308:. The American Scholar. Vol. 8, No. 1. pp. 13-22. "Rhine’s results fail to be confirmed. At Colgate University (40, 000 tests, 7 subjects), at Chicago (extensive series on 315 students), at Southern Methodist College (75, 000 tests), at Glasgow, Scotland (6, 650 tests), at London University (105, 000 tests), not a single individual was found who under rigidly conducted experiments could score above chance. At Stanford University it has been convincingly shown that the conditions favorable to the intrusion of subtle errors produce above-chance records which come down to chance when sources of error are eliminated."
495:
administering the test. Subjects could see the backs of cards that were later discovered to be so cheaply printed that a faint outline of the symbol could be seen. Furthermore, in face-to-face tests, subjects could see card faces reflected in the tester’s eyeglasses or cornea. They were even able to (consciously or unconsciously) pick up clues from the tester’s facial expression and voice inflection. In addition, an observant subject could identify the cards by certain irregularities like warped edges, spots on the backs, or design imperfections."
168:
by sensory cues. Ownbey tapped a telegraph key to Zirkle to inform him when she was trying to send him a symbol. The door separating the two rooms was open during the experiment, and after each guess Zirkle would call out his guess to Ownbey who recorded his choice. Critics pointed out the experiment was flawed as Ownbey acted as both the sender and the experimenter, nobody was controlling the experiment so Ownbey could have cheated by communicating with Zirkle or made recording mistakes.
386:. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 43, No. 4. pp. 623-634. "Investigating Rhine's methods, we find that his mathematical methods are wrong and that the effect of this error would in some cases be negligible and in others very marked. We find that many of his experiments were set up in a manner which would tend to increase, instead of to diminish, the possibility of systematic clerical errors; and lastly, that the ESP cards can be read from the back."
1169:
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453:. "Today, researchers discount the first decade of Rhine's work with Zener cards. Stimulus leakage or cheating could account for all his findings. Slight indentations on the backs of cards revealed the symbols embossed on card faces. Subjects could see and hear the experimenter, and note subtle but revealing facial expressions or changes in breathing."
27:
494:
in which he suggested that something more than mere guess work was involved in his experiments. He was right! It is now known that the experiments conducted in his laboratory contained serious methodological flaws. Tests often took place with minimal or no screening between the subject and the person
117:
The book received worldwide attention and became the focus of criticism and controversy when some objections were raised about the validity of Rhine's work. The parapsychology experiments described by Rhine received much criticism from academics and others who challenged the concepts and evidence of
167:
The Ownbey-Zirkle ESP experiment at Duke was criticized by parapsychologists and skeptics. Ownbey would attempt to send ESP symbols to Zirkle who would guess what they were. The pair were placed in adjacent rooms unable to see each other and an electric fan was used to prevent the pair communicating
122:
with 132 subjects produced 25,064 trials in a playing card ESP experiment. Cox concluded, "There is no evidence of extrasensory perception either in the 'average man' or of the group investigated or in any particular individual of that group. The discrepancy between these results and those obtained
163:
was the co-experimenter in the Pearce-Pratt and Pratt-Woodruff experiments at the Duke campus. Hansel visited the campus where the experiments took place and discovered the results could have originated through the use of a trick, so could not be regarded as supplying evidence for ESP.
430:"The procedural errors in the Rhine experiments have been extremely damaging to his claims to have demonstrated the existence of ESP. Equally damaging has been the fact that the results have not replicated when the experiments have been conducted in other laboratories."
142:
in 1940 with a number of colleagues, to address the objections raised. However, critics have written the experiments described by Rhine and his colleagues contained methodological flaws. In the book Rhine and his colleagues described three experiments the
108:
is the ability to acquire information shielded from the senses, and the book was "of such a scope and of such promise as to revolutionize psychical research and to make its title literally a household phrase".
130:
or cheating could account for all his results, such as the subject being able to read the symbols from the back of the cards and being able to see and hear the experimenter to note subtle clues.
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Psychologist Carl Jung referred to Rhine’s work as scientific proof that part of the psyche is not subject to the laws of space and time.
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Four other psychological departments failed to replicate Rhine's results. Rhine's experiments were discredited due to the discovery that
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wrote, "it is now known that each experiment contained serious flaws that escaped notice in the examination made by the authors of
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ESP. A number of psychological departments attempted to repeat Rhine's experiments with failure. W. S. Cox (1936) from
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by Rhine is due either to uncontrollable factors in experimental procedure or to the difference in the subjects."
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Quantum Leaps in the Wrong
Direction: Where Real Science Ends...and Pseudoscience Begins
963:
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649:
301:
238:
94:
442:
Pseudoscience and
Extraordinary Claims of the Paranormal: A Critical Thinker's Toolkit
1201:
862:
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234:"J. B. Rhine's Extra-Sensory Perception and Its Background in Psychical Research"
151:
and the Ownbey-Zirkle series which they believed demonstrated ESP. The psychologist
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469:. American Scientist. Volume. 55, No. 3. Frontiers of Zealous Research: 341-342.
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326:
259:
877:
275:
807:
566:
Extraordinary
Beliefs: A Historical Approach to a Psychological Problem
80:
267:
359:
Critique of the premises of statistical methodology of parapsychology
251:
732:
618:
622:
589:
The Search for
Psychic Power: ESP and Parapsychology Revisited
213:
The
Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science
74:
914:
Association for the
Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena
467:
Extra-Sensory
Perception after 60 Years by J. B. Rhine
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901:
665:
397:
Anomalistic
Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking
72:
64:
56:
46:
36:
612:(in German). HarperCollinsPublishers. p. 358.
1126:Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives
352:An experimental study of extra-sensory perception
934:International Association for Near-Death Studies
540:ESP and Parapsychology: A Critical Re-Evaluation
354:. Masters thesis. Southern Methodist University.
