction, and may last 10–40 days. The pain may be so strong that even
283:
Bacteria may secondarily colonize the socket, and lead to further dissolution of the clot. Bacterial breakdown and fibrinolysis are widely accepted as major contributing factors to the loss of the clot. Bone tissue is exposed to the oral environment, and a localized inflammatory reaction takes place
188:
An empty socket, which is partially or totally devoid of blood clot. Exposed bone may be visible or the socket may be filled with food debris which reveals the exposed bone once it is removed. The exposed bone is extremely painful and sensitive to touch. Surrounding inflamed soft tissues may overlie
434:
The menstrual cycle could be a determinant risk factor in the frequency of alveolar osteitis. Studies have shown that because of hormonal changes, women in the middle of menstrual cycle and the ones taking oral contraceptives (birth control pills) have a higher tendency of having alveolar osteitis
405:
and are intended to increase the length of analgesia by reducing blood supply to the region which reduces the amount of local anesthetic solution that is absorbed into the circulation and carried from the local tissues. Hence, use of local anesthetics with vasoconstrictors is associated with an
360:
has been demonstrated to have fibrinolytic action in some individuals, and these persons may be predisposed to developing dry sockets after tooth extraction. Infection of the socket following tooth extraction is different from dry socket, although in dry socket secondary infection may occur in
621:
Females are more frequently affected than males, but this appears to be related to oral contraceptive use rather than any underlying gender predilection. The majority of dry sockets occur in individuals aged between 20 and 40 which is when most dental extractions occur, although for any given
491:
reduce the risk of dry socket (and infection and pain) following third molar extractions in healthy individuals. The authors questioned whether treating 19 people with antibiotics to prevent one infection would do more harm overall than good, in view of the potential side effects and also of
496:. Nevertheless, there is evidence that some individuals, based on a clinical assessment of their conditions, who are at clear risk may benefit from antibiotics. There is also evidence that antifibrinolytic agents applied to the socket after the extraction may reduce the risk of dry socket.
515:(bleeding) in the belief that this reduces the incidence of dry socket, but there is no evidence to support this practice. It has been suggested that dental extractions in females taking oral contraceptives be scheduled on days without estrogen supplementation (typically days 23–28 of the
435:
after their tooth extraction surgery. It is recommended that elective surgeries be performed during the menstrual period in both users and non-users of oral contraceptives, to eliminate the effect of cycle-related hormonal changes on the development of alveolar osteitis.
389:
Dry socket is more likely to occur following a difficult tooth extraction. It is thought that excessive force applied to the tooth, or excessive movement of the tooth burnishes the bony walls of the socket and crushes blood vessels, impairing the repair process.
311:
Dry sockets more commonly occur in the mandible (lower jaw) than the maxilla (upper), due to the relatively poor blood supply of the mandible and also because food debris tends to gather in lower sockets more readily than upper ones. It more commonly occurs in
1182:
Eshghpour, Majid; Rezaei, Naser
Mohammadzadeh; Nejat, AmirHossein (2013-09-01). "Effect of menstrual cycle on frequency of alveolar osteitis in women undergoing surgical removal of mandibular third molar: a single-blind randomized clinical trial".
1408:
533:
Avoiding intake of hot fluids for one to two days. Hot fluids raise the local blood flow and thus interfere with organization of the clot. Therefore, cold fluids and foods are encouraged, which facilitate clot formation and prevent its
467:
and probing of the socket to establish the diagnosis. Sometimes part of the root of the tooth or a piece of bone fractures off and is retained in the socket. This can be another cause of pain in a socket and causes delayed healing. A
602:
If a dry socket occurs, the total healing time is increased. Postoperative pain is also worse than the normal discomfort which accompanies healing following any minor surgical procedure. The pain may last for seven to forty days.
332:), possibly because the size of the created surgical defect is relatively larger, and because the blood supply is relatively poorer at these sites. Dry socket is especially associated with extraction of lower
259:
bone to form). The clot may be lost because of excessive mouth rinsing, or disintegrate prematurely due to fibrinolysis. Fibrinolysis is the degeneration of the clot and may be caused by the conversion of
698:
Often, the term alveolar osteitis is considered synonymous with "dry socket", but some specify that dry socket is a focal or localized alveolar osteitis. An example of another type of osteitis is focal
299:
In a dry socket, healing is delayed because tissue must grow from the surrounding gingival mucosa, which takes longer than the normal organisation of a blood clot. Some patients may develop short term
303:, which is the result of food debris stagnating in the socket and the subsequent action of halitogenic bacteria. The main factors involved in the development of dry socket are discussed below.
