1056:
1222:
1340:
932:
134:
158:
6280:
3950:
6266:
1326:
631:
515:
6292:
3589:
6304:
3160:
3165:
3584:
1138:
2361:
2773:
975:
when the mouth was shut. The jaw joint was weak and moved backwards and forwards with a shearing action, instead of the more common sideways or up and down movements. It is thought that the jaw muscles were attached unusually far forward on the skull and took up a lot of space on the top and back of
1175:
survived and became dominant because its burrowing life-style made it able to cope with an atmosphere of "stale air", and that specific features of its anatomy were part of this adaptation: a barrel chest that accommodated large lungs, short internal
1196:
that became extinct; although
Triassic dicynodonts appear to have had longer neural spines than their Permian counterparts, this feature may be related to posture, locomotion or even body size rather than respiratory efficiency;
665:
as to exactly how many species have been found in the Karoo basin. Studies from the 1930s to 1970s suggested a large number (23 in one case). However, by the 1980s and 1990s, only 6 species were recognized in the
461:. Four to six species are currently recognized, although from the 1930s to 1970s the number of species was thought to be much higher. They ranged in size from that of a small dog to 8 feet (2.5 meters) long.
571:, "lizard". Marsh belatedly purchased the skull in May 1871, although his interest in an already-described specimen was unclear; he may have wanted to carefully scrutinize Cope's description and illustration.
1088:. This is the only time that a single species or genus of land animal dominated the Earth to such a degree. A few other Permian therapsid genera also survived the mass extinction and appear in Triassic rocksâthe
991:(shoulder blade) was strongly ossified (built of strong bone), which suggests that movement of the scapula contributed to the stride length of the forelimbs and reduced the sideways flexing of the body. The five
1799:"Preliminary bone histological analysis of Lystrosaurus (Therapsida: Dicynodontia) from the Lower Triassic of North China, and its implication for lifestyle and environments after the end-Permian extinction"
526:
remains as yellow disks. Distorted boundaries of modern contents shown as grey lines. (Distributions for lystrosaurs and three other
Permian and Triassic fossil groups used as biogeographic evidence for
661:; these specimens offer the best prospects of identifying species because they are the most numerous and have been studied for the longest time. As so often with fossils, there is debate in the
4884:
4211:
502:, they were by far the most common terrestrial vertebrates, accounting for as many as 95% of the total individuals in some fossil beds. Researchers have offered various hypotheses for why
1758:"The stratigraphic and geographic occurrences of Permo-Triassic tetrapods in the Bogda Mountains, NW China â Implications of a new cyclostratigraphic framework and Bayesian age model"
622:, most abundantly in Africa, and to a lesser extent in parts of what are now India, China, Mongolia, European Russia, and Antarctica (which was not over the South Pole at the time).
4594:
2143:(Therapsida: Therocephalia: Akidnognathidae) from the Lower Triassic of South Africa and its implications for theriodont survivorship across the Permo-Triassic boundary".
1164:. This could be the oldest evidence of a hibernation-like state in a vertebrate animal and indicates that torpor arose in vertebrates before mammals and dinosaurs evolved.
1084:
into a number of species within the genus, becoming the most common group of terrestrial vertebrates during the Early
Triassic; for a while, 95% of land vertebrates were
4180:
768:
is found in a relatively narrow band of sediments from shortly before and after the extinction, and can be used as an approximate marker for the boundary between the
6396:
6470:
6490:
6073:
4851:
2286:
4889:
2381:
6510:
6500:
4856:
1673:
6525:
6383:
1188:) that gave greater leverage to the muscles that expanded and contracted its chest. However, there are weaknesses in all these points: the chest of
6505:
6480:
6475:
1988:
Smith, R.M.H.; Botha, J.; Vigilietti, P.A. (2022). "Taphonomy of drought afflicted tetrapods in the Early
Triassic Karoo Basin, South Africa".
1556:
1131:
1077:
757:
4173:
2435:
2244:
2070:
1972:
1936:
1476:
1438:
764:
without an obvious ancestor may indicate that it immigrated into the Karoo from an area in which Late
Permian sediments have not been found.
488:. The forelimbs were even more robust than the hindlimbs, and the animal is thought to have been a powerful digger that nested in burrows.
2090:
4695:
825:, which is regarded as one of the least specialized species and has been found in very Late Permian and very Early Triassic sediments.
6078:
6485:
4630:
1528:
1387:
1171:
content, so that many terrestrial species died out because they found breathing too difficult. It has therefore been suggested that
6296:
6175:
4166:
5460:
953:, between 0.6 to 2.5 m (2 to 8 ft) long with an average of about 0.9 m (3 ft) depending upon the species.
6130:
6068:
5465:
2260:
1497:
1252:
The most specialized and the largest animals are at higher risk in mass extinctions; this may explain why the unspecialized
1115:âbut do not appear to have been abundant in the Triassic; complete ecological recovery took 30 million years, spanning the
6515:
5450:
5445:
4846:
4703:
2398:
792:
immigrated from Zambia into the Karoo. However, a re-examination of
Permian specimens in the Karoo has identified some as
1955:(2004). "Origin and relationships of Dinosauria". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter & OsmĂłlska, Halszka (eds.).
6495:
6031:
5726:
5470:
4894:
2031:
1403:
Damiani, R.J.; Neveling, J.; Modesto, S.P. & Yates, A.M. (2004). "Barendskraal, a diverse amniote locality from the
1167:
One of the more recent theories is that the extinction event reduced the atmosphere's oxygen content and increased its
852:
157:
6465:
5721:
5455:
495:
4749:
4739:
4713:
3715:
2389:
1458:
1134:, the "mother of all mass extinctions", and why it dominated Early Triassic fauna to such an unprecedented extent:
6530:
6150:
4675:
2428:
1579:
1003:
with fewer than five sacral vertebrae are thought to have had sprawling limbs, like those of modern lizards. In
5771:
4640:
4291:
4227:
916:
584:
6120:
5600:
4708:
4423:
4377:
4301:
4189:
3949:
1683:
1468:
1462:
3588:
3164:
6520:
6328:
6135:
6063:
6026:
4718:
4599:
4362:
1081:
984:
864:
485:
872:
868:
6422:
4645:
2115:
544:
976:
the skull. As a result, the eyes were set high and well forward on the skull, and the face was short.
848:
539:
Dr. Elias Root Beadle, a
Philadelphia missionary and avid fossil collector, discovered the first
6460:
6370:
6207:
6165:
6115:
4821:
4812:
4509:
4252:
4100:
4079:
3764:
3159:
2421:
2152:
1997:
1493:
1454:
1356: â Derivation of mammals from a synapsid precursor, and the adaptive radiation of mammal species
1353:
662:
480:
was a heavily built, herbivorous animal. The structure of its shoulders and hip joints suggests that
281:
4093:
4009:
1599:
6310:
6284:
6170:
6011:
4765:
4658:
4614:
4589:
4460:
4438:
4326:
4316:
4276:
4086:
4030:
3439:
1345:
548:
309:
277:
4072:
4058:
6145:
6110:
5394:
4834:
4829:
4668:
4663:
4574:
4472:
4443:
4372:
4321:
4232:
4016:
3619:
3606:
3583:
3551:
2517:
2168:
2013:
1883:
1591:
1359:
152:
971:
like those of turtles, for shearing off pieces of vegetation, which were then ground on a horny
6427:
2100:
599:
had already been found in the lower
Triassic of southern Africa as well as in India and China.
