157:
1707:
1248:
124:
1836:
1241:
1235:
1701:
1916:
504:
463:
505:"The sixth sense in mammalians forerunners: variability of the parietal foramen and the evolution of the pineal eye in South African Permo-Triassic eutheriodont therapsids"
426:
relations of the groups within it remain unclear. Eutherocephalia is supported as a true clade in many phylogenetic analyses, but the placement of groups like
1957:
557:
371:
1986:
1981:
486:
156:
1706:
1950:
550:
1976:
349:
1991:
1247:
1240:
1943:
1856:
1839:
1234:
543:
366:, two early therocephalian families. While lycosuchids and scyalosaurids became extinct by the end of the
1888:
1349:
1700:
1377:
387:
268:
1004:
1433:
1166:
905:
1802:
1767:
1071:
1032:
1774:
1580:
1084:
847:
840:
826:
812:
648:
151:
790:
1893:
1677:
1046:
482:
1753:
1605:
1356:
512:
478:
399:
1440:
1398:
1328:
1293:
997:
981:
954:
861:
804:
781:
735:
427:
375:
311:
43:
1927:
1670:
1663:
1629:
1573:
1419:
1173:
1060:
1053:
1039:
920:
797:
617:
363:
321:
123:
406:, indicating both eutherocephalians and cynodonts were evolving toward a more active,
1970:
1739:
1614:
1594:
1426:
1412:
1335:
1321:
1180:
1152:
1104:
990:
963:
934:
868:
710:
697:
660:
566:
352:
305:
291:
246:
230:
81:
1816:
1809:
1788:
1781:
1726:
1649:
1621:
1553:
1526:
1515:
1501:
1492:
1447:
1342:
1300:
1187:
1159:
1095:
1025:
1011:
770:
754:
431:
423:
407:
395:
316:
133:
39:
17:
1760:
1746:
1465:
1454:
1391:
1384:
1314:
1136:
1125:
1118:
970:
913:
854:
833:
819:
435:
359:
326:
298:
142:
56:
1879:
1587:
1535:
1405:
1363:
1279:
1266:
1202:
1145:
942:
763:
742:
728:
608:
439:
394:. Among those traits were the loss of palatine teeth and the reduction of the
391:
331:
214:
138:
101:
66:
1923:
1795:
1640:
1508:
1474:
1307:
1111:
1018:
633:
599:
410:
lifestyle, though the eye never fully disappeared in the eutherocephalians.
355:
201:
168:
106:
50:
517:
1915:
1873:
1566:
1542:
927:
898:
590:
284:
188:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
1481:
503:
Benoit, Julien; Abdala, Fernando; Manger, Paul; Rubidge, Bruce (2016).
367:
111:
86:
1656:
1370:
584:
403:
178:
1850:
422:
Eutherocephalia contains the majority of therocephalians, yet the
419:
345:
386:
535:
1854:
1723:
1264:
695:
577:
539:
442:, all of which lie within Eutherocephalia, remains debated.
1931:
464:"Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids"
471:
Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
1863:
1639:
1604:
1552:
1525:
1491:
1464:
1277:
1201:
1135:
1094:
1070:
980:
953:
882:
780:
753:
708:
659:
632:
358:. Eutherocephalians are distinguished from the
1951:
551:
374:. The group eventually became extinct in the
8:
1958:
1944:
1851:
1720:
1558:
1285:
1274:
1261:
1076:
890:
720:
716:
705:
692:
638:
629:
574:
558:
544:
536:
131:Life restoration of the eutherocephalian
122:
31:
516:
483:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114113
451:
370:period, eutherocephalians survived the
457:
455:
398:. The latter organ is instrumental in
7:
1912:
1910:
462:Rubidge, B.S.; Sidor, C.A. (2001).