296:
may form. The bones of the jaws seem to have some evolutionary resistance to this process. When bone is exposed at other sites in the human body, this is a much more serious condition.
2621:
548:
Avoiding drinking through a straw or spitting forcefully as this creates a negative pressure within the oral cavity leading to an increased chance of blood clot instability.
2803:
443:
Dry socket typically causes pain on the second to fourth day following a dental extraction. Other causes of post extraction pain usually occur immediately after the
255:. The clot may fail to form because of poor blood supply (e.g., secondary to local factors such as smoking, anatomical site, bone density and conditions which cause
1231:
Lodi, Giovanni; Azzi, Lorenzo; Varoni, Elena Maria; Pentenero, Monica; Del Fabbro, Massimo; Carrassi, Antonio; Sardella, Andrea; Manfredi, Maddalena (2021-02-24).
1850:
649:. Other factors in the postoperative period that may lead to loss of the blood clot include forceful spitting, sucking through a straw, and coughing or sneezing.
2808:
418:
with 1:100,000 epinephrine, save for a shorter duration of action, and, as such, this may be considered as an alternative in simple mandibular extractions.
484:(0.12% or 0.2%) or placing chlorhexidine gel (0.2%) in the sockets of extracted teeth reduces the frequency of dry socket. Another review concluded that
1462:
3435:
2633:
2584:
630:
138:(i.e., the bone which lines the socket). This specific type is known as dry socket and is associated with increased pain and delayed healing.
1088:
3118:
2961:
2235:
1719:
3362:
1995:
1166:
1126:
1044:
345:
3337:
3274:
3269:
3151:
2579:
2559:
1471:
594:
irrigated and a new dressing placed. Curettage of the socket increases the pain and whether it is of overall benefit is debated.
463:, which typically causes pain several weeks following an extraction). Examination typically involves gentle irrigation with warm
3183:
2820:
2274:
3168:
3003:
921:
826:
770:
703:. The name dry socket is used because the socket has a dry appearance once the blood clot is lost and debris is washed away.
3008:
426:
Radiotherapy directed at the bones of the jaws causes several changes to the tissue, resulting in decreased blood supply.
2532:
2141:
1845:
1830:
1768:
1714:
1637:
1455:
369:
Smoking and tobacco use of any kind are associated with increased risk of dry socket. This may be partially due to the
141:
Dry socket occurs in 0.5% to 5% of routine dental extractions, and in about 25–30% of extractions of mandibular (lower)
3060:
3023:
2753:
2034:
1946:
691:
Osteitis generally refers to localized inflammation of bone with no progression through marrow spaces (compare with
3070:
3018:
2825:
2758:
2527:
2027:
2022:
1973:
634:
3075:
2793:
2697:
2168:
1632:
642:
357:
3382:
3161:
3146:
2842:
2798:
2743:
2616:
2574:
2342:
2188:
1423:
520:
170:
3215:
2547:
223:
The cause(s) of dry socket are not completely understood. Normally, following extraction of a tooth, blood is
336:. Inadequate irrigation (washing) of the socket has been associated with increased likelihood of dry socket.
3279:
3080:
3045:
2871:
2738:
2542:
2322:
2163:
2109:
2039:
1961:
1941:
1928:
1905:
1448:
161:
The most common location of dry socket: in the socket of an extracted mandibular third molar (wisdom tooth).
112:
3481:
3425:
3392:
3065:
3055:
3050:
2992:
2919:
2875:
2771:
2766:
2552:
2382:
2377:
2352:
2198:
2129:
1956:
1865:
1783:
1510:
157:
2049:
1773:
3234:
3136:
2748:
2626:
2606:
2488:
2447:
2310:
2298:
2247:
1910:
493:
349:
284:
in the adjacent marrow spaces. This localizes the inflammation to the walls of the socket, which become
1983:
972:
Daly, Blánaid Jm; Sharif, Mohammad O.; Jones, Kate; Worthington, Helen V.; Beattie, Anna (2022-09-26).
