604:
from the dark brown to a mottled greyish brown colour. This colouration will consist of less brown and more grey in successive moults. Following the third moult, along with changes in size and colour, sexual dimorphism between nymphs becomes visible; this involves both the development of male genitalia as well differences in body dimensions, with larger bodied females, and longer antennae in males. After the fourth moult, there is a further increase in size and spine development on the legs increases. In the fifth and final nymphal moult there is no increase in the body size of the nymph, yet wings will grow considerably during this period. The final moult to become an adult
31:
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83:
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11–24 months. The body of female goliath stick insects becomes very large during the egg-laying period. When eggs are laid, the female will ‘flick’ the egg outwards to the ground using her abdomen, this aids in egg dispersal. Egg production may vary based on seasonal conditions and food abundance, with females recorded laying 200–800 eggs.
740:, the goliath stick insect has evolved to resemble the leaf, or branch of a tree with its coloration and shape. This is accompanied by a swaying body movement from side to side that is thought to mimic the swaying of leaves and branches. This adaptation assists the goliath stick insect in avoiding detection by predators.
535:
are large and run down the majority of the abdomen, two distinct white bands run continuously down the forewing and hindwings. Forewings are the same apple-green as the body, with a vibrant red ventral surface in females. Hindwings are transparent and green veined. Despite being fully winged, females
559:
become sexually mature following their final moult, where they can consistently reproduce throughout the rest of their adult lives. Reproduction can occur throughout the entire year in optimal conditions. In the wild, females lay eggs from summer through to autumn, with eggs hatching in a period of
603:
is dark brown with a very slender body and legs, cerci are prominent and antennae are very short. Following the first moult, the insect will increase in size but no other physical changes are apparent. After the second moult, along with a further increase in size, the nymph will change in colour
576:
in plant seeds, that serves the purpose of attracting ants to collect and disperse eggs. The fatty acid composition of this capitulum is key to attracting ant species to locate and carry the egg, with a reduction in dispersal rates seen when the capitula is removed. Ants will often bring the
438:
due to the visual similarity between the insects. Key distinguishing features between the two species include differences in spines on the hind legs, forewing length and antennal segments. As a result of this confusion in identification and classification of
Australian stick insects, various
889:
is bred in captivity on a global scale, with nymphs and eggs available to buy at online retailers to be shipped globally. Adults raised in captivity are said to live 6–7 months. The insect is also often used in educational displays at museums and zoos. Due to their size, sightings of wild
523:
are long and slender, with a mottled yellow and green colouration. All legs are lined with serrate spines, with the largest spines occurring on the inside of the hind tibia. In males, these spines are more pronounced, with enlarged spines on both the mid and hind-tibia.
495:
is thick and flexible, with the final three segments much shorter than the previous six segments. The operculum structure of females is distinct, extending well beyond the abdomen and tapering to a tip; this forms the 'chute' used for flicking both eggs and
511:
The phasmid has a large head coloured yellow with three longitudinal green bands running from the eyes to the back of the head. Three glossy ocelli are on the top of the head in a triangular formation, sitting between two brown compound eyes.
705:
are extremely frequent. Bushfires in this region causes considerable habitat loss, killing individual insects and potentially leading to ecosystem conversion. The increasing frequency and intensity of bushfires due to
787:
in its operculum, and using a whole body flicking motion, it will throw them away to the ground. This is said to be an adaptation to avoid predators detecting the location of the insect through seeing nearby frass.
800:, however adult females have been witnessed fighting. Females have been recorded fatally injuring each other through squeezing the rival insect's body in the crook of their heavily spined hind legs.
599:
occurring between each stage. Nymphs usually hatch during the night and can be active immediately, where they will instinctually climb nearby trees just after hatching. The first instar of the
845:
species. Adult insects are said to eat approximately 10 medium-sized leaves per day. In the wild the species primarily feeds at night. Nymphs will tend to eat younger and more tender leaves.
714:
populations. Despite the magnitude of this threat, due to the wide distribution range of the E. goliath, the likelihood of bushfires threatening the overall survival of the species is low.
