1402:
situation. However, if this approach is naïvely adopted, then moral agents who, for example, recklessly fail to reflect on their situation, and act in a way that brings about terrible results, could be said to be acting in a morally justifiable way. Acting in a situation without first informing oneself of the circumstances of the situation can lead to even the most well-intended actions yielding miserable consequences. As a result, it could be argued that there is a moral imperative for agents to inform themselves as much as possible about a situation before judging the appropriate course of action. This imperative, of course, is derived from consequential thinking: a better-informed agent is able to bring about better consequences.
1634:
consequences, and not who produces them, that are said to matter. Williams argues that this demands too much of moral agents—since (he claims) consequentialism demands that they be willing to sacrifice any and all personal projects and commitments in any given circumstance in order to pursue the most beneficent course of action possible. He argues further that consequentialism fails to make sense of intuitions that it can matter whether or not someone is personally the author of a particular consequence. For example, that participating in a crime can matter, even if the crime would have been committed anyway, or would even have been worse, without the agent's participation.
1324:. For example, a lazy person might justify rejecting a request to help a friend by arguing that, due to her lazy character, she would not have done the work anyway, even if she had accepted the request. By rejecting the offer right away, she managed at least not to waste anyone's time. Actualists might even consider her behavior praiseworthy since she did what, according to actualism, she ought to have done. This seems to be a very easy way to "get off the hook" that is avoided by possibilism. But possibilism has to face the objection that in some cases it sanctions and even recommends what actually leads to the worst outcome.
1616:, that lying from "benevolent motives," here the motive to maximize the good consequences by protecting the intended victim, should then make the liar responsible for the consequences of the act. For example, it could be that by misdirecting the inquiring murder away from where one thought the intended victim was actually directed the murder to the intended victim. That such an act is immoral mirrors Anscombe's objection to Sidgwick that his consequentialism would problematically absolve the consequentalist of moral responsibility when the consequentalist fails to foresee the true consequences of an act.
1317:
the whole bag is finished, which would result in a terrible stomach ache and would be the worst alternative. Not eating any cookies at all, on the other hand, would be the second-best alternative. Now the question is: should Gifre eat the first cookie or not? Actualists are only concerned with the actual consequences. According to them, Gifre should not eat any cookies at all since it is better than the alternative leading to a stomach ache. Possibilists, however, contend that the best possible course of action involves eating the first cookie and this is therefore what Gifre should do.
811:
31:
7027:
5819:
1641:—have attempted to develop a form of consequentialism that acknowledges and avoids the objections raised by Williams. Railton argues that Williams's criticisms can be avoided by adopting a form of consequentialism in which moral decisions are to be determined by the sort of life that they express. On his account, the agent should choose the sort of life that will, on the whole, produce the best overall effects.
1328:
cookie and stopping afterward only is an option for Gifre if she has the rational capacity to repress her temptation to continue eating. If the temptation is irrepressible then this course of action is not considered to be an option and is therefore not relevant when assessing what the best alternative is. Portmore suggests that, given this adjustment, we should prefer a view very closely associated with
58:
1530:. Whereas consequentialist theories posit that consequences of action should be the primary focus of our thinking about ethics, virtue ethics insists that it is the character rather than the consequences of actions that should be the focal point. Some virtue ethicists hold that consequentialist theories totally disregard the development and importance of moral character. For example,
1580:. There is an abysmal contrast between conduct that follows the maxim of an ethic of ultimate ends — that is in religious terms, "the Christian does rightly and leaves the results with the Lord" — and conduct that follows the maxim of an ethic of responsibility, in which case one has to give an account of the foreseeable results of one's action.