3332:
2971:
2956:
2522:
2455:
2061:
1793:
611:
Overall, the rate of dry socket is about 0.5–5% for routine dental extractions, and about 25–30% for
256:
244:
526:
Prevention of alveolar osteitis can be exacted by following post-operative instructions, including:
3387:
3123:
3103:
3093:
2966:
2899:
2781:
2776:
2702:
2601:
2254:
2178:
2017:
1966:
1915:
1895:
1808:
1798:
1724:
1699:
1557:
700:
626:
456:
313:
78:
1664:
1032:
Master dentistry. volume 1: Oral and maxillofacial surgery, radiology, pathology and oral medicine
3430:
3284:
3088:
2904:
2852:
2813:
2510:
2426:
2357:
2066:
1890:
1870:
1823:
1709:
1654:
1617:
1607:
1592:
1522:
469:
344:
Dry socket is more likely to occur where there is a pre-existing infection in the mouth, such as
232:
3377:
3352:
3013:
414:
in inferior alveolar nerve blocks has been found to have a similar anesthetic effect to that of
1118:
762:
3476:
3128:
2717:
2515:
2411:
2269:
2193:
1900:
1840:
1803:
1778:
1627:
1505:
1500:
1370:
1319:
1270:
1252:
1208:
1200:
1162:
1158:
1122:
1084:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1011:
993:
917:
863:
822:
766:
464:
452:
67:
913:
907:
247:, surrounding alveolar bone and gingival mucosa. In time this in turn is replaced by coarse,
3098:
2733:
2723:
2687:
2596:
2347:
2286:
2220:
2210:
2158:
2056:
1951:
1788:
1360:
1350:
1309:
1301:
1260:
1244:
1192:
1150:
1110:
1072:
1001:
985:
855:
754:
558:
402:
240:
116:
100:
3460:
3254:
3040:
2835:
2728:
2564:
2483:
2463:
2387:
2372:
2242:
2146:
2114:
2085:
2007:
1933:
1729:
1612:
1602:
1547:
1532:
1080:
661:
612:
516:
398:
370:
277:
146:
3420:
3372:
3342:
3210:
3141:
3108:
2830:
2569:
2303:
2183:
1978:
1763:
1576:
1365:
1338:
1314:
1289:
1265:
1232:
1006:
645:, a history of previously developing a dry socket with past extractions and inadequate
3470:
3322:
3200:
3028:
2847:
2611:
2591:
2500:
2367:
2327:
2124:
1885:
1860:
1835:
1813:
1597:
1587:
1552:
1305:
1151:
1111:
755:
692:
638:
586:
481:
460:
353:
224:
130:
when a tooth is taken out). This leaves an empty socket where bone is exposed to the
3173:
2949:
2944:
2929:
2909:
2879:
2712:
2421:
2362:
2293:
2215:
2205:
2173:
2136:
2097:
2089:
1704:
1659:
1644:
1542:
1537:
1440:
1339:"Efficacy of different methods used for dry socket management: A systematic review"
1248:
989:
646:
615:
504:
378:
333:
142:
96:
1337:
Taberner-Vallverdu, M; Nazir, M; Sánchez-Garcés, MA; Gay-Escoda, C (Sep 1, 2015).
1428:
3367:
3357:
3347:
3264:
3259:
3190:
2264:
2225:
2044:
1920:
1880:
1748:
1669:
1649:
1073:
844:"Factors Affecting Incidence of Dry Socket: A Prospective Community-Based Study"
562:
508:
485:
407:
317:
261:
165:
Since alveolar osteitis is not primarily an infection, there is not usually any
135:
131:
1196:
859:
3450:
3327:
3113:
2939:
2707:
2537:
2478:
2416:
2406:
2399:
2394:
2332:
2315:
2259:
2230:
2151:
2012:
1990:
1875:
1855:
1417:
566:
512:
488:
444:
411:
293:
289:
252:
236:
123:
1256:
1204:
997:
843:
3195:
3178:
2914:
2692:
2495:
2119:
2002:
1622:
1517:
1495:
590:
542:
448:
415:
300:
208:
72:
1374:
1323:
1274:
1212:
1015:
973:
867:
1355:
974:"Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket)"
17:
3205:
3156:
2924:
2677:
2658:
2638:
2459:
2337:
2281:
1527:
665:
578:
538:
374:
325:
321:
285:
273:
228:
178:
108:
3291:
3249:
2934:
2894:
2788:
2662:
2451:
1818:
669:
582:
574:
570:
500:
329:
265:
192:
166:
127:
126:
fails to form or is lost from the socket (i.e., the defect left in the
104:
59:
1400:
1288:
Tarakji B, Saleh LA, Umair A, Azzeghaiby SN, Hanouneh S (April 2015).
50:
3033:
2505:
2093:
1688:
1412:
1290:"Systemic review of dry socket: aetiology, treatment, and prevention"
248:
1035:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p.
472:(X-ray) may be indicated to demonstrate such a suspected fragment.