710:
further increases the direct impact of these events on the insect, and increases the period needed for habitat recovery. These factors bushfire event are the largest threats to
885:
As they are easy to care for and effectively harmless to humans, the goliath stick insect is commonly kept as an exotic pet and it is particularly popular among children.
577:
egg underground into nests, which protects the egg from the environment and predation. Although numerous species of ants are expected to carry and disperse the eggs, only
768:
on the metacoxae will be revealed. A "swooshing" sound, made by rubbing the wings together, also accompanies the display. This display is an act of startle or
2038:
536:
are incapable of flight, this is likely due to their size and weight. Males have larger wings and are significantly smaller than females, enabling strong flight.
2064:
528:, like many phasmids, has adhesive pad structures on its legs which allow it to stick to surfaces, enabling ease of movement throughout the trees it inhabits.
2115:
903:
1706:
O’Hanlon, James C.; Jones, Braxton R.; Bulbert, Matthew W. (2020-07-31). "The dynamic eggs of the
Phasmatodea and their apparent convergence with plants".
2012:
555:, where females can lay viable eggs without the requirement for male fertilisation, despite this, fertilised reproduction will still occur.
764:
will expose the bright red ventral surface of its wings and spreads out its hind legs, then rapidly strikes them together. Additionally, false
1791:
1772:"Notes on the biology, captive management and conservation status of the Lord Howe Island Stick Insect (Dryococelus australis) (Phasmatodea)"
2130:
608:
takes over an hour, with the development of their distinct bright apple-green colouration and wings unfolding to reach their full size.
1108:"Studies on the Stick-Insect Genus Eurycnema Audinet-Serville (Phasmida; Phasmatidae) with Particular Reference to Australian Species"
1034:
1847:
563:
Eggs are large, dark brown and oval shaped, with a thick bark-like ridged exterior. Eggs resemble plant seeds such as those from
689:, due to the reliance of the insect on eucalyptus and acacia species for both a food source, and for protection from predators.
1541:
1663:
CLARK, J. T. (April 1976). "The eggs of stick insects (Phasmida): a review with descriptions of the eggs of eleven species".
1817:"Breeding biology and behaviour of a pair of Pacific Bazas Aviceda subcristata in central-coastal Queensland over 10 years"
775:
The striking of the heavily spined hind legs also serves as an attack strategy to injure both predators and rival females.
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and spines are present on both dorsal and ventral sides of the body, usually accompanied by bluish green colouration. The
1986:
1973:
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30:
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species they inhabit. In captivity, the insect has been recorded eating a wider range of foods, such as leaves from
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are short (32 mm) with 29 segments in females, while being much longer in males (57 mm), with 27 segments.
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371:
82:
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in 1834, using two female specimens, one of which came from the collection belonging to
British entomologist
1571:"Egg Dispersal in the Phasmatodea: Convergence in Chemical Signaling Strategies Between Plants and Animals?"
1426:
Büscher, Thies H.; Buckley, Thomas R.; Grohmann, Constanze; Gorb, Stanislav N.; Bradler, Sven (2018-05-24).
504:, the paired appendages on the rear of the insect's abdomen, are particularly long: especially in males of
1941:
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travels very little, and will spend a large portion, if not all of their life inhabiting a singular tree.
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1991:
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The number of mature individuals present in the wild, and the population trend is unknown. Despite this,
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628:. They can be encountered within bushland, rainforests and in green spaces such as parks and gardens.
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487:. The mesonotum also has a bluish-green longitudinal median line running down its entire length
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and considered one of the largest species of stick insects in the country. The species has the
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The egg also contains a large yellow capitulum, an edible fleshy structure similar to that of
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1275:
British Museum (Natural
History).; History), British Museum (Natural; Kirby, W. F. (1904).
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344:
1428:"The Evolution of Tarsal Adhesive Microstructures in Stick and Leaf Insects (Phasmatodea)"
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617:
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1978:
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on a
Eucalyptus tree, a key habitat for the species and one of its primary food sources.
