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Emotion-in-relationships model

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potential expectancy violations. These, in turn, are the basic conditions for the experience of emotions in relationships. This web of expectancies includes characteristics, personality, but also behavioral dispositions, attitudes and habits that a partner forms towards their mate. This allows the reciprocal coordination of actions and plans to maximize one's own and the partner's well-being. Expectancies can be seen as the emotional investment of the individual that is given to the relationship and also carries the potential for violation of expectations. Both partners are often unaware of their own expectancies, because also cultural norms, customs and understandings, as well as how other relationships have been observed, result into the expectations in one's own relationship. But over time both partners violate and eventually confirm each other's expectancies so that the longer and closer a relationship is, the more often the relationship expectancies were repeatedly acknowledged and confirmed.
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relationship and build on the relationship expectancies, they are also highly sensitive to violation thereof. The aim of these routines is to reconcile the individual's plans and goals to enhance each other's welfare through coordination of daily activities. If this routine of activities is disrupted, negative emotions can appear because of the violation of expectancies in the relationship. In a long-term relationship an unexpected loss of a partner, through rejection or death, can even result in enormous grief or anger. In contrast, if the relationship is rather superficial and the partners are living independently, there are fewer opportunities for expectancy violation and, if so, the consequences are less severe to the individual's well-being.
72:’s interruption theory, which states that emotion is experienced when there is a change in relating patterns, meaning that a partner (not necessarily romantic) behaves in unexpected or unusual ways. This can have either positive or negative impacts, depending on the way it affects the individual's goals. The theory can be used to explain the roots of emotions within close relationships (because emotions are less likely to occur in superficial relationships) and people’s conversation behavior in 195:
resolution of conflicts based on emotional bursts. Therapists use several strategies for distressed relationships. Either it is possible to bring the expectancies in line with the violated behavior of the partner, or one can adjust the expectancies to the actual behavior of the partner. Thus, ERM can be used to apply compromise and accommodation strategies.
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change in the state of one person is able to cause a change in the state of the other person; they are highly interdependent on each other. After having the ‘infrastructure’ of a relationship - with all the causal interconnections between the partner's activities - the emotional experience within the relationship can flourish.
56:) in a close reciprocal relationship occur when the relationship partner violates our expectancies and thereby interrupts a behavior sequence. The situation is unconsciously evaluated, leading to a positive or negative feeling, which depends on whether the violation of the expectancies is a facilitation or a threat. 203:
ERM is based on individual organised sequences of behavior, like hopes and dreams, and is therefore not easy to test in an experimental way. This model can only be tested in the real world, where the emotion action takes place. Because the ERM can not be easily tested, a new model is introduced which
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Combining the communication factors and prediction of the development of the future relationship, application of ERM can be used for psychotherapy in relationships. The communication between partners can be reflected and modulated. Awareness of the proposed expectancies may result in the avoidance or
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The number and strength of expectancies increases as the relationship grows closer. According to ERM, partners try to achieve their own welfare. By predicting the others behavior, one can direct and plan own actions to achieve it. If a violation of the predicted behavior takes place, extreme negative
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and marriage. Moreover, it can be used in therapeutic treatments to reduce the number of negative emotions in a relationship by persuading the violating partner to bring his or her behaviour in line with the individual’s expectations (“change the partner” approach) or change one's own expectations to
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A relationship is not easily defined: either characterized by an especially strong bond and the positive feelings towards the relationship partner or the reciprocal dependency. This model draws attention to another important definition: once two people are in a close relationship with each other, the
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ERM defines a close relationship and describes how expectancies and disruption of behavioral activities could lead to emotional arousal. ERM predicts that emotions in relationships occur because partners are usually highly interdependent on each other. As a result, they develop rather consciously or
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To measure the relationships, the Relationship Closeness Inventory (RCI) was invented. This model is based on three measurements to specify the degree of closeness in relationships, which are frequency, diversity and strength. These three measurements, get combined into a score that can be studied
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By analyzing the conversation between partners, it becomes clear that interference hinders the fluency of conversation and brings along unfavorable judgments and negative emotional reactions. Problems with articulating messages can be caused by one partner perceiving interruption by the other. The
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In other words, a relationship is established based on the causal linkages between the activities of two partners. Each partner also has their own activity chain in which organized action sequences are formed as parts of higher-order plans. These intrachain sequences are connected or "meshed" with
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The relationship expectancies result out of the gradually increasing knowledge of partners in a relationship. With increasing knowledge also the dependency in the relationship increases and results at the same time in expectancies of the two partners towards each other and the possibilities of
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If a partner fails to perform as expected in a relationship that can result through disruption of behavioral activities in violation of the individual's expectancies. Since over time the development of interaction routines – so-called highly ‘meshed interaction sequences’ – are crucial to the
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Close relationships consist of a set of interconnected expectancies. These expectancies refer especially to the behavior of the partner and can be constructed consciously or unconsciously. Spending time together leads to satisfaction and well-being within a relationship. Furthermore, shared