1233:"Antibiotics to prevent complications following tooth extractions"
269:
174:
156:
149:(buried in the bone of the lower jaw, erupting during adulthood).
62:
teeth; note lack of blood clot in socket and exposed alveolar bone
537:
Avoiding smoking. It reduces the blood supply, leading to tissue
181:(redness) is present in the soft tissues surrounding the socket.
3409:
3308:
3232:
2990:
2869:
2655:
2445:
2083:
1746:
1686:
1574:
1482:
1444:
356:
are less likely to cause a dry socket when extracted. The oral
288:. The necrotic bone in the socket walls is slowly separated by
1484:
519:). It has also been suggested that teeth to be extracted be
1157:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp.
912:(3. ed., ed.). Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press. pp.
622:
individual it is more likely to occur with increasing age.
272:. Factors which promote fibrinolysis include local trauma,
189:
the socket and hide the dry socket from casual examination.
27:
Inflammation of the alveoli (tooth sockets in the jawbones)
585:
subnitrate and iodoform paste (BIPP) on ribbon gauze and
1117:(5th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Elsevier. p.
821:. Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone. pp. 216–217.
134:, causing a localized alveolar osteitis limited to the
753:
Neville, BW; Damm, DD; Allen, CM; Bouquot, JE (2002).
58:
Alveolar osteitis of a socket after extraction of all
761:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. p.
1390:
1394:
1029:Coulthard, P; Horner K; Sloan P; Theaker E (2008).
66:
40:
35:
2884:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
545:and eventually higher incidence of painful socket.
842:Parthasarathi, K.; Smith, A.; Chandu, A. (2011).
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
3239:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
817:Wray, D; Stenhouse D; Lee D; Clark AJE (2003).
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
688:means a disease characterized by inflammation.
451:has worn off, (e.g., normal pain from surgical
173:(swollen glands in the neck), and only minimal
111:). Classically, this occurs as a postoperative
1851:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
901:
899:
897:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
2809:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
1456:
1104:
1102:
1100:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
618:(wisdom teeth which are buried in the bone).
8:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
1237:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1113:Contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery
978:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
122:Alveolar osteitis usually occurs where the
3406:
3305:
3229:
2987:
2866:
2652:
2442:
2080:
1743:
1683:
1571:
1479:
1463:
1449:
1441:
1391:
511:the bony walls of the socket to encourage
231:) forms. This blood clot is replaced with
77:
49:
32:
1364:
1354:
1313:
1264:
1185:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
1005:
848:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
557:Treatment is usually symptomatic, (i.e.,
480:Some evidence suggests that rinsing with
3436:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
2585:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
712:
631:acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
2622:As a manifestation of systemic disease
565:, or combinations of all three, e.g.,
1226:
1224:
1222:
1153:Clinical problem solving in dentistry
1109:Tucker, MR; Hupp JR; Ellis E (2008).
967:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
573:impregnated cotton pellets, alvogyl (
459:) or has a more delayed onset (e.g.,
7:
2468:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
819:Textbook of general and oral surgery
625:Other possible risk factors include
204:strong analgesics do not relieve it.
3119:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
2962:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
352:. Wisdom teeth not associated with
227:into the socket, and a blood clot (
44:Dry socket, fibrinolytic alveolitis
2236:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
1720:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
757:Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology
530:Taking any recommended medications
25:
346:necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
3453:
3338:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
3275:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
3270:Central hypoventilation syndrome
3152:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
2580:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
2560:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
1472:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
664:, the alveolar processes of the
235:which consists of proliferating
99:of the alveolar bone (i.e., the
3184:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
2821:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
2275:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
3169:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
3004:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
1249:10.1002/14651858.CD003811.pub3
1149:Odell, Edward W., ed. (2010).
990:10.1002/14651858.CD006968.pub3
906:Soames JV; Southam JC (1999).
1:
3363:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
3312:Soft tissues around the mouth
3009:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
1343:Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal
243:derived from remnants of the
2533:Gingival cyst of the newborn
2142:Failure of eruption of teeth
1846:Hand, foot and mouth disease
1831:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
1769:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
1715:Palatal cysts of the newborn
1638:Transient lingual papillitis
1306:10.7860/JCDR/2015/12422.5840
1079:. Berlin: Springer. p.