344:("true beast head") is an extinct
25:
372:Permian–Triassic extinction event
1914:
1835:
1834:
1705:
1699:
1246:
1239:
1233:
155:
1:
509:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1930:. You can help Knowledge by
1987:Middle Triassic extinctions
27:Extinct clade of therapsids
2008:
1909:
1982:Permian first appearances
1830:
1734:
1719:
1697:
1561:
1288:
1273:
1260:
1231:
1079:
893:
723:
719:
704:
691:
641:
628:
573:
280:
275:
152:Scientific classification
150:
130:
121:
34:
1926:-related article is a
518:10.4202/app.00219.2015
267:Hopson and Barghusen,
1889:Paleobiology Database
388:convergent evolution
276:Families and genera
402:among lizards and
1977:Eutherocephalians
1939:
1938:
1904:
1903:
1857:Taxon identifiers
1848:
1847:
1826:
1825:
1715:
1714:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1678:Traversodontoides
1350:Jiucaiyuangnathus
1256:
1255:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1197:
1196:
1047:Promoschorhynchus
878:
877:
687:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
339:
338:
271:
18:Eutherocephalians
16:(Redirected from
1999:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1918:
1911:
1897:
1896:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1852:
1838:
1837:
1754:Blattoidealestes
1721:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1606:Ericiolacertidae
1559:
1357:Macroscelesaurus
1286:
1275:
1262:
1251:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1077:
891:
721:
717:
706:
693:
639:
630:
623:
622:
575:
560:
553:
546:
537:
530:
529:
527:
525:
520:
500:
494:
493:
491:
485:. Archived from
468:
459:
400:thermoregulation
266:
261:
245:
229:
160:
159:
126:
116:
53:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1992:Therapsid stubs
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1892:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1865:Eutherocephalia
1859:
1849:
1844:
1822:
1730:
1711:
1704:
1683:
1635:
1600:
1548:
1521:
1487:
1460:
1441:Silphictidoides
1399:Scalopocephalus
1378:Nanictocephalus
1329:Ictidosuchoides
1294:Homodontosaurus
1282:
1269:
1252:
1245:
1217:
1193:
1131:
1090:
1066:
998:Annatherapsidus
982:Akidnognathidae
976:
955:Chthonosauridae
949:
887:
885:Eutherocephalia
874:
862:Pristerognathus
805:Biarmosuchoides
782:Scylacosauridae
776:
749:
736:Porosteognathus
713:
700:
675:
655:
624:
580:
579:
569:
564:
534:
533:
523:
521:
502:
501:
497:
489:
466:
461:
460:
453:
448:
428:Akidnognathidae
416:
384:
382:Characteristics
376:Middle Triassic
342:Eutherocephalia
312:Akidnognathidae
265:
263:Eutherocephalia
259:
243:
227:
154:
137:preying on the
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
49:260–242.5
48:
47:
44:Middle Triassic
36:
35:Eutherocephalia
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1919:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1885:
1869:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1671:Scalopognathus
1667:
1664:Microgomphodon
1660:
1653:
1645:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1630:Silphedosuchus
1626:
1618:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1574:Nothogomphodon
1570:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1420:Scalopolacerta
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1289:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1174:Moschowhaitsia
1170:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1061:Zorillodontops
1057:
1054:Shiguaignathus
1050:
1043:
1040:Olivierosuchus
1036:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1005:Cerdosuchoides
1001:
994:
986:
984:
978:
977:
975:
974:
967:
959:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
939:
931:
924:
921:Perplexisaurus
917:
910:
902:
894:
888:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
873:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
801:
798:Alopecognathus
794:
786:
784:
778:
777:
775:
774:
767:
759:
757:
751:
750:
748:
747:
739:
732:
724:
714:
709:
702:
701:
696:
689:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
674:
673:
672:
671:
665:
663:
657:
656:
654:
653:
652:
651:
642:
636:
626:
625:
621:
620:
618:Eutheriodontia
611:
602:
593:
587:
578:
571:
570:
565:
563:
562:
555:
548:
540:
532:
531:
495:
492:on 2012-03-21.
450:
449:
447:
444:
415:
414:Classification
412:
383:
380:
364:scylacosaurids
353:therocephalian
337:
336:
335:
334:
329:
324:
322:Nanictidopidae
319:
314:
309:
302:
295:
288:
278:
277:
273:
272:
257:
250:
249:
241:
234:
233:
225:
218:
217:
212:
205:
204:
199:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
148:
147:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2004:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1740:Alopecorhinus
1737:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1702:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1615:Ericiolacerta
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1595:Scaloposaurus
1592:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1434:Scaloposuchus
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:Scaloporhinus
1424:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1413:Scalopodontes
1410:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1336:Ictidosuchops
1333:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1322:Ictidognathus
1319:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1181:Theriognathus
1178:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1167:Microwhaitsia