1546:
5806:
72:
1327:
Douglas W. Portmore has suggested that these and other problems of actualism and possibilism can be avoided by constraining what counts as a genuine alternative for the agent. On his view, it is a requirement that the agent has rational control over the event in question. For example, eating only one
1316:
For example, assume that Gifre has the choice between two alternatives, eating a cookie or not eating anything. Having eaten the first cookie, Gifre could stop eating cookies, which is the best alternative. But after having tasted one cookie, Gifre would freely decide to continue eating cookies until
1446:
These two approaches could be reconciled by acknowledging the tension between an agent's interests as an individual and as a member of various groups, and seeking to somehow optimize among all of these interests. For example, it may be meaningful to speak of an action as being good for someone as an
1401:
do not know everything about their particular situations, and thus do not know all the possible consequences of their potential actions. For this reason, some theorists have argued that consequentialist theories can only require agents to choose the best action in line with what they know about the
825:
Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and effects, are fastened to
1384:
observer, who would grasp all the consequences of any action, to an ideally informed observer, who knows as much as could reasonably be expected, but not necessarily all the circumstances or all the possible consequences. Consequentialist theories that adopt this paradigm hold that right action is
953:
he best argument for rule-consequentialism is not that it derives from an overarching commitment to maximise the good. The best argument for rule-consequentialism is that it does a better job than its rivals of matching and tying together our moral convictions, as well as offering us help with our
937:
One of the most common objections to rule-consequentialism is that it is incoherent, because it is based on the consequentialist principle that what we should be concerned with is maximizing the good, but then it tells us not to act to maximize the good, but to follow rules (even in cases where we
1501:
instead of something like the more ephemeral "pleasure". Other theories adopt a package of several goods, all to be promoted equally. As the consequentialist approach contains an inherent assumption that the outcomes of a moral decision can be quantified in terms of "goodness" or "badness," or at
1604:
objects to the consequentialism of
Sidgwick on the grounds that the moral worth of an action is premised on the predictive capabilities of the individual, relieving them of the responsibility for the "badness" of an act should they "make out a case for not having foreseen" negative consequences.
1633:
has argued that consequentialism is alienating because it requires moral agents to put too much distance between themselves and their own projects and commitments. Williams argues that consequentialism requires moral agents to take a strictly impersonal view of all actions, since it is only the
1188:
involves engaging in critical reasoning and considering all the possible ramifications of one's actions before making an ethical decision, but reverting to generally reliable moral rules when one is not in a position to stand back and examine the dilemma as a whole. In practice, this equates to
1223:
that results from the motive to choose an action is better or at least as good as each alternative state of affairs that would have resulted from alternative actions. This version gives relevance to the motive of an act and links it to its consequences. An act can therefore not be wrong if the
1541:
has developed an approach that reconciles the two schools. Other consequentialists consider effects on the character of people involved in an action when assessing consequence. Similarly, a consequentialist theory may aim at the maximization of a particular virtue or set of virtues. Finally,
1471:
has argued that it is unreasonable that we do not give equal consideration to the interests of animals as to those of human beings when we choose the way we are to treat them. Such equal consideration does not necessarily imply identical treatment of humans and non-humans, any more than it
1253:
consequentialism requires that we avoid bad ones. Stronger versions of negative consequentialism will require active intervention to prevent bad and ameliorate existing harm. In weaker versions, simple forbearance from acts tending to harm others is sufficient. An example of this is the
1492:
consequentialism, according to which a full, flourishing life, which may or may not be the same as enjoying a great deal of pleasure, is the ultimate aim. Similarly, one might adopt an aesthetic consequentialism, in which the ultimate aim is to produce beauty. However, one might fix on
1611:
makes a similar argument against consequentialism in the case of the inquiring murder. The example asks whether or not it would be right to give false statement to an inquiring murderer in order to misdirect the individual away from the intended victim. He argues, in
928:
held that a certain set of minimal rules, which he calls "side-constraints," are necessary to ensure appropriate actions. There are also differences as to how absolute these moral rules are. Thus, while Nozick's side-constraints are absolute restrictions on behavior,
1353:
moral theories such as consequentialism is the ability to produce practical moral judgements. At the very least, any moral theory needs to define the standpoint from which the goodness of the consequences are to be determined. What is primarily at stake here is the
617:
the act (or in some views, the rule under which it falls) will produce, will probably produce, or is intended to produce, a greater balance of good over evil than any available alternative. Different consequentialist theories differ in how they define
1455:
Many consequentialist theories may seem primarily concerned with human beings and their relationships with other human beings. However, some philosophers argue that we should not limit our ethical consideration to the interests of human beings alone.
1430:
consequentialism ignores the specific value a state of affairs has for any particular agent. Thus, in an agent-neutral theory, an actor's personal goals do not count any more than anyone else's goals in evaluating what action the actor should take.
1419:
A fundamental distinction can be drawn between theories which require that agents act for ends perhaps disconnected from their own interests and drives, and theories which permit that agents act for ends in which they have some personal interest or
844:
states that people are driven by their interests and their fears, but their interests take precedence over their fears; their interests are carried out in accordance with how people view the consequences that might be involved with their interests.