133:
6409:
6401:
6235:
6140:
5816:
5409:
4839:
4504:
4499:
4477:
4433:
4428:
4396:
4384:
4306:
4237:
3995:
3778:
3364:
2913:
2350:
2332:
2240:
2217:
2125:
2066:
2058:
1968:
1964:
1952:
1932:
1875:
1840:
1822:
1779:
1583:
1524:
1472:
1434:
1431:
The
Bonehunters' Revenge: Dinosaurs, Greed, and the Greatest Scientific Feud of the Gilded Age
1383:
1111:
1016:
912:
840:
650:
646:
528:
476:), and is thought to have had a horny beak that was used for biting off pieces of vegetation.
6437:
6414:
5364:
5244:
5229:
5053:
4956:
4494:
4482:
4413:
4247:
3792:
3771:
3736:
3373:
3339:
3271:
3264:
3084:
2772:
2728:
2612:
2340:
2324:
2207:
2199:
2160:
2095:
2005:
1956:
1830:
1812:
1769:
1736:
1660:
1651:
species composition across the PermoâTriassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa".
1575:
1516:
992:
972:
931:
588:
365:
2261:"Fossil evidence of 'hibernation-like' state in 250 million-year-old Antarctic animal"
6240:
5995:
5927:
5892:
5856:
5660:
5635:
5560:
5414:
5399:
5314:
5128:
5068:
5048:
4966:
4604:
4584:
4579:
4467:
4406:
4357:
4286:
3891:
3882:
3827:
3803:
3706:
3665:
3647:
3640:
3509:
3391:
3380:
3075:
3050:
2863:
1241:
become more abundant in the Karoo's
Triassic sediments, they were much less numerous than
1237:
was helped to survive and dominate by being semi-aquatic has a similar weakness: although
1120:
1105:
694:. A study in 2011 reduced that number to four, treating the fossils previously labeled as
592:
454:
434:
1725:"Gondwana vertebrate faunas of India: Their diversity and intercontinental relationships"
1677:
species composition across the PermoâTriassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa
999:, making the back more rigid and reducing sideways flexing while the animal was walking.
2156:
2001:
6270:
6160:
5990:
5912:
5866:
5841:
5786:
5705:
5630:
5615:
5595:
5585:
5535:
5490:
5429:
5344:
5274:
5234:
5028:
4915:
4744:
4734:
4569:
4564:
4418:
4401:
4367:
3898:
3695:
3492:
3460:
3330:
3298:
3209:
2904:
2838:
2817:
2639:
2345:
2313:"Evidence of torpor in the tusks of Lystrosaurus from the Early Triassic of Antarctica"
2312:
2212:
2187:
1835:
1798:
1331:
1290:
1168:
1153:
1116:
1073:
1038:
Mummified specimens recovered from the Karoo Basin and described in 2022 revealed that
965:
956:
Unlike other therapsids, dicynodonts had very short snouts and no teeth except for the
630:
615:
514:
499:
431:
257:
49:
1513:
International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology
1221:
6454:
6094:
6021:
5959:
5831:
5826:
5801:
5751:
5670:
5655:
5645:
5570:
5545:
5540:
5530:
5525:
5495:
5379:
5354:
5324:
5269:
5219:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5133:
5123:
5088:
5058:
5033:
5007:
4946:
4807:
4802:
4242:
4107:
3836:
3539:
3525:
3418:
3411:
3230:
3098:
3091:
3064:
2938:
2621:
2172:
2017:
1957:
1774:
1757:
1741:
1724:
1664:
1294:
1089:
844:
761:
560:
91:
1756:
Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Liu, Jun; Sidor, Christian A.; Yang, Wan (1 November 2022).
1595:
1520:
1260:
perished along with all the other large Permian herbivores and carnivores. Although
1080:
and, in the absence of predators and herbivorous competitors, went on to thrive and
6265:
6155:
6125:
5917:
5907:
5871:
5796:
5776:
5756:
5700:
5685:
5675:
5565:
5520:
5419:
5369:
5349:
5319:
5309:
5259:
5249:
5214:
5193:
5173:
5168:
5113:
5098:
4976:
4961:
4941:
4685:
4133:
4051:
3988:
3978:
3926:
3919:
3871:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3729:
3722:
3633:
3481:
3353:
3112:
3023:
2824:
2803:
2790:
2740:
2721:
2687:
1710:
Amniote Paleobiology: Perspectives on the evolution of mammals, birds, and reptiles
1325:
1285:
1276:
1238:
1181:
1099:
1093:
961:
658:
611:
473:
458:
344:
325:
313:
244:
41:
1011:, which have erect limbs, the sacral vertebrae are fused to each other and to the
2164:
2009:
1901:
1817:
5985:
5922:
5897:
5876:
5861:
5791:
5766:
5695:
5690:
5640:
5625:
5610:
5575:
5515:
5505:
5404:
5389:
5384:
5339:
5334:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5239:
5108:
5093:
5078:
5043:
4971:
4680:
4635:
4559:
4527:
4450:
4311:
4271:
4139:
4037:
4023:
4002:
3912:
3857:
3850:
3785:
3681:
3432:
3404:
3319:
3305:
3216:
3105:
3041:
3014:
2967:
2947:
2920:
2886:
2852:
2831:
2655:
2628:
2600:
2579:
2566:
2529:
2444:
1213:
1207:
1161:
654:
532:
228:
66:
2406:
2365:
2328:
6016:
5980:
5851:
5836:
5821:
5811:
5761:
5680:
5665:
5650:
5590:
5550:
5510:
5500:
5304:
5279:
5254:
5143:
5138:
5103:
5083:
5063:
4910:
4797:
4455:
4336:
4114:
4044:
3905:
3674:
3654:
3474:
3195:
3182:
3127:
2987:
2975:
2700:
2676:
2593:
2486:
1321:
1266:
1193:
1000:
947:
920:
876:
438:
420:
215:
111:
76:
6351:
2336:
1879:
1826:
1783:
1587:
1015:. A buttress above each acetabulum (hip socket) is thought to have prevented
784:. For many years it had been thought that there were no Permian specimens of
416:âtool for leveling or smoothing, shovel, spade, hoeâ) is an extinct genus of
5964:
5943:
5902:
5620:
5605:
5424:
5374:
5359:
5329:
5284:
5264:
5224:
5118:
5073:
5038:
5023:
5002:
4986:
4925:
4920:
4609:
4125:
3864:
3843:
3816:
3517:
3501:
3467:
3453:
3425:
3346:
3289:
3057:
3030:
2996:
2960:
2927:
2872:
2845:
2502:
2477:
1055:
950:
427:
423:
417:
202:
169:
116:
60:
53:
45:
2354:
2221:
2203:
1844:
1137:
145:
17:
6362:
4158:
2287:"Fossil suggests animals have been hibernating for 250 million years"
2139:
Huttenlocker, A.K.; Sidor, C.A.; Smith, R.M.H. (2011). "A new specimen of
6345:
5806:
5781:
5746:
5198:
5148:
4981:
4951:
4653:
3688:
3446:
3278:
3255:
3237:
3223:
2893:
2879:
2648:
2468:
1803:
1185:
1004:
880:
773:
724:, has also been found in South Africa. Although not assigned to the same
619:
450:
189:
106:
101:
86:
81:
71:
1302:
species, and this shortage of predators may have been responsible for a
899:
specimens are known below the Permian-Triassic boundary in this region.