251:bone and finally by mature,
3061:Salivary gland diverticulum
3024:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
2035:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
1947:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
3498:
3071:Salivary gland hyperplasia
3019:HIV salivary gland disease
2528:Gingival cyst of the adult
1974:Oral florid papillomatosis
1197:10.1016/j.joms.2013.05.004
860:10.1016/j.joms.2010.11.006
581:and butamben), dentalone,
3416:
3405:
3318:
3310:Orofacial soft tissues –
3304:
3245:
3228:
3076:Salivary gland hypoplasia
2999:
2986:
2890:
2865:
2804:Bisphosphonate-associated
2698:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
2673:
2651:
2474:
2441:
2169:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
2105:
2079:
1759:
1742:
1695:
1682:
1633:Median rhomboid glossitis
1583:
1570:
1491:
1478:
643:cemento-osseous dysplasia
57:
48:
3383:Orofacial granulomatosis
3162:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
3147:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
3081:Salivary gland neoplasms
2872:Temporomandibular joints
2843:Periapical periodontitis
2575:Linear gingival erythema
2343:Regional odontodysplasia
2189:Enamel hypocalcification
523:prior to the procedure.
3280:Obstructive sleep apnea
3046:Salivary duct stricture
2826:Paget's disease of bone
2323:Pulp canal obliteration
2164:Dentin hypersensitivity
2110:Amelogenesis imperfecta
1962:Squamous cell carcinoma
1942:Adenosquamous carcinoma
1929:Squamous cell papilloma
1906:Melanocytic oral lesion
635:Paget's disease of bone
616:mandibular third molars
214:Bad taste in the mouth.
3426:Hemifacial hypertrophy
3393:Pyostomatitis vegetans
3066:Salivary gland fistula
3056:Salivary gland atresia
3051:Salivary gland aplasia
2905:Mandibular dislocation
2876:muscles of mastication
2754:Calcifying odontogenic
2383:Vertical root fracture
2378:Cracked tooth syndrome
2353:Shovel-shaped incisors
2248:Wisdom tooth impaction
2130:Early childhood caries
1996:Benign mucous membrane
1957:Spindle cell carcinoma
1866:Intraoral dental sinus
1784:Burning mouth syndrome
1071:Fragiskos, FD (2007).
633:, local bone disease,
199:Symptoms may include:
171:cervical lymphadenitis
162:
3235:Stomatognathic system
3137:Acinic cell carcinoma
2759:Glandular odontogenic
1911:Molluscum contagiosum
1356:10.4317/medoral.20589
494:antibiotic resistance
350:chronic periodontitis
160:
3378:Oral Crohn's disease
3333:Basal cell carcinoma
2972:Condylar hyperplasia
2957:Maxillary hypoplasia
2523:Gingival enlargement
2456:periodontal ligament
2062:Verruciform xanthoma
1794:Condyloma acuminatum
684:meaning "bone"; and
401:are present in most
245:periodontal membrane
3388:Perioral dermatitis
3124:Pleomorphic adenoma
3104:Monomorphic adenoma
3094:Canalicular adenoma
2967:Condylar hypoplasia
2900:Condylar resorption
2744:Lateral periodontal
2703:Mandibular fracture
2602:Periodontal abscess
2199:Turner's hypoplasia
1967:Verrucous carcinoma
1916:Morsicatio buccarum
1896:Lupus erythematosus
1809:Erythema multiforme
1725:Stomatitis nicotina
701:condensing osteitis
627:periodontal disease
457:mandibular fracture
184:Signs may include:
3431:Facial hemiatrophy
3285:Periodic breathing
3216:Sjögren's syndrome
3089:Basal cell adenoma
2853:Torus mandibularis
2831:Periapical abscess
2814:Osteoradionecrosis
2739:Buccal bifurcation
2718:Intraosseous cysts
2607:Periodontal trauma
2511:Pyogenic granuloma
2358:Supernumerary root
2311:Pulp calcification
2299:Premature eruption
2270:Odontogenic tumors
2067:White sponge nevus
2040:Submucous fibrosis
1984:Smoker's melanosis
1871:Irritation fibroma
1710:High-arched palate
1618:Foliate papillitis
1608:Cunnilingus tongue
1593:Black hairy tongue
1523:Congenital lip pit
233:granulation tissue
195:(bare) bone walls.