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With an adult body length of 105–146 mm in males, and 155–204 mm in females,
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463:, in front (centre) is a female showing the longitudinal green bands towards the head.
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birds, with the insect serving as a key food source for nestlings of species such as
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1930:
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is smooth and glossy in appearance, it is also three to four times shorter than the
2004:
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Captive insects: the male abdomen top left shows the characteristically large
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The goliath stick insect is widespread throughout
Australia's east coast in
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is considered common across its distribution range, and was classified as ‘
1816:
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Little is known about the predation of the insect in
Australia, however,
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Stanton, Anthony O.; Dias, Daniel A.; O’Hanlon, James C. (August 2015).
772:, performed in an attempt to scare off, startle or distract a predator.
508:. Females have simple ovaries with approximately 200 ovarioles in total
2017:
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624:. Small populations have also been reported in northern Queensland and
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1935:
1245:"The Development of the Phasmid Species List: Part One PSG No. 1-50"
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There is no recorded instances of competition between the males of
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at the Museum of
Victoria. The species is named after the biblical
784:
747:
630:
497:
454:
375:
1482:"Conspicuous displays in two species of Australian stick insects"
1159:"Goliath Stick Insect, the Camouflage Master - Eurycnema goliath"
701:
distribution range, especially in southeastern
Australia, large
1939:
1050:
Phasmida
Species File (Version 5.0/5.0; retrieved 23 May 2021)
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
834:
1358:"Eurycnema goliath PSG 14, The fabled phasmid from Australia"
1019:
Complete Field Guide to Stick and Leaf Insects of Australia
352:
from the Australian Museum in 1900 by English entomologist
394:. In 1835, Gray then transferred the insect to the genus
817:, and in the wild primarily feeds on the leaves of the
1778:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 205–219,
1387:"Studies on Female Genitalia of Queensland Phasmida"
1948:
385:, and refers to the impressive size of the insect.
381:from the popular story of David vs Goliath in the
957:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T79003367A79003460.en
646:The insect also has a preference for inhabiting
479:, with yellow banding across the upper body. The
1848:"Pheasant Coucal takes parenting very seriously"
388:Gray originally placed the species in the genus
783:When defecating, the E. goliath will catch its
1480:Bedford, G.O.; Chinnick, L.J. (October 1966).
894:are also often mentioned in local newspapers.
588:has been recorded undertaking the behaviour.
584:an ant common within the distribution of the
432:the species has often been confused with the
414:The insect was placed into its present genus
8:
1906:"Keeping live mini-beasts as classroom pets"
1281:. London: Printed by order of the Trustees .
1017:Brock, Paul D.; Hasenpusch, Jack W. (2009).
904:List of Australian stick insects and mantids
760:In response to being attacked or disturbed,
1542:"Husbandry Manual for Goliath Stick Insect"
1186:"Species Information - Phasmid Study Group"
1936:
56:
29:
20:
1770:Honan, Patrick (2008), New, T. R. (ed.),
1443:
1402:
955:
475:in Australia. General body coloration is
1626:"Biology and Ecology of the Phasmatodea"
595:stages prior to becoming an adult, with
443:have appeared in literature relating to
343:
1356:Die Königin, Cameron (September 2021).
1351:
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1347:
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915:
857:has been recorded being predated on by
673:, following a 2016 species assessment.
654:tree species, its primary food plants.
403:7 years later in 1842, Dutch zoologist
1931:Phasmid Study Group: Eurycnema goliath
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1865:Gondwanaland Trading Company (2021).
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407:transferred the goliath to the genus
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2116:IUCN Red List least concern species
1642:10.1146/annurev.en.23.010178.001013
1278:A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera
943:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1677:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1976.tb00342.x
1432:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
1404:10.1111/j.1440-6055.1965.tb00643.x
1295:Elementary text-book of entomology
428:Within literature surrounding the
14:
471:is one of the largest species of
1391:Australian Journal of Entomology
1221:"Goliath Stick Insect – Bugs Ed"
1106:Brock, Paul D. (December 1998).