6388:
6245:
5555:
3003:
2714:
2707:
2669:
2662:
2360:
1963:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp.
1887:
1859:
1177:
1069:
988:
769:
753:
121:
96:
5846:
4065:
3312:
2462:
1192:
was not significantly larger in proportion to its size than in other
1157:
1012:
1008:
996:
818:
781:
519:
179:
6322:
1708:
Grine, F.E.; Forster, C.A.; Cluver, M.A. & Georgi, J.A. (2006).
1205:
are much more abundant than other Early Triassic burrowers such as
740:
was possibly an ancestor of or closely related to the ancestors of
3244:
1555:
Surkov, M.V.; Kalandadze, N.N. Of & Benton, M.J. (June 2005).
1220:
1136:
1054:
1020:
930:
884:
856:
817:
fossils have been found in the Earliest Triassic sediments of the
725:
667:
629:
551:, was very interested in seeing the find, and described and named
446:
442:
506:
survived the extinction event and thrived in the early Triassic.
6375:
968:
957:
821:
Basin in Russia. It was probably closely related to the African
469:
6326:
6224:
6196:
6052:
4873:
4786:
4548:
4200:
4162:
3965:
3604:
3180:
2788:
2564:
2455:
2417:
2063:
When Life Nearly Died: The greatest mass extinction of all time
1076:. At least one unidentified species of this genus survived the
831:, in addition to two undescribed species presently assigned to
2413:
2290:
2121:
712:
is the largest and apparently most specialized species, while
27:
Genus of Late Permian and Early Triassic dicynodont therapsids
2188:"Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time"
437:(around 248 million years ago). It lived in what is now
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
395:
2366:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1580:
10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0402:LGADFT]2.0.CO;2
591:
and his team in 1969â1970 helped support the hypothesis of
398:
386:
1511:
Trewick, Steve (2016). "Plate Tectonics in Biogeography".
4885:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
4212:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
2311:
Whitney, Megan R.; Sidor, Christian A. (27 August 2020).
2237:
The Great Paleozoic Crisis: Life and death in the Permian
1723:
Bandyopadhyay, Saswati; Ray, Sanghamitra (1 March 2020).
1298:
appear to be large enough to have preyed on the Triassic
1270:, which dominated the Early Triassic, the larger size of
1027:
was walking with a semi-sprawling gait. The forelimbs of
374:
2032:"These fossil mummies reveal a brutal world long before
1931:(3rd ed.). Blackwell Scientific. pp. 167â168.
1280:
flora, which did not survive the end-Permian extinction.
1274:
may have forced it to rely on the larger members of the
760:. Its specialized features and sudden appearance in the
2192:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2117:
Life before Dinosaurs (renamed 'Walking with Monsters')
1264:
generally looks adapted to feed on plants similar to
401:
392:
377:
368:
2405:. The present is the key to the past. Archived from
1283:
Only the 1.5 m (5 ft)âlong therocephalian
995:
were massive but not fused to each other and to the
863:
species have been described from the Early Triassic
736:. Some paleontologists have therefore proposed that
383:
380:
371:
6335:
6103:
6087:
6004:
5973:
5952:
5936:
5885:
5739:
5714:
5483:
5438:
5207:
5016:
4995:
4934:
4903:
4758:
4727:
4694:
4623:
4595:
Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt
4520:
4347:
4261:
4220:
4124:
3976:
3881:
3826:
3802:
3705:
3664:
3617:
3550:
3491:
3390:
3363:
3329:
3288:
3254:
3193:
3126:
3074:
3040:
3013:
2986:
2946:
2937:
2903:
2862:
2801:
2739:
2686:
2638:
2611:
2577:
2528:
2501:
1642:
1640:
389:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1407:assemblage zone, Early Triassic of South Africa".
543:skull. Beadle wrote to the eminent paleontologist
144:skeletal mount from the Natural history museum of
1990:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1858:Cosgriff, J.W.; Hammer, W.R.; Ryan, W.J. (1982).
1797:Han, Fenglu; Zhao, Qi; Liu, Jun (18 March 2021).
1561:, a dicynodont from the Lower Triassic of Russia"
557:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1712:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 432â503.
964:. Dicynodonts are generally thought to have had
2084:
2082:
1256:survived while the larger and more specialized
1126:Several attempts have been made to explain why
6074:Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope
4852:Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)
2053:
2051:
2049:
1309:According to Benton, "Perhaps the survival of
1148:Growth marks in fossilized tusks suggest that
796:, and there is no need to assume immigration.
780:has been found in late Permian sediments from
4890:Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
4174:
2429:
1433:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 44â45.
1424:
1422:
1035:is thought to have been a powerful burrower.
8:
1729:Episodes Journal of International Geoscience
1515:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 1â9.
788:in the Karoo, which led to suggestions that
1180:that facilitated rapid breathing, and high
756:period, and apparently did not survive the
6323:
6303:
6221:
6193:
6084:
6049:
5711:
5435:
4900:
4870:
4857:Department of Mineral Resources and Energy
4783:
4620:
4545:
4217:
4197:
4181:
4167:
4159:
3973:
3962:
3808:
3625:
3614:
3601:
3396:
3201:
3190:
3177:
2952:
2943:
2809:
2798:
2785:
2692:
2585:
2574:
2561:
2507:
2498:
2452:
2436:
2422:
2414:
1380:Fossil reptiles of the South African Karoo
1042:had dimpled, leathery, and hairless skin.
132:
31:
2344:
2211:
2089:Cokinos, Christopher (12 October 2007) .
1834:
1816:
1773:
1740:
887:, although it is possible that only two (
547:, but received no reply. Marsh's rival,
513:
1647:Botha, J. & Smith, R.M.H. (2005). "
1370:
1184:(projections on the dorsal side of the
979:Features of the skeleton indicate that
302:
2364:Text and images are available under a
2186:Sahney, S. & Benton, M.J. (2008).
1864:, in the Lower Triassic of Antarctica"
1306:population boom in the Early Triassic.
806:are found only in Triassic sediments.
559:in 1870. Its name is derived from the
6491:Prehistoric vertebrates of Antarctica
7:
752:is found only in sediments from the
2065:. London, UK: Thames & Hudson.