881:, in his exposition of hedonistic utilitarianism, proposed a hierarchy of pleasures, meaning that the pursuit of certain kinds of pleasure is more highly valued than the pursuit of other pleasures. However, some contemporary utilitarians, such as
724:
in the consequentialist camp, whereas, in the contemporary sense of the word, they would be classified the other way round. This is due to changes in the meaning of the word, not due to changes in perceptions of W.D. Ross's and J.S. Mill's views.
976:
It is the business of the benevolent man to seek to promote what is beneficial to the world and to eliminate what is harmful, and to provide a model for the world. What benefits he will carry out; what does not benefit men he will leave alone
1265:, for example, claimed that "from the moral point of view, pain cannot be outweighed by pleasure." (While Popper is not a consequentialist per se, this is taken as a classic statement of negative utilitarianism.) When considering a theory of
1165:
Ethical altruism can be seen as a consequentialist theory which prescribes that an individual take actions that have the best consequences for everyone, not necessarily including themselves (similar to selflessness). This was advocated by
1282:", which is upheld by some medical ethicists and some religions: it asserts there is a significant moral distinction between acts and deliberate non-actions which lead to the same outcome. This contrast is brought out in issues such as
1277:
Since pure consequentialism holds that an action is to be judged solely by its result, most consequentialist theories hold that a deliberate action is no different from a deliberate decision not to act. This contrasts with the
649:): deontology, in which rules and moral duty are central, derives the rightness or wrongness of one's conduct from the character of the behaviour itself, rather than the outcomes of the conduct. It is also contrasted with both
876:
is the paradigmatic example of a consequentialist moral theory. This form of utilitarianism holds that what matters is the aggregate happiness; the happiness of everyone, and not the happiness of any particular person.
933:
proposes a theory that recognizes the importance of certain rules, but these rules are not absolute. That is, they may be violated if strict adherence to the rule would lead to much more undesirable consequences.
1410:
Moral action always has consequences for certain people or things. Varieties of consequentialism can be differentiated by the beneficiary of the good consequences. That is, one might ask "Consequences for whom?"
3404:
Kant, I.: 1898, ‘On a
Supposed Right to Tell Lies from Benevolent Motives’, In: T.K. Abbott (trans.), Kant's Critique of Practical Reason and Other Works on the Theory of Ethics. London: Longmans, Green and
1269:, negative consequentialists may use a statewide or global-reaching principle: the reduction of suffering (for the disadvantaged) is more valuable than increased pleasure (for the affluent or luxurious).
757:
it, or the rule under which it falls, produces, will probably produce, or is intended to produce, a greater balance of good over evil than any alternative act. This concept is exemplified by the famous
1151:
the general welfare of society for two reasons: because individuals know how to please themselves best, and because if everyone were an austere altruist then general welfare would inevitably decrease.
905:
In general, consequentialist theories focus on actions. However, this need not be the case. Rule consequentialism is a theory that is sometimes seen as an attempt to reconcile consequentialism with
6820:
913:
involves following certain rules. However, rule consequentialism chooses rules based on the consequences that the selection of those rules has. Rule consequentialism exists in the forms of
1613:
1572:
We must be clear about the fact that all ethically oriented conduct may be guided by one of two fundamentally differing and irreconcilably opposed maxims: conduct can be oriented to an
599:
of that conduct. Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right act (including omission from acting) is one that will produce a good outcome. Consequentialism, along with
1623:
is an important factor that makes it more difficult to predict the ethical value of consequences, even though most would agree that only predictable consequences are charged with a
1480:
One way to divide various consequentialisms is by the types of consequences that are taken to matter most, that is, which consequences count as good states of affairs. According to
1189:
adhering to rule consequentialism when one can only reason on an intuitive level, and to act consequentialism when in a position to stand back and reason on a more critical level.
1301:
The normative status of an action depends on its consequences according to consequentialism. The consequences of the actions of an agent may include other actions by this agent.
1139:
Ethical egoism can be understood as a consequentialist theory according to which the consequences for the individual agent are taken to matter more than any other result. Thus,
3278:
1017:, Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BCE, is the "world's earliest form of consequentialism, a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of
1305:
disagree on how later possible actions impact the normative status of the current action by the same agent. Actualists assert that it is only relevant what the agent
2369:
2250:
688:
argued for a theory that is mostly consequentialist, but incorporates inviolable "side-constraints" which restrict the sort of actions agents are permitted to do.