163:
153:Signs and symptoms
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3401:
3400:
3300:
3299:
3224:
3223:
3129:Sebaceous adenoma
2982:
2981:
2861:
2860:
2772:Median mandibular
2767:Nasopalatine duct
2683:Alveolar osteitis
2647:
2646:
2634:Perio-endo lesion
2516:Congenital epulis
2437:
2436:
2194:Enamel hypoplasia
2075:
2074:
2050:Riga–Fede disease
1901:Melanocytic nevus
1841:Hairy leukoplakia
1804:Epulis fissuratum
1738:
1737:
1678:
1677:
1628:Geographic tongue
1566:
1565:
1438:
1437:
1090:978-3-540-25184-2
541:, reduced tissue
470:dental radiograph
403:local anesthetics
268:and formation of
241:endothelial cells
89:Alveolar osteitis
86:
85:
36:Alveolar osteitis
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3489:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3407:
3306:
3230:
3099:Ductal papilloma
2988:
2867:
2764:Non-odontogenic:
2749:Globulomaxillary
2688:Buccal exostosis
2653:
2597:Peri-implantitis
2443:
2159:Dentin dysplasia
2081:
2057:Verruca vulgaris
1952:Mucosal melanoma
1799:Darier's disease
1774:Behçet's disease
1744:
1700:Bednar's aphthae
1684:
1572:
1558:Trumpeter's wart
1480:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1442:
1392:
1380:
1378:
1368:
1358:
1349:(5): e633–e639.
1334:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1294:J Clin Diagn Res
1285:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1191:(9): 1484–1489.
1179:
1173:
1172:
1156:
1146:
1133:
1132:
1116:
1106:
1095:
1094:
1078:
1068:
1051:
1050:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1009:
969:
928:
927:
903:
872:
871:
839:
833:
832:
814:
777:
776:
760:
750:
676:is derived from
559:pain medications
399:Vasoconstrictors
394:Vasoconstrictors
371:vasoconstrictive
292:and fragmentary
117:tooth extraction
101:alveolar process
91:, also known as
82:
81:
53:
33:
21:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3467:
3466:
3461:Medicine portal
3459:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3440:
3412:
3397:
3353:Ludwig's angina
3314:
3296:
3255:Mouth breathing
3241:
3220:
3041:Pneumoparotitis
3014:Frey's syndrome
2995:
2993:Salivary glands
2978:
2886:
2857:
2836:Phoenix abscess
2669:
2665:hard tissues –
2643:
2565:Hypercementosis
2484:Cementoblastoma
2470:
2433:
2147:Dens evaginatus
2101:
2071:
2023:Denture-related
2008:Plasmoacanthoma
1934:Keratoacanthoma
1755:
1753:Lining of mouth
1734:
1730:Torus palatinus
1691:
1674:
1655:Lingual thyroid
1613:Fissured tongue
1603:Crenated tongue
1579:
1562:
1548:Nasolabial cyst
1533:Herpes labialis
1487:
1474:
1469:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1403:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1243:(2): CD003811.
1230:
1229:
1220:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1148:
1147:
1136:
1129:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1091:
1070:
1069:
1054:
1047:
1028:
1027:
1023:
971:
970:
931:
924:
905:
904:
875:
841:
840:
836:
829:
816:
815:
780:
773:
752:
751:
714:
709:
655:
609:
600:
555:
534:disintegration.
517:menstrual cycle
478:
441:
432:
430:Menstrual cycle
424:
396:
387:
385:Surgical trauma
367:
342:
309:
307:Extraction site
280:from bacteria.
221:
211:(oral malodor).
177:(swelling) and
155:
76:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3495:
3493:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3421:Eagle syndrome
3417:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:Cystic hygroma
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3233:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3211:Sialolithiasis
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:Adenocarcinoma
3139:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3109:Myoepithelioma
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2870:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2782:Traumatic bone
2779:
2777:Median palatal
2774:
2769:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2656:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2570:Hypocementosis
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2446:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2304:Neonatal teeth
2296:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2184:Ectopic enamel
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1979:Oral melanosis
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1931:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:Bohn's nodules
1776:
1771:
1766:
1764:Amalgam tattoo
1760:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1420:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:Classification
1388:
1387:External links
1385:
1382:
1381:
1329:
1280:
1218:
1174:
1167:
1134:
1127:
1096:
1089:
1052:
1045:
1021:
929:
922:
909:Oral pathology
873:
834:
827:
778:
771:
711:
710:
708:
705:
680:, from Greek,
660:refers to the
654:
651:
608:
605:
599:
596:
554:
551:
550:
549:
546:
535:
531:
477:
474:
440:
437:
431:
428:
423:
420:
395:
392:
386:
383:
366:
363:
341:
338:
308:
305:
220:
217:
216:
215:
212:
205:
197:
196:
190:
154:
151:
84:
83:
70:
64:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3494:
3483:
3482:Jaw disorders
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3462:
3451:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:Actinomycosis
3321:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:Sialodochitis
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:malocclusions
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Stafne defect
2846:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2799:Osteonecrosis
2797:
2795:
2794:Osteomyelitis
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2667:Bones of jaws
2664:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2612:Periodontitis
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Pericoronitis
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Granulomatous
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:Eruption cyst
2499:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Pulp necrosis
2326:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:Dens in dente
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:Discoloration
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Lichen planus
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1861:Herpes zoster
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:Fordyce spots
1834:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1814:Erythroplakia
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
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1772:
1770:
1767:
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1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:Caviar tongue
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Ankyloglossia
1586:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1553:Sun poisoning
1551:
1549:
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1344:
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1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:(4): ZE10–3.