1068:is notable for dominating southern
895:) are valid; unusually, no Chinese
839:, is known from the Early Triassic
409:; 'shovel lizard'; proper Greek is
6079:Geological Society of South Africa
2145:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1568:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
25:
6511:Lopingian genus first appearances
6501:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
6471:PermianâTriassic extinction event
4631:List of volcanoes in South Africa
1762:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1467:(abridged ed.). Oxford, UK:
1156:could enter a prolonged state of
1132:PermianâTriassic extinction event
1072:for millions of years during the
758:PermianâTriassic extinction event
595:and strengthen the theory, since
583:fossils at Coalsack Bluff in the
6526:Early Triassic genus extinctions
6302:
6291:
6290:
6278:
6264:
6176:Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker
3948:
3587:
3582:
3163:
3158:
2771:
2399:"Mammal-like reptiles of Pangea"
2359:
2091:"The consolations of extinction"
1775:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104655
1665:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00011.x
1338:
1324:
748:arose from a different lineage.
610:fossils have been found in many
498:, 252 million years ago. In the
364:
156:
5461:Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone
1521:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0638
1492:Lubick, Naomi (February 2005).
1378:Cluver, Michael Albert (1978).
1051:Dominance of the Early Triassic
987:. The lower rear corner of the
776:periods. A skull identified as
645:fossils have been found in the
6069:Evolutionary Studies Institute
5466:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
1498:American Geosciences Institute
468:had only two teeth (a pair of
1:
6506:Fossil taxa described in 1870
6481:Lopingian synapsids of Africa
6476:Prehistoric synapsids of Asia
5451:Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone
5446:Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
4847:Minerals Council South Africa
4704:1620 Robben Island earthquake
2239:. Columbia University Press.
1494:"Investigating the Antarctic"
1429:Wallace, David Rains (2000).
1313:was simply a matter of luck".
716:was the least specialized. A
6054:Research and administrationâ
5727:Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone
5471:Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone
2165:10.1080/02724634.2011.546720
2010:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111207
1818:10.1371/journal.pone.0248681
1742:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020028
1382:. The South African Museum.
5722:Cynognathus Assemblage Zone
5456:Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone
2120:. Series 3. November 2005.
1078:end-Permian mass extinction
496:Permian-Triassic extinction
6547:
4750:Vredefort impact structure
4740:Morokweng impact structure
4714:2006 Mozambique earthquake
2329:10.1038/s42003-020-01207-6
1670:Full version available at
6258:
6231:
6220:
6203:
6192:
6151:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
6059:
6048:
6032:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
4895:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
4880:
4869:
4793:
4782:
4676:Barberton Greenstone Belt
4555:
4544:
4207:
4196:
3972:
3961:
3946:
3811:
3628:
3613:
3600:
3580:
3399:
3204:
3189:
3176:
3156:
2955:
2812:
2797:
2784:
2769:
2695:
2588:
2573:
2560:
2510:
2497:
2451:
2388:. 400.725. Archived from
663:paleontological community
293:
288:
153:Scientific classification
151:
140:
131:
34:
6486:Early Triassic synapsids
5772:Coelophysis rhodesiensis
4641:Pilanesberg Game Reserve
4292:Table Mountain Sandstone
4228:Bushveld Igneous Complex
1906:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1682:(Report). Archived from
917:Transantarctic Mountains
603:Distribution and species
585:Transantarctic Mountains
6285:South Africa portal
6121:Charles Kimberlin Brain
4709:1969 Tulbagh earthquake
4424:Abrahamskraal Formation
4378:Sundays River Formation
4302:Abrahamskraal Formation
4190:Geology of South Africa
1868:Journal of Paleontology
1860:"The Pangaean reptile,
1500:– via agiweb.org.
1469:Oxford University Press
1464:A Greek-English Lexicon
1409:Palaeontologia Africana
853:Pranhita-Godavari Basin
626:Species found in Africa
6136:Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
6064:Council for Geoscience
6027:West Coast Fossil Park
4719:2014 Orkney earthquake
4600:Terra Australis Orogen
4550:âTectonics and orogeny
4363:Buffelskloof Formation
2317:Communications Biology
2204:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370
1229:
1144:
1062:
940:
638:
536:
6423:Paleobiology Database
4646:Prince Edward Islands
4202:Geological formations
1908:. Fossils & Facts
1862:Lystrosaurus maccaigi
1672:Botha; Smith (2007).
1455:Liddell, Henry George
1224:
1152:living in Antarctica
1140:
1058:
934:
823:Lystrosaurus curvatus
633:
545:Othniel Charles Marsh
522:showing locations of
517:
6516:Changhsingian genera
6208:Geology of Cape Town
6166:John Talbot Robinson
6116:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
4822:Coal in South Africa
4813:Banket (mining term)
4510:Normandien Formation
4253:Transvaal Supergroup
3765:Shaanbeikannemeyeria
2392:on 22 February 2006.
2235:Erwin, D.H. (1993).
2042:. 20 September 2022.
1689:on 10 September 2008
1354:Evolution of mammals
1233:The suggestion that
1142:Lystrosaurus murrayi
939:relative to a human.
937:Lystrosaurus murrayi
722:Kwazulusaurus shakai
510:History of discovery
6496:Triassic Antarctica
6171:George William Stow
6012:Cradle of Humankind
4766:Bellsbank meteorite
4659:Finsch diamond mine
4615:Witwatersrand Basin
4590:Makhonjwa Mountains
4461:Whitehill Formation
4439:Middleton Formation
4327:Whitehill Formation
4317:Ganigobis Formation
4277:Ganigobis Formation
4126:Paraphyletic groups
2157:2011JVPal..31..405H
2114:"Clash of titans".
2103:on 12 October 2007.
2002:2022PPP...60411207S
1929:The History of Life
1605:on 19 December 2008
1559:Lystrosaurus georgi
1346:Paleontology portal
1060:Lystrosaurus georgi
1023:(thigh bone) while
985:semi-sprawling gait
911:are known from the
815:Lystrosaurus georgi
732:is very similar to
549:Edward Drinker Cope
486:semi-sprawling gait
6466:Triassic synapsids
6271:Geology portal
6146:Alfred W. Crompton
6111:Andrew Geddes Bain
5395:Pristerognathoides
4835:Titanium in Africa
4830:Platinum in Africa
4826:Iron ore in Africa
4669:Koffiefontein mine
4664:Jagersfontein Mine
4575:Gondwanide orogeny
4473:Bushveld Sandstone
4444:Teekloof Formation
4373:Kirkwood Formation
4322:Teekloof Formation
4233:Fig Tree Formation
3620:Kannemeyeriiformes
3607:Kannemeyeriiformes
3552:Kannemeyeriiformes
1953:Benton, Michael J.
1927:Cowen, R. (2000).