120:
82:
6796:
558:
4603:
3760:
1224:
decision to act was based on a right motive. A possible inference is that one can not be blamed for mistaken judgments if the motivation was to do good.
4881:
1309:
actually do later for assessing the value of an alternative. Possibilists, on the other hand, hold that we should also take into account what the agent
1242:
some sort of good consequences. However, negative utilitarianism lays out a consequentialist theory that focuses solely on minimizing bad consequences.
684:, which are commonly considered a "deontological" concept, can only be justified with reference to the consequences of having those rights. Similarly,
909:, or rules-based ethics—and in some cases, this is stated as a criticism of rule consequentialism. Like deontology, rule consequentialism holds that
3177:
716:" in 1958. However, the meaning of the word has changed over the time since Anscombe used it: in the sense she coined it, she had explicitly placed
6828:
2462:
791:
good or bad, rather than good or bad because of extrinsic factors (such as the act's consequences or the moral character of the person who acts).
1542:
following Foot's lead, one might adopt a sort of consequentialism that argues that virtuous activity ultimately produces the best consequences.
2484:
1376:, a critic of utilitarianism, argues that utilitarianism, in common with other forms of consequentialism, relies on the perspective of such an
1066:
3387:
Originally a speech at Munich
University, 1918. Published as "Politik als Beruf," (Munich: Duncker & Humblodt, 1919). Later in Max Weber,
3665:
3630:
3587:
3524:
3501:
3219:
3187:
3157:
2679:
2589:
2558:
2531:
2502:
2438:
2406:
2379:
2297:
2080:
1950:
1464:, argues that animals can experience pleasure and pain, thus demanding that 'non-human animals' should be a serious object of moral concern.
1435:
consequentialism, on the other hand, focuses on the particular needs of the moral agent. Thus, in an agent-focused account, such as one that
2445:"he advocated a form of state consequentialism, which sought to maximize three basic goods: the wealth, order, and population of the state
1896:
6844:
3725:
3706:
3687:
1013:
2565:
The goods that serve as criteria of morality are collective or public, in contrast, for instance, to individual happiness or well-being
5144:
4087:
3353:
3328:
2857:
5944:
5169:
2979:
2260:
2168:
1993:
1258:
argument, which encourages others to avoid a specified act on the grounds that it may ultimately lead to undesirable consequences.
5856:
5701:
2878:
1830:
767:
551:
525:
5731:
3753:
2648:
1729:
1107:. The importance of outcomes that are good for the community outweigh the importance of individual pleasure and pain. The term
665:: advancing collectively as a society over the course of many lifetimes, such that any moral criterion is subject to revision.
387:
6812:
5757:
4917:
1534:
argues that consequences in themselves have no ethical content, unless it has been provided by a virtue such as benevolence.
260:
3450:
1049:
810:
2726:
6629:
6046:
4331:
3916:
1835:
1220:
1119:
130:
3658:
The
Rejection of Consequentialism: A Philosophical Investigation of the Considerations Underlying Rival Moral Conceptions
2596:
in this sense, one can interpret Xunzi's political philosophy as a form of state utilitarianism or state consequentialism
1372:(selfless) account of consequentialism, is to employ an ideal, neutral observer from which moral judgements can be made.
1011:
that evaluates the moral worth of an action based on how much it contributes to the welfare of a state. According to the
6876:
6836:
6749:
5736:
5641:
5289:
4006:
1048:, which he viewed as pointless and a threat to social stability; "material wealth" of Mohist consequentialism refers to
520:
1320:
One counterintuitive consequence of actualism is that agents can avoid moral obligations simply by having an imperfect
6508:
5540:
5254:
3883:
1261:
Often "negative" consequentialist theories assert that reducing suffering is more important than increasing pleasure.
949:
avoids this objection by not basing his form of rule-consequentialism on the ideal of maximizing the good. He writes:
544:
206:
144:
2158:
924:
Various theorists are split as to whether the rules are the only determinant of moral behavior or not. For example,
6804:
5407:
5076:
4382:
4158:
3746:
3475:
2669:
2490:
2335:
1901:
1855:
458:
2126:
961:
described Hooker's book as the "best statement and defence, so far, of one of the most important moral theories."
7066:
7056:
7051:
6995:
5613:
3825:
3815:
3416:
3260:
3258:. 2007. "Can Utilitarianism Be Distributive? Maximization and Distribution as Criteria in Managerial Decisions."