1164:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1153:Ictidochampsa
1150:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1105:Gorochovetzia
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
999:
995:
993:
992:
991:Akidnognathus
988:
987:
985:
983:
979:
973:
972:
968:
966:
965:
964:Chthonosaurus
961:
960:
958:
956:
952:
945:
944:
940:
937:
936:
935:Scylacosuchus
932:
930:
929:
925:
923:
922:
918:
916:
915:
911:
908:
907:
906:Kotelcephalon
903:
901:
900:
896:
895:
892:
889:
886:
881:
871:
870:
869:Scylacosaurus
866:
864:
863:
859:
857:
856:
852:
850:
849:
845:
843:
842:
838:
836:
835:
831:
829:
828:
824:
822:
821:
817:
815:
814:
810:
807:
806:
802:
800:
799:
795:
793:
792:
788:
787:
785:
783:
779:
773:
772:
768:
766:
765:
761:
760:
758:
756:
752:
745:
744:
740:
738:
737:
733:
731:
730:
726:
725:
722:
718:
715:
712:
711:Therocephalia
707:
703:
699:
698:Therocephalia
694:
690:
669:
668:
667:
666:
664:
662:
661:Therocephalia
658:
650:
646:
645:
644:
643:
640:
637:
635:
631:
627:
619:
615:
612:
610:
606:
603:
601:
597:
594:
592:
588:
586:
582:
581:
576:
572:
568:
567:Therocephalia
561:
556:
554:
549:
547:
542:
541:
538:
519:
514:
510:
506:
499:
496:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
465:
458:
456:
452:
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
381:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:
351:
347:
343:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
307:
306:Scylacosuchus
303:
301:
300:
296:
294:
293:
292:Chthonosaurus
289:
287:
286:
282:
281:
279:
274:
270:
264:
258:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:Scylacosauria
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:Therocephalia
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
158:
153:
149:
145:
144:
140:
136:
135:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
1932:expanding it
1921:
1906:
1864:
1817:Trochosuchus
1815:
1810:Trochosaurus
1808:
1803:Trochorhinus
1801:
1794:
1789:Scymnosaurus
1787:
1782:Ictidosaurus
1780:
1773:
1768:Hyaenasuchus
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1727:Nomina dubia
1725:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1650:Antecosuchus
1648:
1628:
1622:Pedaeosaurus
1620:
1613:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1554:Bauriamorpha
1541:
1534:
1527:Regisauridae
1516:Tetracynodon
1514:
1507:
1502:Choerosaurus
1500:
1493:Lycideopidae
1480:
1473:
1453:
1448:Silpholestes
1446:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1343:Ictidosuchus
1341:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1301:Icticephalus
1299:
1292:
1238:
1188:Viatkosuchus
1186:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1160:Megawhaitsia
1158:
1151:
1144:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:Hofmeyriidae
1083:
1072:Whaitsioidea
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1033:Notaelurodon
1031:
1026:Moschorhinus
1024:
1017:
1012:Euchambersia
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
969:
962:
941:
933:
926:
919:
912:
904:
897:
884:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
803:
796:
789:
771:Simorhinella
769:
762:
755:Lycosuchidae
741:
734:
727:
613:
604:
595:
522:. Retrieved
508:
498:
487:the original
474:
470:
432:Hofmeyriidae
424:phylogenetic
417:
408:homeothermic
396:parietal eye
385:
341:
340:
317:Hofmeyriidae
304:
297:
290:
283:
262:
253:
237:
221:
208:
195:
141:
134:Moschorhinus
132:
40:Late Permian
29:
1775:Ictidoparia
1761:Dongusaurus
1747:Arnognathus
1581:Notictoides
1466:Karenitidae
1455:Yikezhaogia
1392:Rhigosaurus
1385:Polycynodon
1315:Ictidodraco
1137:Whaitsiidae
1126:Mirotenthes
1119:Ictidostoma
1085:Ophidostoma
971:Ichibengops
914:Nanictidops
855:Pardosuchus
848:Maraisaurus
841:Koksharovia
834:Julognathus
827:Hyorhynchus
820:Glanosuchus
813:Eutheriodon
477:: 449–480.
436:Whaitsiidae
360:lycosuchids
327:Whaitsiidae
299:Ichibengops
143:Lystosaurus
1971:Categories
1588:Ordosiodon
1536:Regisaurus
1406:Scalopodon
1364:Malasaurus
1280:Baurioidea
1267:Baurioidea
1212:see below↓
1203:Baurioidea
1146:Dalongkoua
943:Cynodontia
791:Alopecodon
764:Lycosuchus
743:Cynodontia
729:Gorynychus
670:see below↓
609:Therapsida
446:References
440:Baurioidea
392:Cynodontia
356:therapsids
332:Baurioidea
215:Therapsida
139:dicynodont
1924:therapsid
1796:Tamboeria
1641:Bauriidae
1509:Lycideops
1475:Karenites
1308:Ictidodon
1112:Hofmeyria
1019:Jiufengia
649:Synapsida
634:Synapsida
600:Synapsida
583:Kingdom:
202:Synapsida
175:Kingdom:
169:Eukaryota
1880:Q5414473
1874:Wikidata
1840:Category
1567:Hazhenia
1543:Urumchia
928:Purlovia
899:Caodeyao
591:Chordata
589:Phylum:
585:Animalia
350:advanced
285:Caodeyao
189:Chordata
185:Phylum:
179:Animalia
165:Domain:
1482:Mupashi
524:23 June
368:Permian
1657:Bauria
1371:Muchia
438:, and
404:snakes
1922:This
1894:67365
614:Clade
605:Clade
596:Clade
490:(PDF)
467:(PDF)
420:clade
390:with
346:clade
254:Clade
238:Clade
222:Clade
209:Clade
196:Clade
1928:stub
647:see
526:2020
418:The
362:and
269:1986
57:PreꞒ
513:doi
479:doi
348:of
1973::
1891::
1876::
616::
607::
598::
511:.
507:.
475:32
473:.
469:.
454:^
434:,
430:,
378:.
256::
240::
224::
211::
198::
146:.
107:Pg
51:Ma
46:,
1959:e
1952:t
1945:v
1934:.
1625:?
946:?
938:?
909:?
808:?
746:?
559:e
552:t
545:v
528:.
515::
481::
260:†
244:†
228:†
112:N
102:K
97:J
92:T
87:P
82:C
77:D
72:S
67:O
62:Ꞓ
42:-
20:)
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