1360:Lists of synapsids
1230:
1145:
1063:
1031:were massive, and
941:
875:formations of the
651:Katberg Formations
639:
537:
6448:
6447:
6410:Open Tree of Life
6329:Taxon identifiers
6320:
6319:
6254:
6253:
6236:Pothole (geology)
6216:
6215:
6198:Regional articles
6188:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6141:H. Basil S. Cooke
6044:
6043:
6040:
6039:
5817:Heterodontosaurus
5735:
5734:
5479:
5478:
5410:Promoschorhynchus
4865:
4864:
4840:Uranium in Africa
4788:âMineral deposits
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4505:Molteno Formation
4500:Katberg Formation
4478:Clarens Formation
4434:Katberg Formation
4429:Balfour Formation
4397:Drakensberg Group
4385:Kalahari Deposits
4307:Balfour Formation
4238:Komatii Formation
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
3957:
3956:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3779:Uralokannemeyeria
3596:
3595:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3365:Rhachiocephalidae
3172:
3171:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3122:
3121:
2780:
2779:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2409:on 27 April 2006.
2246:978-0-231-07467-4
2141:Promoschorhynchus
2126:Discovery Channel
2072:978-0-500-28573-2
1974:978-0-520-24209-8
1938:978-0-632-04444-3
1478:978-0-19-910207-5
1440:978-0-618-08240-7
1112:Promoschorhynchus
913:Fremouw Formation
841:Panchet Formation
696:L. platyceps
676:L. platyceps
579:The discovery of
529:continental drift
464:As a dicynodont,
355:
354:
348:
337:
329:
317:
299:
284:
16:(Redirected from
6538:
6531:Anomodont genera
6441:
6440:
6431:
6430:
6418:
6417:
6405:
6404:
6392:
6391:
6379:
6378:
6366:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6324:
6306:
6305:
6294:
6293:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6269:
6268:
6222:
6194:
6085:
6050:
5712:
5436:
5365:Macroscelesaurus
5245:Cistecephaloides
5230:Blattoidealestes
5054:Cistecephaloides
4957:Deltacephalaspis
4901:
4871:
4784:
4621:
4546:
4495:Elliot Formation
4483:Elliot Formation
4414:Karoo Supergroup
4248:Onverwacht Group
4218:
4198:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4160:
3974:
3963:
3952:
3809:
3793:Xiyukannemeyeria
3772:Sinokannemeyeria
3737:Parakannemeyeria
3626:
3615:
3602:
3591:
3586:
3397:
3374:Kitchinganomodon
3340:Australobarbarus
3272:Interpresosaurus
3202:
3191:
3178:
3167:
3162:
3085:Cistecephaloides
2953:
2944:
2810:
2799:
2786:
2775:
2729:Anomocephaloidea
2693:
2613:Anomocephaloidea
2586:
2575:
2562:
2508:
2499:
2492:
2491:
2453:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2415:
2410:
2393:
2369:
2363:
2358:
2348:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2198:(1636): 759â65.
2183:
2177:
2176:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2099:. Archived from
2086:
2077:
2076:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1962:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1820:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1681:
1668:
1644:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1598:. Archived from
1565:
1552:
1535:
1534:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1375:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1272:L. maccaigi
1258:L. maccaigi
1254:L. curvatus
1247:L. declivis
1228:skeletal diagram
1203:L. declivis
993:sacral vertebrae
973:secondary palate
909:L. maccaigi
901:L. curvatus
849:Kamthi Formation
837:L. declivis
833:L. curvatus
804:L. declivis
794:L. curvatus
790:L. curvatus
786:L. curvatus
778:L. curvatus
766:L. curvatus
750:L. maccaigi
746:L. maccaigi
742:L. curvatus
734:L. curvatus
714:L. curvatus
710:L. maccaigi
704:L. curvatus
692:L. declivis
684:L. maccaigi
672:L. curvatus
589:Edwin H. Colbert
567:, "shovel", and
412:
408:
407:
404:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
343:
341:L. maccaigi
335:
333:L. curvatus
323:
321:L. declivis
307:
297:
276:
269:
256:
243:
227:
161:
160:
136:
126:
63:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6444:
6436:
6434:
6426:
6421:
6413:
6408:
6400:
6395:
6387:
6382:
6374:
6369:
6361:
6359:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6331:
6321:
6316:
6279:
6277:
6263:
6250:
6241:Steep structure
6227:
6212:
6199:
6180:
6104:Paleontologists
6099:
6083:
6055:
6036:
6000:
5996:Vulpes skinneri
5969:
5948:
5932:
5928:Ptychoceratodus
5893:Acanthohoplites
5881:
5857:Ptychoceratodus
5731:
5710:
5661:Ptychoceratodus
5636:Platycraniellus
5561:Ictidosuchoides
5475:
5434:
5415:Scalopocephalus
5400:Pristerognathus
5315:Homodontosaurus
5203:
5129:Ictidosuchoides
5069:Dicynodontoides
5049:Charassognathus
5012:
4991:
4967:Gondwanascorpio
4930:
4899:
4876:
4861:
4789:
4770:
4754:
4723:
4690:
4619:
4605:Transvaal Basin
4585:Kalahari Craton
4580:Kaapvaal Craton
4551:
4532:
4516:
4468:Stormberg Group
4407:Uitenhage Group
4358:Uitenhage Group
4343:
4287:Bokkeveld Group
4257:
4216:
4203:
4192:
4187:
4157:
4144:
4120:
4101:Platypodosaurus
4080:Opisthoctenodon
3968:
3953:
3932:
3892:Eubrachiosaurus
3883:Stahleckeriinae
3877:
3822:
3804:Stahleckeriidae
3798:
3707:Kannemeyeriidae
3701:
3666:Shansiodontidae
3660:
3648:Elephantosaurus
3641:Dinodontosaurus
3622:
3609:
3592:
3566:
3546:
3510:Euptychognathus
3487:
3392:Dicynodontoidea
3386:
3381:Rhachiocephalus
3359:
3325:
3284:
3250:
3198:
3185:
3168:
3142:
3118:
3076:Cistecephalidae
3070:
3051:Dicynodontoides
3036:
3009:
2982:
2933:
2899:
2864:Pylaecephalidae
2858:
2806:
2793:
2776:
2755:
2735:
2682:
2634:
2607:
2582:
2569:
2544:
2524:
2493:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2442:
2396:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2030:
2029:
2025:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1811:(3): e0248681.
1796:
1795:
1791:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1669:
1646:
1645:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1538:
1531:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1461:, eds. (1980).