2139:
1233:
887:
872:
856:
852:
631:
272:
7011:
6498:
6155:
5911:
5716:
5279:
4529:
4369:
4366:
4092:
3926:
3911:
2747:
1185:
860:
750:
608:
149:
1294:
This section is about actualism and possibilism in ethics. For actualism and possibilism in metaphysics, see
607:, a group of views which claim that the moral value of any act consists in its tendency to produce things of
5294:
5235:
5188:
5046:
5009:
4377:
4292:
4282:
4206:
4072:
4044:
2355:
1815:
1143:
will prescribe actions that may be beneficial, detrimental, or neutral to the welfare of others. Some, like
713:
500:
423:
171:
1488:, and the best action is one that results in the most pleasure for the greatest number. Closely related is
6488:
6089:
6041:
5427:
5359:
4439:
4277:
3855:
3830:
3820:
3414:
Gregersen, Hal B., and Lee Sailer. 1993. "Chaos theory and its implications for social science research."
1741:
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515:
468:
433:
181:
161:
97:
4932:
4029:
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6788:
6744:
6106:
6101:
5996:
5664:
5603:
5583:
5518:
5417:
5329:
5309:
5299:
4781:
4414:
4346:
4254:
4221:
4049:
3835:
3792:
1657:
1394:
1377:
1112:
495:
487:
473:
428:
253:
238:
192:
102:
87:
3110:
Stables, Andrew (2016). "Responsibility beyond rationality: The case for rhizomatic consequentialism".
4534:
1393:
In practice, it is very difficult, and at times arguably impossible, to adopt the point of view of an
6985:
6649:
6125:
6115:
6096:
6074:
6036:
5974:
5886:
5849:
5681:
5636:
5598:
5545:
5474:
5230:
5026:
4937:
4760:
4730:
4471:
3999:
3845:
3840:
1650:
1624:
1523:
1356:
1283:
642:
463:
344:
325:
211:
3445:
3235:
6955:
6916:
6892:
6759:
6679:
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6634:
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5896:
5822:
5777:
5767:
5726:
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5659:
5588:
5568:
5550:
5382:
5349:
5210:
5197:
5004:
4801:
4712:
4667:
4573:
4459:
4272:
4120:
3243:
2902:
2759:
1498:
1494:
1071:
1037:
914:
900:
692:
argued that, in practice, when understood properly, rule consequentialism, Kantian deontology, and
654:
592:
530:
334:
289:
243:
176:
156:
107:
92:
891:. Other contemporary forms of utilitarianism mirror the forms of consequentialism outlined below.
7061:
6950:
6945:
6780:
6719:
6589:
6177:
6084:
6069:
6021:
5969:
5772:
5741:
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5669:
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5626:
5621:
5573:
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4828:
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4313:
4304:
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4262:
4168:
4163:
4140:
4059:
3873:
3800:
3577:
3558:
3127:
3075:
3016:
2849:
2789:
2640:
2523:
2430:
2038:
1939:
1860:
1840:
1825:
1219:
Another consequentialist application view is motive consequentialism, which looks at whether the
1061:
749:, 'science') argue that the moral value of any act consists in its tendency to produce things of
448:
354:
314:
309:
294:
284:
277:
228:
223:
201:
139:
2196:
3733:
2579:
2494:
1385:
the action that will bring about the best consequences from this ideal observer's perspective.
7005:
6990:
6980:
6960:
6709:
6540:
6443:
6433:
6162:
6120:
5810:
5711:
5706:
5691:
5631:
5593:
5578:
5535:
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5066:
4984:
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4287:
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3850:
3661:
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3324:
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3183:
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2975:
2841:
2833:
2675:
2585:
2554:
2527:
2498:
2434:
2402:
2396:
2375:
2293:
2256:
2232:
2192:
2164:
2076:
2012:
1989:
1946:
1699:
1675:
1601:
1160:
709:
510:
505:
438:
369:
364:
304:
299:
248:
233:
216:
166:
76:
2548:
6975:
6900:
6884:
6714:
6699:
6644:
6423:
6205:
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6167:
6064:
5964:
5901:
5873:
5762:
5696:
5686:
5387:
5334:
5284:
5264:
5220:
5061:
4989:
4707:
4618:
4509:
4481:
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4135:
4115:
4082:
3987:
3716:
3618:
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3467:
3421:
3119:
3067:
3008:
2967:
2931:
2823:
2781:
2632:
2624:
2327:
2283:
2264:
2222:
2068:
2028:
1907:
1753:
1630:
1350:
1092:
1084:; more people, then more production and wealth...if people have plenty, they would be good,
1077:
978:
878:
763:
737:, under a broader label of "teleological ethics". Proponents of teleological ethics (Greek:
717:
658:
580:
349:
265:
4608:
3279:
How to Make Good
Decisions and Be Right All the Time: Solving the Riddle of Right and Wrong
2808:
30:
7030:
6764:
6503:
6458:
6418:
6366:
6311:
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6225:
6200:
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6135:
6026:
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5245:
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4994:
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3701:
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3284:
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2467:
1693:
1511:
1321:
1033:
359:
2971:
1200:—in which moral behavior is derived from following rules that lead to positive outcomes.