1299:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1276:
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1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
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1168:9780443067846
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1128:9780323049030
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854:: 1880–1884.
853:
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835:
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723:
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706:
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702:
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693:osteomyelitis
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
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663:
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652:
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648:
644:
640:
639:osteopetrosis
636:
632:
628:
623:
619:
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614:
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595:
592:
588:
587:metronidazole
584:
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547:
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532:
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528:
527:
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510:
506:
505:oral surgeons
502:
497:
495:
490:
487:
483:
482:chlorhexidine
475:
473:
471:
466:
462:
461:osteomyelitis
458:
454:
450:
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438:
436:
429:
427:
421:
419:
417:
413:
409:
404:
400:
393:
391:
384:
382:
380:
379:blood vessels
376:
372:
364:
362:
359:
355:
354:pericoronitis
351:
347:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
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315:
306:
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297:
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159:
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110:
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102:
98:
94:
90:
80:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3311:
3238:
3174:Sialadenitis
3133:
3085:
2950:Scissor bite
2945:Retrognathia
2930:Overeruption
2910:Malocclusion
2883:
2763:
2722:
2713:Micrognathia
2682:
2666:
2657:Periapical,
2543:Desquamative
2467:
2448:Periodontium
2422:Acid erosion
2363:Taurodontism
2294:Open contact
2206:Enamel pearl
2174:Dilaceration
2137:Concrescence
1938:
1925:
1752:
1705:Cleft palate
1665:Microglossia
1660:Macroglossia
1645:Glossoptosis
1543:Microcheilia
1538:Macrocheilia
1422:
1407:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1240:
1236:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1152:
1112:
1075:Oral surgery
1074:
1031:
1024:
984:: CD006968.
981:
977:
908:
851:
847:
837:
818:
756:
697:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
657:
656:
647:oral hygiene
624:
620:
610:
607:Epidemiology
601:
556:
525:
498:
486:preventative
479:
442:
433:
425:
422:Radiotherapy
397:
388:
368:
343:
334:wisdom teeth
310:
298:
282:
225:extravasated
222:
198:
183:
164:
143:wisdom teeth
140:
121:
113:complication
97:inflammation
92:
88:
87:
3368:Microstomia
3358:Macrostomia
3348:Gnathophyma
3265:Catathrenia
3260:Sleep apnea
3191:Sialectasis
2734:Dentigerous
2724:Odontogenic
2553:Plasma cell
2489:Gigantiform
2265:Microdontia
2255:Macrodontia
2226:Hyperdontia
1921:Oral cancer
1881:Leukoplakia
1789:Candidiasis
1749:Oral mucosa
1670:Rhabdomyoma
1650:Hypoglossia
1511:Plasma cell
699:sclerosing/
489:antibiotics
412:epinephrine
408:mepivacaine
318:molar teeth
290:osteoclasts
262:plasminogen
237:fibroblasts
169:(fever) or
136:lamina dura
132:oral cavity
41:Other names
3471:Categories
3328:Angioedema
3134:Malignant:
3114:Oncocytoma
2940:Prognathia
2729:periapical
2708:Microgenia
2659:mandibular
2617:Aggressive
2538:Gingivitis
2479:Cementicle
2417:Abfraction
2407:Tooth wear
2400:Edentulism
2395:Tooth loss
2348:Resorption
2333:Pulp polyp
2316:Pulp stone
2260:Meth mouth
2231:Hypodontia
2221:Gemination
2152:Talon cusp
2045:Ulceration
2013:Stomatitis
1991:Pemphigoid
1939:Malignant:
1891:Linea alba
1876:Leukoedema
1856:Herpangina
1824:Giant-cell
923:0192628941
828:0443070830
772:0721690033
707:References
567:zinc oxide
563:obtundants
513:hemorrhage
507:routinely
476:Prevention
445:anesthesia
373:action of
361:addition.