1453:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1243:L. murrayi
1199:L. murrayi
1121:Middle Triassic
1106:Ictidosuchoides
1090:therocephalians
1053:
1048:
929:
905:L. murrayi
877:Bogda Mountains
829:L. murrayi
812:
800:L. murrayi
700:L. oviceps
688:L. murrayi
680:L. oviceps
635:L. murrayi
628:
605:
593:plate tectonics
577:
575:Plate tectonics
512:
455:European Russia
410:
367:
363:
351:
305:L. murrayi
301:
300:
275:
267:
254:
241:
225:
155:
127:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
58:
57:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6544:
6542:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6453:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6432:
6419:
6406:
6393:
6380:
6367:
6357:
6341:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6288:
6274:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6218:
6217:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6197:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6161:James Kitching
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6091:
6089:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6060:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6008:
6006:
6002:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5991:Panthera shawi
5988:
5983:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5913:Macroscaphites
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5867:Sefapanosaurus
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5842:Massospondylus
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5787:Erythrotherium
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5709:
5708:
5706:Zorillodontops
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5631:Plateosauravus
5628:
5623:
5618:
5616:Olivierosuchus
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5596:Microgomphodon
5593:
5588:
5586:Melanorosaurus
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5536:Erythrotherium
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5491:Batrachosuchus
5487:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5442:
5440:
5433:
5432:
5430:Uranocentrodon
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5345:Lanthanostegus
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5275:Cynariognathus
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5235:Brachyprosopus
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5211:
5209:
5208:Beaufort Group
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5029:Alopecognathus
5026:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4916:Onychopterella
4913:
4907:
4905:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4745:Tswaing crater
4742:
4737:
4735:Kalkkop crater
4731:
4729:
4728:Impact craters
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4570:Ellisras Basin
4567:
4565:Cape Fold Belt
4562:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4419:Beaufort Group
4411:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4402:Enon Formation
4399:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4368:Enon Formation
4365:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4268:Carboniferous
4265:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4221:Palaeoarchaean
4215:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4094:Planitorostris
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4010:Chelyoposaurus
4006:
3999:
3992:
3984:
3982:
3970:
3969:
3967:Other articles
3966:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3899:Ischigualastia
3895:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3711:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3696:Rhinodicynodon
3692:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3629:
3623:
3618:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3497:
3495:
3493:Lystrosauridae
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3461:Repelinosaurus
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3333:
3331:Oudenodontidae
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3299:Aulacephalodon
3294:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3213:
3210:Daqingshanodon
3205:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2909:
2907:
2905:Endothiodontia
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2839:Lanthanostegus
2835:
2828:
2821:
2818:Brachyprosopus
2813:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2642:
2640:Venyukovioidea
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2511:
2505:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2465:
2456:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2394:
2382:"Dicynodontia"
2376:
2375:External links
2373:
2371:
2370:
2303:
2278:
2252:
2245:
2227:
2178:
2151:(2): 405â421.
2131:
2106:
2078:
2071:
2045:
2023:
1980:
1973:
1959:The Dinosauria
1944:
1937:
1919:
1902:"Lystrosaurus"
1893:
1874:(2): 371â385.
1850:
1789:
1748:
1735:(1): 438â460.
1715:
1700:
1659:(2): 125â137.
1616:
1574:(2): 402â413.
1536:
1529:
1503:
1484:
1477:
1446:
1439:
1418:
1395:
1388:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1335:
1332:Geology portal
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1291:archosauriform
1289:and the large
1281:
1250:
1219:
1218:
1169:carbon dioxide
1165:
1074:Early Triassic
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
928:
925:
893:L. hedini
889:L. youngi
845:Damodar Valley
811:
808:
738:K. shakai
730:K. shakai
720:-like fossil,
702:as members of
627:
624:
616:Early Triassic
604:
601:
576:
573:
511:
508:
500:Early Triassic
432:Early Triassic
353:
352:
350:
349:
338:
330:
318:
296:
295:
294:
291:
290:
286:
285:
265:
261:
260:
258:Lystrosauridae
252:
248:
247:
239:
232:
231:
223:
219:
218:
213:
206:
205:
200:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
149:
148:
142:L. hedini
138:
137:
129:
128:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
64:
50:Early Triassic
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6543:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6521:Induan genera
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6439:
6433:
6429:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6358:
6353:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6223:
6219:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6195:
6191:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6095:Hans Merensky
6093:
6092:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6058:
6051:
6047:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6022:Scylacorhinus
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5960:Africanacetus
5958:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5832:Litargosuchus
5830:
5828:
5827:Lesothosaurus
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5802:Gigantoscelus
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5752:Abrictosaurus
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5671:Scaloposaurus
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5656:Proterosuchus
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5646:Progalesaurus
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5571:Lepidodendron
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5546:Euskelosaurus
5544:
5542:
5541:Eucnemesaurus
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:Erythrosuchus
5529:
5527:
5526:Ericiolacerta
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5496:Blikanasaurus
5494:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5380:Pelictosuchus
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5355:Lepidodendron
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5325:Ictidochampsa
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5270:Cryptocynodon
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5220:Anomocephalus
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5189:Thliptosaurus
5187:
5185:
5184:Theriognathus
5182:
5180:
5179:Stereosternum
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5164:Scylacosaurus
5162:
5160:
5159:Procynosuchus
5157:
5155:
5154:Odontocyclops
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5134:Lepidodendron
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5124:Ictidognathus
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5089:Dwykaselachus
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5059:Crapartinella
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Anomocephalus
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5008:Lepidodendron
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:Carboniferous
4994:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4947:Antarctilamna
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4875:Paleontologyâ
4872:
4868:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4808:Witwatersrand
4806:
4804:
4803:Merensky Reef
4801:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4785:
4781:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4547:
4543:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:Moodies Group
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4108:Putillosaurus
4105:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4087:Parvobestiola
4084:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4031:Dicranozygoma
4028:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3960:
3951:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3837:Argodicynodon
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3585:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3541:
3540:Sintocephalus
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3526:Kwazulusaurus
3523:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3419:Delectosaurus
3416:
3414:
3413:
3412:Daptocephalus
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3231:Odontocyclops
3228:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3166:
3161:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:Kawingasaurus
3096:
3094:
3093:
3092:Cistecephalus
3089:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3065:Thliptosaurus
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:Therochelonia
2936:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2774:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2622:Anomocephalus
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2397:Rance, Hugh.