3391:(Munich, 1921), 396-450. In English: H.H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, trans. and ed., in
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non-psychological goods as the relevant effect. Thus, one might pursue an increase in
1080:
writes that the moral goods of Mohism "are interrelated: more basic wealth, then more
867:" is required for the experience of pleasure or pain to have an ethical significance.
778:
i.e. if a goal is morally important enough, any method of achieving it is acceptable.
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as the sole moral good, "the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are...
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outlines, the agent might be concerned with the general welfare, but the agent is
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1245:
One major difference between these two approaches is the agent's responsibility.
1052:, like shelter and clothing; and "increase in population" relates to the time of
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57:
35:
3425:
1537:
However, consequentialism and virtue ethics need not be entirely antagonistic.
1424:. These are called "agent-neutral" and "agent-focused" theories respectively.
1196:—in which the morality of an action is determined by that action's effects—and
657:
rather than on the nature or consequences of the act (or omission) itself, and
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2269:
2061:"Consequentialism in Modern Moral Philosophy and in 'Modern Moral Philosophy'"
2060:
2033:
1747:
1711:
1681:
1489:
1421:
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One common tactic among consequentialists, particularly those committed to an
1204:
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906:
721:
418:
49:
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2837:
1249:
consequentialism demands that we bring about good states of affairs, whereas
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6373:
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6140:
5949:
5319:
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5174:
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5036:
4907:
4841:
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3515:
Consequences of
Compassion: An interpretation and Defense of Buddhist Ethics
3273:
2936:
2883:
2457:
1870:
1565:
1545:
1538:
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concerned with the immediate welfare of herself and her friends and family.
1295:
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their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think...
584:
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5021:
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4755:
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4449:
4392:
4196:
4150:
4034:
1810:
1485:
1380:. The particular characteristics of this ideal observer can vary from an
1369:
1203:
The two-level approach to consequentialism is most often associated with
1172:
1100:
1091:
The
Mohists believed that morality is based on "promoting the benefit of
1045:
787:
759:
623:
596:
453:
34:
Every advantage in the past is judged in the light of the final issue. —
3093:
Portmore, Douglas W. (2019). "3. What's the
Relevant Sort of Control?".
2685:
1568:, in which individuals act in a faithful, rather than rational, manner.
6594:
6483:
6448:
6403:
6398:
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4356:
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3906:
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3020:
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2644:
2636:
2059:
Diamond, Cora (1997), Oderberg, David S.; Laing, Jacqueline A. (eds.),
1266:
1060:
were common, and population growth was seen as a moral necessity for a
1025:
885:, are concerned with maximizing the satisfaction of preferences, hence
662:
1099:'s views, state consequentialism is not utilitarian because it is not
6579:
6520:
6453:
6378:
6255:
5865:
5041:
4962:
4692:
4351:
4341:
4039:
3941:
1845:
1176:, and whose ethics can be summed up in the phrase "Live for others."
1140:
1057:
864:
627:
572:
400:
3094:
3071:
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3038:
3012:
2996:
2955:
2919:
2785:
2628:
2807:
Haigh, Matthew; Wood, Jeffrey S.; Stewart, Andrew J. (2016-07-01).
2395:
Di Mo; Xunzi; Di Mo Xunzi Fei Han; Professor Burton Watson (1967).
6559:
6549:
4857:
4519:
3805:
3682:
3640:
1544:
809:
745:
739:
405:
29:
2700:
6599:
6515:
6361:
6356:
6316:
3579:
2610:"Fa (Standards: Laws) and Meaning Changes in Chinese Philosophy"
1765:
1053:
986:
775:
5838:
5500:
4242:
3780:
3742:
733:
One common view is to classify consequentialism, together with
6525:
4702:
1125:"is motivated almost totally from the ruler's point of view."