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Therefore, in a close relationship, a partner's behavior can be reliably and accurately predicted from the other partner's behavior. The influence can be either intentional or unintentional. The types of behaviors that the partners influence may consist of
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ERM has also been applied to predict the development of a close relationship on the basis of communication. Due to the perceived difference between hindrance and facilitation the focus of application is on the consequences of interference.
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unconsciously expectations towards the behavior and attitudes of their partners, who if not performing like expected, are violating the expectancies, which in turn leads to the experience of emotions, positive as well as negative ones.
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A future application of the model is to anticipate the interpersonal influence of persuasion between partners. Suggesting that the interpretation of a message is based on ERM, the time partners invest in shared activity is modulated.
419: 98:. A close relationship is defined as a state of the relationship in which partners are highly interdependent, although the degrees of dependence are not necessarily equal. 140:
each other. The closer the relationship is, the more frequent, diverse and stronger the interconnections between activities of two persons are over a long time duration.
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Fehr, Beverley (2005). "The experience of emotion in close-relationships: Toward an integration of the emotion-in-relationships and interpersonal script models".
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favorable or unfavorable judgment of the conversation can be provoked by the individual experiencing the current interaction as either unpleasant or effective.
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Kelley, H. H., Berscheid, E., Christensen, A., Harvey, J. H., Huston, T. L., Levinger, G., McClintock, E., Peplau, L. A., & Peterson, D. R. (1983).
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Knobloch, L. K., & Schmelzer, B (2008). "Using the Emotion-in-Relationships Model to predict features of interpersonal influence attempts".
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According to most emotion theories, emotions, both positive and negative ones, occur most frequently and intensely among people in close
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activities also propose opportunities in which the partner can facilitate one's welfare or opportunities to interfere with it.
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Berscheid, E. & Ammazzalorso, H (2001). Emotional experience in close relationships. In Fletcher, G., & Clark, M.,
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from a quantitative point of view. Result concluded that emotions are experienced most excessive in closest relationships.
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in 1983, it was further developed in cooperation with Hilary Amazzalorso in 2001. ERM proposes that intense emotions (i.e.
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or intense positive emotions are likely to occur, whereas the accomplishment of expectancies results in mild emotions.
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bring them in line with the partner's actual behaviour (“change myself and accept the partner” approach).
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Four characteristics of interaction pattern that determine the closeness of a relationship:
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the interaction pattern with three above characteristics has lasted for a
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Memories, thoughts, and emotions: essays in honor of George Mandler
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Blackwell handbook of social psychology: interpersonal process
33: 414: 148:, physiological behaviors, motor and verbal behaviors. 261:. New York: Psychology Press. pp. 323–335. 257:Kessen, W.; Ortony, A.; Craik, F., eds. (1991). 373:The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions. 8: 319:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 371:Ekman, P., & Davidson, R. J. (1994). 216: 312: 204:can be tested in an experimental way. 90:Infrastructure of a close relationship 350: 7: 348: 346: 344: 342: 340: 338: 336: 334: 332: 330: 280: 278: 252: 250: 248: 246: 244: 230: 228: 226: 224: 222: 220: 161:Disruption of behavioral activities 375:New York: Oxford University Press. 14: 399:10.1111/j.1350-4126.2005.00110.x 199:Validity & Alternative model 133:relatively long duration of time 114:influence each other's behaviors 18:Emotion-in-Relationships model 1: 451: 238:. New York: W. H. Freeman. 117:the influence occurs in a 96:interpersonal relationship 299:10.1080/03637750802256300 152:Relationship expectancies 287:Communication Monographs 435:Relationship counseling 420:Relationship Influences 387:Personal Relationships 362:Malden, MA: Blackwell. 28:. First introduced by 415:Relationship Advice 236:Close relationships 146:cognitive behaviors 124:the influence is 442: 403: 402: 382: 376: 369: 363: 352: 325: 324: 318: 310: 282: 273: 272: 254: 239: 232: 68:ERM is based on 450: 449: 445: 444: 443: 441: 440: 439: 425: 424: 411: 406: 384: 383: 379: 370: 366: 353: 328: 311: 284: 283: 276: 269: 256: 255: 242: 233: 218: 214: 201: 172: 163: 154: 102:Characteristics 92: 83: 66: 30:Ellen Berscheid 12: 11: 5: 448: 446: 438: 437: 427: 426: 423: 422: 417: 410: 409:External links 407: 405: 404: 393:(2): 181–196. 377: 364: 326: 293:(3): 219–247. 274: 267: 240: 215: 213: 210: 200: 197: 171: 168: 162: 159: 153: 150: 137: 136: 129: 122: 115: 104: 103: 91: 88: 82: 79: 70:George Mandler 65: 62: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 447: 436: 433: 432: 430: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 408: 400: 396: 392: 388: 381: 378: 374: 368: 365: 361: 358:(pp. 308-330) 357: 351: 349: 347: 345: 343: 341: 339: 337: 335: 333: 331: 327: 322: 316: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 281: 279: 275: 270: 268:9780805808698 264: 260: 253: 251: 249: 247: 245: 241: 237: 231: 229: 227: 225: 223: 221: 217: 211: 209: 205: 198: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 169: 167: 160: 158: 151: 149: 147: 141: 134: 130: 127: 123: 120: 116: 113: 110:the partners 109: 108: 107: 101: 100: 99: 97: 89: 87: 80: 78: 75: 71: 63: 61: 57: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 390: 386: 380: 372: 367: 359: 355: 315:cite journal 290: 286: 258: 235: 206: 202: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 164: 155: 142: 138: 132: 128:in magnitude 125: 121:of behaviors 118: 111: 105: 93: 84: 67: 58: 21: 17: 15: 170:Application 212:References 112:frequently 307:144409777 119:diversity 74:courtship 64:Influence 429:Category 42:surprise 26:emotions 305:  265:  126:strong 81:Theory 303:S2CID 50:anger 46:humor 321:link 263:ISBN 54:fear 38:love 16:The 395:doi 295:doi 34:joy 22:ERM 431:: 391:12 389:. 329:^ 317:}} 313:{{ 301:. 291:75 289:. 277:^ 243:^ 219:^ 52:, 48:, 44:, 40:, 36:, 401:. 397:: 360:. 323:) 309:. 297:: 271:. 135:. 20:(

Index

emotions
Ellen Berscheid
joy
love
surprise
humor
anger
fear
George Mandler
courtship
interpersonal relationship
cognitive behaviors











ISBN
9780805808698


doi
10.1080/03637750802256300
S2CID

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