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2267:. August 2020
2266:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1530:9781118786352
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1459:Scott, Robert
1456:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1391:
1389:9780908407583
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1295:Proterosuchus
1292:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:temnospondyls
1236:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1182:neural spines
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:analogous to
1159:
1155:
1154:~250 Mya
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1130:survived the
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
983:moved with a
982:
977:
974:
970:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
949:
945:
938:
933:
926:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
824:
820:
816:
810:Other species
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:fossil record
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
636:
632:
625:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
572:
570:
566:
562:
561:Ancient Greek
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
534:
530:
525:
521:
516:
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
494:survived the
493:
489:
487:
484:moved with a
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
429:
425:
422:
419:
415:
406:
361:
360:
346:
342:
339:
334:
331:
327:
322:
319:
315:
311:
306:
303:
292:
287:
283:
279:
274:
273:
266:
263:
262:
259:
253:
250:
249:
246:
240:
237:
234:
233:
230:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
159:
154:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:255â248
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
6337:Lystrosaurus
6336:
6309:
6295:
6276:
6262:
6156:Andre Keyser
6131:Alfred Brown
6126:Robert Broom
5918:Nqwebasaurus
5908:Kangnasaurus
5872:Sphenosuchus
5797:Geranosaurus
5777:Dracovenator
5757:Antetonitrus
5701:Ufudocyclops
5686:Tetracynodon
5676:Scymnosaurus
5581:Lystrosaurus
5580:
5566:Kannemeyeria
5521:Elliotherium
5420:Silpholestes
5370:Moschorhinus
5350:Leontosaurus
5320:Icticephalus
5310:Euchambersia
5260:Colobodectes
5250:Choerosaurus
5215:Aelurosaurus
5194:Trochosaurus
5174:Simorhinella
5169:Scymnosaurus
5114:Glossopteris
5099:Eunotosaurus
4977:Serenichthys
4962:Diplacanthus
4942:Africanaspis
4686:Karoo-Ferrar
4134:Cryptodontia
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4073:Nasoplanites
4071:
4064:
4059:Keirognathus
4057:
4052:Haughtoniana
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3994:
3989:Azarifeneria
3987:
3979:Nomina dubia
3977:
3927:Ufudocyclops
3925:
3920:Stahleckeria
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3872:Zambiasaurus
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3815:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3758:Rhadiodromus
3756:
3751:Rechnisaurus
3749:
3744:Rabidosaurus
3742:
3735:
3730:Kannemeyeria
3728:
3723:Dolichuranus
3721:
3716:Acratophorus
3714:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3634:Angonisaurus
3632:
3538:
3533:Lystrosaurus
3532:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3482:Vivaxosaurus
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3379:
3372:
3354:Tropidostoma
3352:
3345:
3338:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3277:
3270:
3263:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3208:
3113:Sauroscaptor
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3029:
3024:Myosauroides
3022:
3002:
2995:
2974:
2966:
2959:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2825:Colobodectes
2823:
2816:
2804:Dicynodontia
2791:Dicynodontia
2741:Dicynodontia
2727:
2722:Patranomodon
2720:
2713:
2706:
2699:
2688:Chainosauria
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2627:
2620:
2599:
2592:
2482:
2473:
2407:the original
2403:geowords.com
2402:
2390:the original
2385:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2264:
2255:
2236:
2230:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2116:
2109:
2101:the original
2094:
2062:
2059:Benton, M.J.
2039:
2033:
2026:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1958:
1947:
1928:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1905:
1896:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1853:
1808:
1802:
1792:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1684:the original
1675:Lystrosaurus
1674:
1656:
1652:
1649:Lystrosaurus
1648:
1607:. Retrieved
1600:the original
1571:
1567:
1558:
1512:
1506:
1496:. Geotimes.
1487:
1463:
1449:
1430:
1412:
1408:
1405:Lystrosaurus
1404:
1398:
1379:
1373:
1311:Lystrosaurus
1310:
1304:Lystrosaurus
1303:
1300:Lystrosaurus
1299:
1293:
1286:Moschorhinus
1284:
1277:Glossopteris
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:Lystrosaurus
1261:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1235:Lystrosaurus
1234:
1226:Lystrosaurus
1225:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1190:Lystrosaurus
1189:
1173:Lystrosaurus
1172:
1150:Lystrosaurus
1149:
1141:
1128:Lystrosaurus
1127:
1125:
1110:
1104:
1100:Moschorhinus
1098:
1094:Tetracynodon
1092:
1086:Lystrosaurus
1085:
1066:Lystrosaurus
1065:
1064:
1059:
1046:Paleoecology
1040:Lystrosaurus
1039:
1037:
1033:Lystrosaurus
1032:
1029:Lystrosaurus
1028:
1025:Lystrosaurus
1024:
981:Lystrosaurus
980:
978:
960:-like upper
955:
944:Lystrosaurus
943:
942:
936:
908:
904:
900:
897:Lystrosaurus
896:
892:
888:
861:Lystrosaurus
860:
836:
832:
828:
827:
822:
814:
813:
803:
799:
798:
793:
789:
785:
777:
765:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
721:
718:Lystrosaurus
717:
713:
709:
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
659:South Africa
643:Lystrosaurus
642:
640:
634:
618:terrestrial
612:Late Permian
608:Lystrosaurus
607:
606:
597:Lystrosaurus
596:
581:Lystrosaurus
580:
578:
568:
564:
556:
553:Lystrosaurus
552:
541:Lystrosaurus
540:
538:
533:land bridges
531:and certain
524:Lystrosaurus
523:
504:Lystrosaurus
503:
492:Lystrosaurus
491:
490:
482:Lystrosaurus
481:
478:Lystrosaurus
477:
466:Lystrosaurus
465:
463:
459:South Africa
428:late Permian
413:
359:Lystrosaurus
358:
357:
356:
340:
336:(Owen, 1876)
332:
320:
304:
272:Lystrosaurus
271:
270:
245:Dicynodontia
235:
209:
196:
141:
42:Late Permian
36:Lystrosaurus
35:
29:
6461:Dicynodonts
5986:Homo naledi
5974:Pleistocene
5923:Paranthodon
5898:Algoasaurus
5877:Tritheledon
5862:Pulanesaura
5792:Fabrosaurus
5767:Coelophysis
5715:Assemblages
5696:Trirachodon
5691:Thrinaxodon
5641:Procolophon
5626:Pentasaurus
5611:Noteosuchus
5601:Micropholis
5576:Lydekkerina
5516:Dinanomodon
5506:Cynognathus
5439:Assemblages
5405:Procolophon
5390:Pristerodon
5385:Polycynodon
5340:Ictidostoma
5335:Ictidodraco
5300:Eohyosaurus
5295:Eodicynodon
5290:Dinanomodon
5240:Broomistega
5109:Glanosuchus
5094:Endothiodon
5079:Dinanomodon
5044:Bulbasaurus
4972:Priscomyzon
4696:Earthquakes
4681:Drakensberg
4636:Pilanesberg
4560:Algoa Basin
4528:Algoa Group
4451:Dwyka Group
4354:Cretaceous
4333:Ordovician
4312:Dwyka Group
4272:Dwyka Group
4140:Dromasauria
4038:Elatosaurus
4024:Diaelurodon
4017:Cristonasus
4003:Calleonasus
3913:Sangusaurus
3858:Pentasaurus
3851:Moghreberia
3828:Placeriinae
3786:Wadiasaurus
3682:Tetragonias
3433:Dinanomodon
3405:Counillonia
3320:Pelanomodon
3306:Bulbasaurus
3217:Idelesaurus
3106:Kembawacela
3042:Kingoriidae
3015:Myosauridae
2968:Emydorhinus
2948:Emydopoidea
2921:Endothiodon
2887:Prosictodon
2853:Pristerodon
2832:Eodicynodon
2656:Parasuminia
2629:Tiarajudens
2601:Novocynodon
2580:Anomodontia
2567:Anomodontia
2530:Anomodontia
2445:Anomodontia
2386:Palaeos.com
2296:7 September
2271:7 September
2040:gizmodo.com
2034:T. rex
1214:Thrinaxodon
1208:Procolophon
1194:dicynodonts
1162:hibernation
1017:dislocation
927:Description
655:Karoo basin
418:herbivorous
229:Anomodontia
18:Lystosaurus
6455:Categories
6088:Geologists
6017:Planolites
5981:Boskop Man
5886:Cretaceous
5852:Pegomastax
5837:Lycorhinus
5822:Ledumahadi
5812:Gyposaurus
5762:Arcusaurus
5681:Shansiodon
5666:Regisaurus
5651:Prolacerta
5591:Mesosuchus
5551:Galesaurus
5511:Diademodon
5501:Bolotridon
5305:Emyduranus
5280:Cynosaurus
5255:Clelandina
5144:Mesosaurus
5139:Lycosuchus
5104:Galechirus
5084:Dinogorgon
5064:Cynosaurus
4911:Notiodella
4904:Ordovician
4798:Kimberlite
4759:Meteorites
4650:Diatremes
4456:Ecca Group
4337:Soom Shale
4115:Taognathus
4045:Eurycarpus
3906:Jachaleria
3675:Shansiodon
3655:Woznikella
3561:see belowâ
3475:Turfanodon
3196:Bidentalia
3183:Bidentalia
3137:see belowâ
3128:Bidentalia
2988:Emydopidae
2976:Palemydops
2750:see belowâ
2701:Galechirus
2677:Venyukovia
2594:Biseridens
2539:see belowâ
2487:Therapsida
2323:(1): 471.