1041:
3738:
6821:
1192:
This position can be described as a reconciliation between
938:
know that breaking the rule could produce better results).
3374:. 2018. "Revisiting Max Weber's Ethic of Responsibility."
3037:
Portmore, Douglas W. (2019). "5. Rationalist Maximalism".
2065:
Human Lives: Critical Essays on Consequentialist Bioethics
1095:
and eliminating harm to all under heaven." In contrast to
5834:
3539:"Consequentialism, Moralities of Concern and Selfishness"
2374:. Oxford University Press, new edition 2002, back cover.
1447:
individual, but bad for them as a citizen of their town.
1111:
has also been applied to the political philosophy of the
611:. Consequentialists hold in general that an act is right
3734:
University of Texas. Ethics Unwrapped – Consequentialism
1614:
On a Supposed Right to Tell Lies from Benevolent Motives
1472:
necessarily implies identical treatment of all humans.
676:) are not necessarily mutually exclusive. For example,
3179:
An Introduction to the Principles of Moral Legislation
2754:." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by
1621:
future amplification of the effects of small decisions
1484:, a good action is one that results in an increase in
785:
ethical theories, which hold that acts themselves are
2809:"Slippery slope arguments imply opposition to change"
981:: 仁之事者, 必务求于天下之利, 除天下之害, 将以为法乎天下. 利人乎, 即为; 不利人乎, 即止).
3236:
The quantification of 'happinenss' in utilitarianism
1040:." The word "order" refers to Mozi's stance against
6928:
6773:
6539:
6264:
6193:
6055:
5930:
5872:
5750:
5650:
5612:
5559:
5526:
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5358:
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4666:
4629:
4500:
4365:
4312:
4303:
4253:
4177:
4149:
4106:
4058:
4015:
3968:
3940:
3892:
3864:
3791:
2398:
Basic Writings of Mo Tzu, Hsün Tzu, and Han Fei Tzu
668:Some argue that consequentialist theories (such as
3512:
3395:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), 77-128.
2547:Jay L. Garfield; William Edelglass (9 June 2011).
1938:
993:(5th century BC) (Chapter 8: Against Music Part I)
781:Teleological ethical theories are contrasted with
2425:Ivanhoe, P.J.; Van Norden, Bryan William (2005).
2067:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 13–38,
3112:International Journal of Children's Spirituality
2907:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
1988:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2-3.
1506:, it is an especially suited moral theory for a
859:of pain. It can be argued that the existence of
696:would all end up prescribing the same behavior.
2758:. (Winter 2015 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab,
2483:Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999).
1570:
974:
823:
595:are the ultimate basis for judgement about the
2772:Adams, R. M. (1976). "Motive Utilitarianism".
2185:Deontology, Consequentialism and Moral Realism
1986:Consequentialism: New Directions, New Problems
5850:
3754:
3099:. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.
3043:. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press.
2163:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 97 f., 104.
1522:Consequentialism can also be contrasted with
552:
8:
6797:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel
3032:
3030:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2520:Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy
2478:
2476:
641:Consequentialism is usually contrasted with
2960:Oxford Studies in Agency and Responsibility
2954:Timmerman, Travis; Swenson, Philip (2019).
2720:"Christian Religion and National Interests"
2420:
2418:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
5857:
5843:
5835:
5523:
5514:
5497:
5193:
4900:
4672:
4309:
4250:
4239:
3788:
3777:
3761:
3747:
3739:
2995:Jackson, Frank; Pargetter, Robert (1986).
2949:
2947:
2401:. Columbia University Press. p. 110.
2007:
2005:
559:
545:
126:
40:
2956:"How to Be an Actualist and Blame People"
2935:
2918:Cohen, Yishai; Timmerman, Travis (2016).
2901:Timmerman, Travis; Cohen, Yishai (2020).
2827:
2226:
2032:
1021:taken as constitutive of human welfare."
3056:"Dated Rightness and Moral Imperfection"
2427:Readings in classical Chinese philosophy
2315:"On Measuring the Moral Value of Action"
1564:is a concept in the moral philosophy of
1238:Most consequentialist theories focus on
1147:, argue that a certain degree of egoism
833:The Principles of Morals and Legislation
6829:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
3096:Opting for the Best: Oughts and Options
3040:Opting for the Best: Oughts and Options
2924:Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy
2553:. Oxford University Press. p. 62.