232:Michael R. McVaugh; Seymour H. Mauskopf (1976).
995:International Institute for Psychical Research
557:
555:
1025:Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures
634:
292:. Journal of Experimental Psychology 12: 437.
8:
1133:Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind
182:Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind
19:
568:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 206-208.
641:
627:
619:
157:Extra-Sensory Perception After Sixty Years
18:
1010:National Laboratory of Psychical Research
492:Extrasensory Perception After Sixty Years
207:Craighead, E. D; Nemeroff, C. B. (2001).
203:
201:
140:Extrasensory Perception After Sixty Years
134:Extrasensory Perception After Sixty Years
1147:Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation
478:Wynn, Charles; Wiggins, Arthur. (2001).
357:Heinlein, C. P; Heinlein, J. H. (1938).
909:American Society for Psychical Research
395:Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren. (1989).
361:. Journal of Parapsychology 5: 135-148.
347:. Journal of Parapsychology 2: 232-236.
197:
100:, which discusses his research work at
517:A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology
345:A summary of some negative experiments
331:A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology
509:The Search for a Demonstration of ESP
384:Extra-Sensory Perception: What Is It?
323:The Search for a Demonstration of ESP
7:
1180:
924:Institut MĂ©tapsychique International
490:"In 1940, Rhine coauthored a book,
985:British College of Psychic Science
14:
1154:Varieties of Anomalous Experience
1098:Journal of Scientific Exploration
542:. Prometheus Books. pp. 125-140.
368:. Journal of Psychology 18: 3-13.
366:Further card-guessing experiments
333:. Prometheus Books. pp. 105-127.
1179:
1168:
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519:. Prometheus Books. pp. 97-127.
420:Pseudoscience and the Paranormal
185:(1957), book by J. B. Rhine and
25:
16:1934 book by Joseph Banks Rhine
1015:Oxford Phasmatological Society
1005:Metropolitan Psychical Society
959:Society for Psychical Research
783:Parapsychology research at SRI
482:. Joseph Henry Press. p. 156.
1:
1084:Journal of Near-Death Studies
944:Parapsychological Association
793:Plant perception (paranormal)
610:Memories, Dreams, Reflections
138:In response, Rhine published
980:American Psychical Institute
939:Koestler Parapsychology Unit
929:Institute of Noetic Sciences
422:. Prometheus Books. p. 122.
399:. Psychology Press. p. 158.
718:Electronic voice phenomenon
591:. Prometheus Books. p. 46.
1234:
1213:Books about the paranormal
1046:Skeptics of parapsychology
1000:London Dialectical Society
919:College of Psychic Studies
364:Willoughby, R. R. (1938).
93:is a 1934 book written by
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1091:Journal of Parapsychology
1041:List of parapsychologists
949:Parapsychology Foundation
656:
439:Smith, Jonathan. (2009).
350:Crumbaugh, J. C. (1938).
149:Pratt-Woodruff experiment
24:
1140:The Roots of Coincidence
703:Dermo-optical perception
20:Extrasensory Perception
1070:Extrasensory Perception
1063:An Experiment with Time
990:Cambridge Ghost Society
723:Extrasensory perception
673:Apparitional experience
215:. John Wiley. p. 1141.
145:Pearce-Pratt experiment
106:Extrasensory perception
90:Extrasensory Perception
1208:1934 non-fiction books
768:Out-of-body experience
973:Defunct organizations
954:Rhine Research Center
758:Near-death experience
902:Active organizations
788:Past life regression
343:Adam, E. T. (1938).
290:An experiment in ESP
161:Joseph Gaither Pratt
120:Princeton University
738:Kirlian photography
728:Ganzfeld experiment
608:Jung, Carl (1963).
445:. Wiley-Blackwell.
306:ESP, House of Cards
288:Cox, W. S. (1936).
209:Rhine, Joseph Banks
21:
698:Deathbed phenomena
98:Joseph Banks Rhine
1195:
1194:
813:Psychic detective
773:Pam Reynolds case
678:Astral projection
574:978-1-107-01933-1
488:978-0-309-07309-7
380:Gulliksen, Harold
221:978-0-471-24400-4
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818:Psychic reading
748:Materialization
708:Dream telepathy
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1055:Publications
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873:Telekinesis
833:Pyrokinesis
828:Psychometry
798:Poltergeist
187:J. G. Pratt
41:J. B. Rhine
1202:Categories
888:Xenoglossy
778:Paranormal
753:Mediumship
743:Levitation
688:Bilocation
587:. (1989).
564:. (2013).
538:. (1980).
515:. (1985).
513:Paul Kurtz
465:. (1967).
418:. (2003).
382:. (1938).
329:. (1985).
327:Paul Kurtz
304:. (1938).
276:Q120651333
193:References
878:Telepathy
713:Ectoplasm
317:Cited in
260:0021-1753
113:Reception
57:Published
1174:Category
272:Wikidata
175:See also
1186:Commons
808:Psychic
659:Outline
68:240 pp.
47:Subject
1034:People
733:Ghosts
666:Topics
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147:, the
81:653398
37:Author
683:Auras
511:. In
325:. In
264:JSTOR
211:. In
65:Pages
31:Cover
593:ISBN
570:ISBN
544:ISBN
521:ISBN
484:ISBN
447:ISBN
424:ISBN
401:ISBN
335:ISBN
256:ISSN
239:Isis
217:ISBN
75:OCLC
60:1934
763:Orb
248:doi
159:".
104:.
51:ESP
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554:^
507:.
321:.
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262:.
254:.
244:67
242:.
236:.
200:^
642:e
635:t
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278:.
250::
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