1996:. 111207.
1768:: 104655.
1366:References
1267:Dicroidium
1082:re-radiate
1001:Therapsids
948:dicynodont
921:Antarctica
865:Jiucaiyuan
439:Antarctica
424:therapsids
421:dicynodont
222:Suborder:
216:Therapsida
5965:Nummulite
5944:Nummulite
5937:Paleogene
5903:Baculites
5621:Orosaurus
5606:Myosaurus
5425:Tamboeria
5375:Paliguana
5360:Lycideops
5330:Ictidodon
5285:Diictodon
5265:Compsodon
5225:Basilodon
5119:Hofmeyria
5074:Diictodon
5039:Basilodon
5024:Abdalodon
5003:Dadoxylon
4987:Umzantsia
4926:Soomaspis
4921:Promissum
4624:Volcanism
4610:Witteberg
4491:Triassic
4393:Jurassic
4283:Devonian
4262:Paleozoic
3865:Placerias
3844:Lisowicia
3817:Sungeodon
3518:Jimusaria
3502:Basilodon
3468:Taoheodon
3454:Peramodon
3426:Dicynodon
3347:Oudenodon
3290:Geikiidae
3058:Kombuisia
3031:Myosaurus
2997:Compsodon
2961:Digalodon
2928:Niassodon
2873:Diictodon
2846:Nyaphulia
2518:Synapsida
2503:Synapsida
2478:Synapsida
2461:Kingdom:
2337:2399-3642
2173:129242450
2018:251781291
1880:0022-3360
1827:1932-6203
1784:1464-343X
1588:0272-4634
1186:vertebrae
1005:dinosaurs
951:therapsid
873:Wutonggou
869:Guodikeng
620:bone beds
426:from the
312:, 1859) (
203:Synapsida
176:Kingdom:
170:Eukaryota
54:Olenekian
46:Lopingian
6360:BioLib:
6346:Wikidata
6311:Glossary
6297:Category
5807:Gryponyx
5782:Eocursor
5747:Aardonyx
5740:Jurassic
5484:Triassic
5199:Youngina
5149:Moschops
4982:Tutusius
4952:Bainella
4935:Devonian
4654:Big Hole
4521:Cenozoic
4348:Mesozoic
4298:Permian
3996:Baiopsis
3689:Vinceria
3447:Kunpania
3440:Gordonia
3279:Katumbia
3256:Elphidae
3238:Rastodon
3224:Keyseria
2914:Abajudon
2894:Robertia
2880:Eosimops
2649:Otsheria
2469:Chordata
2467:Phylum:
2463:Animalia
2355:32855434
2265:phys.org
2222:18198148
2061:(2006).
1912:18 March
1845:33735263
1804:PLoS One
1596:59028100
1415:: 53â62.
1318:See also
1178:nostrils
935:Size of
881:Xinjiang
859:. Seven
847:and the
774:Triassic
744:, while
637:skeleton
451:Mongolia
289:Species
251:Family:
190:Chordata
186:Phylum:
180:Animalia
166:Domain:
6438:4228169
6415:4126421
6402:1195743
6389:4817808
6376:4529455
6352:Q131680
6246:Swazian
5953:Neogene
5556:Howesia
5017:Permian
3004:Emydops
2715:Galepus
2708:Galeops
2670:Ulemica
2663:Suminia
2346:7453012
2213:2596898
2153:Bibcode
1998:Bibcode
1888:1304463
1836:7971864
1653:Lethaia
1070:Pangaea
1019:of the
1009:mammals
989:scapula
962:canines
915:in the
851:of the
843:of the
770:Permian
754:Permian
653:of the
647:Balfour
565:listron
555:in the
518:Map of
474:canines
414:lĂstron
411:ΝίĎĎĎον
328:, 1860)
264:Genus:
6435:uBio:
6363:417226
5847:Ngwevu
4066:Koupia
3313:Geikia
2353:
2343:
2335:
2243:
2220:
2210:
2171:
2069:
2036:lived"
2016:
1971:
1935:
1886:
1878:
1843:
1833:
1825:
1782:
1693:2 July
1609:7 July
1594:
1586:
1527:
1475:
1457:&
1437:
1386:
1158:torpor
1013:pelvis
997:pelvis
946:was a
907:, and
819:Moscow
782:Zambia
690:, and
569:sauros
563:words
520:Pangea
472:-like
435:epochs
347:, 1898
345:Seeley
310:Huxley
146:ZĂźrich
6428:39049
6397:IRMNG
6226:Other
6005:Other
3245:Syops
2483:Clade
2474:Clade
2169:S2CID
2096:Orion
2014:S2CID
1967:â19.
1884:JSTOR
1687:(PDF)
1680:(PDF)
1603:(PDF)
1592:S2CID
1564:(PDF)
1117:Early
1021:femur
969:beaks
966:horny
885:China
857:India
726:genus
668:Karoo
641:Most
447:China
443:India
236:Clade
210:Clade
197:Clade
6384:GBIF
3265:Elph
2516:see
2351:PMID
2333:ISSN
2298:2020
2273:2020
2241:ISBN
2218:PMID
2067:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1933:ISBN
1914:2019
1876:ISSN
1841:PMID
1823:ISSN
1780:ISSN
1695:2008
1611:2008
1584:ISSN
1525:ISBN
1473:ISBN
1435:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1245:and
1201:and
1119:and
1109:and
1007:and
958:tusk
891:and
871:and
835:and
802:and
772:and
698:and
649:and
614:and
470:tusk
457:and
430:and
326:Owen
314:type
298:List
282:1870
278:Cope
67:Preę
6371:EoL
2341:PMC
2325:doi
2291:UPI
2208:PMC
2200:doi
2196:275
2161:doi
2122:BBC
2006:doi
1994:604
1831:PMC
1813:doi
1770:doi
1766:195
1737:doi
1661:doi
1576:doi
1517:doi
1211:or
919:of
879:in
855:in
657:in
587:by
396:ÉËr
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