358:microbiota
253:woven bone
207:Intraoral
124:blood clot
93:dry socket
18:Dry socket
3196:Sialocele
3179:Parotitis
2920:Open bite
2915:Crossbite
2693:Cherubism
2663:maxillary
2496:Cementoma
2427:Attrition
2243:Impaction
2211:Fluorosis
2120:Anodontia
2115:Ankylosis
2003:Pemphigus
1623:Glossitis
1518:Cleft lip
1496:Cheilitis
1257:1469-493X
1205:1531-5053
998:1469-493X
653:Etymology
598:Prognosis
591:lidocaine
553:Treatment
543:perfusion
449:analgesia
439:Diagnosis
416:lidocaine
377:on small
340:Infection
326:premolars
324:sockets (
316:sockets (
314:posterior
301:halitosis
294:sequestra
274:estrogens
257:sclerotic
249:fibrillar
209:halitosis
145:that are
73:Dentistry
68:Specialty
60:maxillary
3477:Osteitis
3206:Sialosis
3157:Lymphoma
3029:Mucocele
2925:Overbite
2678:Agnathia
2639:Teething
2464:alveolus
2460:cementum
2412:Abrasion
2388:Occlusal
2373:Avulsion
2338:Pulpitis
2282:Odontoma
2028:Herpetic
2018:Aphthous
1528:Eclabium
1375:26116842
1324:26023661
1275:33624847
1213:23866782
1016:36156769
868:21419540
674:osteitis
666:mandible
662:alveolus
658:Alveolar
613:impacted
579:iodoform
539:ischemia
501:dentists
410:without
375:nicotine
330:incisors
322:anterior
286:necrotic
278:pyrogens
229:thrombus
179:erythema
147:impacted
109:mandible
3292:Snoring
3250:Bruxism
3086:Benign:
2935:Overjet
2895:Bruxism
2789:Osteoma
2627:Chronic
2452:gingiva
1926:Benign:
1819:Fibroma
1506:Angular
1501:Actinic
1429:D004368
1366:4598935
1315:4437177
1266:8094158
1007:9511819
914:296–298
670:maxilla
583:bismuth
575:eugenol
571:eugenol
509:debride
365:Smoking
320:) than
266:plasmin
193:Denuded
167:pyrexia
105:maxilla
103:of the
3034:Ranula
2506:Epulis
2368:Trauma
2216:Fusion
2125:Caries
2098:enamel
2094:dentin
1689:Palate
1577:Tongue
1373:
1363:
1322:
1312:
1273:
1263:
1255:
1211:
1203:
1165:
1125:
1087:
1043:
1014:
1004:
996:
920:
866:
825:
769:
682:osteon
521:scaled
465:saline
453:trauma
276:, and
270:kinins
219:Causes
75:
3411:Other
2086:Teeth
1418:K10.3
1161:–69.
686:-itis
678:oste-
499:Some
175:edema
95:, is
3373:Noma
2878:and
2661:and
2466:) –
2090:pulp
1485:Lips
1424:MeSH
1379:>
1371:PMID
1320:PMID
1271:PMID
1253:ISSN
1241:2021
1209:PMID
1201:ISSN
1163:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1085:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1012:PMID
994:ISSN
918:ISBN
864:PMID
823:ISBN
767:ISBN
589:and
569:and
503:and
328:and
239:and
1409:ICD
1361:PMC
1351:doi
1310:PMC
1302:doi
1261:PMC
1245:doi
1193:doi
1119:198
1081:199
1002:PMC
986:doi
856:doi
763:133
695:).
668:or
455:or
348:or
264:to
128:gum
115:of
107:or
3473::
3237:–
2882:–
2874:,
2462:,
2458:,
2454:,
2096:,
2092:,
1751:–
1427::
1416::
1413:10
1369:.
1359:.
1347:20
1345:.
1341:.
1318:.
1308:.
1296:.
1292:.
1269:.
1259:.
1251:.
1239:.
1235:.
1221:^
1207:.
1199:.
1189:71
1187:.
1159:67
1137:^
1121:.
1099:^
1083:.
1055:^
1039:.
1037:90
1010:.
1000:.
992:.
980:.
976:.
932:^
916:.
876:^
862:.
852:69
850:.
846:.
781:^
765:.
715:^
672:;
641:,
637:,
629:,
577:,
119:.
2726::
2450:(
2100:)
2088:(
1464:e
1457:t
1450:v
1411:-
1401:D
1377:.
1353::
1326:.
1304::
1298:9
1277:.
1247::
1215:.
1195::
1171:.
1131:.
1093:.
1049:.
1018:.
988::
982:9
926:.
870:.
858::
831:.
775:.
447:/
20:)
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