81:
1846:Pearce, Clare (25 April 2019).
1776:Insect Conservation and Islands
1243:Harman, A. J. E. (April 2011).
363:was first described by English
1365:Phasmid Study Group Newsletter
1252:Phasmid Study Group Newsletter
1112:Journal of Orthoptera Research
932:Rudolf, E.; Brock, P. (2017).
1:
2090:Phasmida Species File (old):
1624:Bedford, G O (January 1978).
1498:10.1016/s0003-3472(66)80053-2
685:are primarily in the form of
1821:Australian Field Ornithology
1784:10.1007/978-1-4020-8782-0_17
813:The goliath stick insect is
1630:Annual Review of Entomology
1575:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1298:. London: S. Sonnenschein.
2147:
2131:Endemic fauna of Australia
1728:10.1007/s00114-020-01690-1
544:Goliath stick insects are
1904:Love, J. (January 2005).
1587:10.1007/s10886-015-0604-8
723:Anti-predator adaptations
641:Atlas of Living Australia
225:
218:
203:
196:
78:Scientific classification
76:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
950:: e.T79003367A79003460.
635:Reported occurrences of
612:Distribution and habitat
312:, is a large species of
304:, commonly known as the
1881:"Care of Stick Insects"
1445:10.3389/fevo.2018.00069
1385:Heather, N. W. (1965).
1163:www.brisbaneinsects.com
881:Interaction with humans
580:Rhytidoponera metallica
16:Species of stick insect
1910:Science Education News
1867:"Goliath Stick Insect"
1815:Briggs, Allan (2018).
1540:Bearman, Tara (2007).
1304:10.5962/bhl.title.8139
757:
643:
464:
357:
354:William Joseph Rainbow
273:(Kirby); Günther, 1929
259:Cyphocrania herculeana
229:Phasma (Diura) acheron
1885:The Australian Museum
1708:The Science of Nature
1665:Systematic Entomology
1292:Kirby, W. F. (1892).
1190:phasmidstudygroup.org
1027:10.1071/9780643097087
874:Centropus phasianinus
751:
634:
458:
423:William Forsell Kirby
347:
289:Eurycnema viridissima
255:(Gray); de Haan, 1842
24:Goliath stick insect
2126:Insects of Australia
1833:10.20938/afo35095101
306:goliath stick insect
249:(Gray); Brullé, 1835
1720:2020SciNa.107...34O
868:Aviceda subcristata
330:Phasmid Study Group
283:Eurycnema magnifica
279:(Gray); Kirby, 1904
253:Cyphocrania goliath
48:Conservation status
804:Diet and predation
758:
734:passive camouflage
644:
465:
430:Eurycnema goliath,
368:George Robert Gray
358:
348:Drawing of a male
310:regal stick insect
247:Cyphocrana goliath
241:Clemacantha regale
235:Acrophylla goliath
2103:
2102:
2078:Open Tree of Life
1979:Eurycnema_goliath
1950:Eurycnema goliath
1942:Taxon identifiers
1793:978-1-4020-8782-0
936:Eurycnema goliath
855:Eurycnema goliath
770:deimatic behavior
754:Eurycnema goliath
712:Eurycnema goliath
683:Eurycnema goliath
663:Eurycnema goliath
650:and broad-leafed
639:according to the
637:Eurycnema goliath
469:Eurycnema goliath
445:Eurycnema goliath
350:Eurycnema goliath
301:Eurycnema goliath
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277:Eurycnema goliath
261:Charpentier, 1841
207:Eurycnema goliath
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591:There are five
553:parthenogenetic
551:The species is
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271:Diura magnifica
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1636:(1): 125–149.
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970:
914:
913:
911:
908:
907:
906:
899:
896:
882:
879:
850:
847:
810:
807:
805:
802:
793:
790:
780:
779:Faeces removal
777:
745:
742:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
708:climate change
694:
691:
678:
675:
613:
610:
546:hemimetabolous
541:
538:
452:
449:
383:Book of Samuel
341:
338:
316:in the family
295:
294:
293:
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
250:
244:
238:
232:
223:
222:
216:
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200:
194:
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186:
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158:
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148:
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142:
138:
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132:
128:
127:
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118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
74:
73:
55:
52:
51:
46:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2143:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
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1758:
1753:
1749:
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1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1671:(2): 95–105.
1670:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1617:
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1596:
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1468:
1463:
1459:
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1433:
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1396:
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1388:
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1378:
1366:
1359:
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1297:
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1253:
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1239:
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1233:
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1216:
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1206:
1202:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1179:
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1164:
1160:
1154:
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1133:
1129:
1125:
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1078:
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1068:
1066:
1064:
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1060:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1046:
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1038:
1036:9780643097087
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
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991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
971:
958:
953:
949:
945:
944:
939:
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928:
926:
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922:
920:
916:
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905:
902:
901:
897:
895:
893:
888:
880:
878:
876:
875:
870:
869:
864:
860:
859:insectivorous
856:
848:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:
822:
821:
816:
808:
803:
801:
799:
791:
789:
786:
778:
776:
773:
771:
767:
763:
755:
750:
743:
741:
739:
738:plant mimicry
735:
732:In a form of
727:
722:
717:
715:
713:
709:
704:
700:
692:
690:
688:
684:
676:
674:
672:
671:IUCN red list
668:
667:least concern
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
642:
638:
633:
629:
627:
623:
620:and southern
619:
611:
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583:
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529:
527:
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509:
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494:
490:
486:
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478:
474:
470:
462:
457:
450:
448:
446:
442:
437:
436:
431:
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417:
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410:
406:
402:
399:
398:
393:
392:
386:
384:
380:
377:
373:
369:
366:
362:
355:
351:
346:
339:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
265:Diura goliath
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
243:Rainbow, 1897
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
224:
221:
217:
210:
208:
202:
199:
198:Binomial name
195:
191:
190:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
75:
69:
64:
63:Least Concern
53:
49:
44:
41:
38:Adult female
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1949:
1913:
1909:
1899:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:
1875:
1860:
1851:
1841:
1824:
1820:
1797:, retrieved
1775:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1578:
1574:
1489:
1485:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1397:(1): 33–38.
1394:
1390:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1364:
1294:
1287:
1277:
1255:. Retrieved
1251:
1224:. Retrieved
1193:. Retrieved
1189:
1166:. Retrieved
1162:
1114:(7): 61–70.
1111:
1045:
1018:
961:. Retrieved
947:
941:
935:
891:
886:
884:
872:
867:
854:
852:
824:
818:
812:
797:
795:
782:
774:
761:
759:
753:
731:
711:
699:E. goliath's
698:
696:
687:habitat loss
682:
680:
662:
660:
655:
645:
636:
615:
605:
600:
590:
585:
578:
571:
564:
562:
556:
550:
543:
532:
530:
525:
520:
519:The legs of
518:
510:
505:
468:
466:
444:
433:
429:
427:
420:entomologist
415:
411:
409:Cyphrocrania
408:
400:
395:
389:
387:
360:
359:
349:
333:
314:stick insect
309:
305:
300:
299:
298:
291:Kirby, 1904a
288:
282:
276:
270:
264:
258:
252:
246:
240:
234:
228:
213:(Gray, 1834)
206:
204:
188:
187:
175:
39:
18:
2121:Phasmatidae
2026:iNaturalist
1916:(1): 22–25.
963:19 November
792:Competition
586:E. goliath,
477:apple-green
451:Description
418:by English
372:John Curtis
318:Phasmatidae
285:Kirby, 1904
155:Phasmatinae
151:Subfamily:
145:Phasmatidae
135:Phasmatodea
2110:Categories
1890:2021-05-11
1827:: 95–101.
1799:2021-05-25
1226:2021-05-11
1195:2021-05-11
1168:2021-05-11
910:References
892:E. goliath
887:E. goliath
863:omnivorous
839:Pyracantha
826:Eucalyptus
815:folivorous
798:E. goliath
762:E. goliath
728:Camouflage
656:E. goliath
648:Eucalyptus
622:Queensland
606:E. goliath
601:E. goliath
574:elaiosomes
557:E. goliath
540:Life cycle
533:E. goliath
526:E. goliath
521:E. goliath
506:E. goliath
397:Acrophylla
361:E. goliath
267:Gray, 1834
237:Gray, 1835
231:Gray, 1834
165:Phasmatini
115:Arthropoda
40:E. goliath
1752:220888467
1736:0028-1042
1714:(4): 34.
1685:0307-6970
1650:0066-4170
1595:0098-0331
1506:0003-3472
1454:2296-701X
1413:1440-6055
1128:1082-6467
849:Predation
752:A female
718:Behaviour
703:bushfires
693:Bushfires
669:’ in the
569:species.
531:Wings of
489:Tubercles
481:mesonotum
425:in 1904.
416:Eurycnema
365:zoologist
326:Australia
308:, or the
183:Species:
176:Eurycnema
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
2057:79003367
2044:10060273
1959:Wikidata
1744:32737596
1693:84097617
1611:18418745
1603:26245262
1462:43931132
898:See also
843:Hawthorn
766:eyespots
626:Tasmania
597:moulting
514:Antennae
485:pronotum
473:Phasmida
441:synonyms
340:Taxonomy
220:Synonyms
141:Family:
111:Phylum:
105:Animalia
91:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
2093:1201357
2018:1413393
1965:Q783032
1716:Bibcode
1514:5972809
1136:3503495
831:Bramble
677:Threats
566:Banksia
493:abdomen
379:Goliath
332:number
322:endemic
171:Genus:
161:Tribe:
131:Order:
125:Insecta
121:Class:
66: (
2083:380393
2070:202353
2031:337433
1992:266315
1790:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1691:
1683:
1648:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1512:
1504:
1460:
1452:
1411:
1370:22 May
1257:22 May
1134:
1126:
1033:
820:Acacia
652:Acacia
593:instar
391:Phasma
2039:IRMNG
2005:3D3Q3
1748:S2CID
1689:S2CID
1607:S2CID
1545:(PDF)
1458:S2CID
1361:(PDF)
1248:(PDF)
1132:JSTOR
785:frass
697:Over
502:Cerci
498:frass
461:cerci
376:giant
334:PSG14
2065:NCBI
2052:IUCN
2013:GBIF
1987:BOLD
1788:ISBN
1740:PMID
1732:ISSN
1681:ISSN
1646:ISSN
1599:PMID
1591:ISSN
1510:PMID
1502:ISSN
1450:ISSN
1409:ISSN
1372:2021
1259:2021
1124:ISSN
1031:ISBN
965:2021
948:2017
871:and
861:and
841:and
823:and
809:Diet
736:and
2000:CoL
1974:AFD
1829:doi
1780:doi
1724:doi
1712:107
1673:doi
1638:doi
1583:doi
1494:doi
1440:doi
1399:doi
1300:doi
1116:doi
1023:doi
952:doi
835:Oak
324:to
2112::
2080::
2067::
2054::
2041::
2028::
2015::
2002::
1989::
1976::
1961::
1914:54
1912:.
1908:.
1883:.
1850:.
1825:35
1823:.
1819:.
1807:^
1786:,
1774:,
1760:^
1746:.
1738:.
1730:.
1722:.
1710:.
1687:.
1679:.
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1634:23
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1589:.
1579:41
1577:.
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1500:.
1490:14
1488:.
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1456:.
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1438:.
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1393:.
1389:.
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1267:^
1250:.
1235:^
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1188:.
1177:^
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1110:.
1056:^
1029:.
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940:.
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877:.
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336:.
320:,
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1831::
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1718::
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1138:.
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954::
938:"
934:"
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412:.
401:.
356:.
70:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