2550:The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy
2463:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1883:
324:
191:
129:
48:
2486:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
1088:, kind, and so on unproblematically."
1067:The Cambridge History of Ancient China
954:moral disagreements and uncertainties.
672:) and deontological theories (such as
653:which focuses on the character of the
603:, falls under the broader category of
3582:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3367:
3365:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2578:Deen K. Chatterjee (6 October 2011).
1349:One important characteristic of many
851:, in this account, is defined as the
587:ethical theories that holds that the
7:
2054:
2052:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1637:Some consequentialists—most notably
1460:, who is regarded as the founder of
27:Ethical theory based on consequences
6845:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3726:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3707:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3688:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3660:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3519:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3182:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2904:Actualism and Possibilism in Ethics
2705:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2292:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1945:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1912:28 May 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
1024:Unlike utilitarianism, which views
1014:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3607:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
2972:10.1093/oso/9780198845539.003.0009
622:, with chief candidates including
25:
3446:Consequentialism and Cluelessness
3321:Medical Ethics: A Reference Guide
3150:Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong
2699:Fisher, James; Dowdwen, Bradley.
1969:. Oxford: Oxford University Press
1504:in order of increasing preference
1313:do, even if she would not do it.
817:, best known for his advocacy of
526:Social and political philosophers
7026:
7025:
5818:
5817:
5804:
2997:"Oughts, Options, and Actualism"
2879:The Open Society and Its Enemies
2863:from the original on 2018-07-19.
2732:from the original on 2006-07-06.
2654:from the original on 2022-10-10.
2368:Hooker, Brad (30 January 2003).
2215:Journal of Consciousness Studies
1941:Consequentialism and Its Critics
1831:Instrumental and intrinsic value
70:
56:
3472:Utilitarianism: For and Against
3451:Philosophy & Public Affairs
3389:Gesammelte Politische Schriften
2140:""The end justifies the means""
753:, meaning that an act is right
720:in the nonconsequentialist and
6813:The Theory of Moral Sentiments
6183:Value monism – Value pluralism
3492:Darwall, Stephen, ed. (2002).
3393:Max Weber: Essays in Sociology
3344:Zuckerman, Phil (2019-09-10).
2920:"Actualism Has Control Issues"
2581:Encyclopedia of Global Justice
2252:Consciousness and Moral Status
1415:Agent-focused or agent-neutral
634:, and broader notions of the "
1:
3576:Portmore, Douglas W. (2011).
3297:Chandler Brett (2014-07-16).
2518:Van Norden, Bryan W. (2011).
2330:. 1993. "Utilitarianism." In
2127:"the end justifies the means"
1836:Lesser of two evils principle
6877:On the Genealogy of Morality
6837:Critique of Practical Reason
5290:Ordinary language philosophy
3348:. Counterpoint. p. 21.
2211:"The Value of Consciousness"
2157:Mizzoni, John (2009-08-31).
2144:Cambridge English Dictionary
630:, the satisfaction of one's
5340:Contemporary utilitarianism
5255:Internalism and externalism
3696:Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter.
3319:Frezzo, Eldo (2018-10-25).
3210:(2002). Helga Kuhse (ed.).
3124:10.1080/1364436042000234404
2073:10.1007/978-1-349-25098-1_2
1280:acts and omissions doctrine
770:," variously attributed to
661:which treats morality like
7083:
6805:A Treatise of Human Nature
4604:Svatantrika and Prasangika
3656:Scheffler, Samuel (1994).
3476:Cambridge University Press
3426:10.1177/001872679304600701
3054:Goldman, Holly S. (1976).
2584:. Springer. p. 1170.
2491:Cambridge University Press
2336:Cambridge University Press
1984:Seidel, Christian (2018).
1937:Scheffler, Samuel (1988).
1902:Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1856:Principle of double effect
1648:
1293:
1231:
1180:Two-level consequentialism
1158:
1132:
968:
898:
803:
7021:
5798:
5513:
5496:
4903:
4249:
4238:
3826:Philosophy of mathematics
3816:Philosophy of information
3787:
3776:
3623:10.4135/9781412965811.n60
3555:10.1017/S0031819100053432
3511:Goodman, Charles (2009).
3346:What it Means to be Moral
3261:Business Ethics Quarterly
2829:10.3758/s13421-016-0596-9
2748:Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter
2034:10.1017/S0031819100037943
2017:"Modern Moral Philosophy"
1645:Notable consequentialists
1303:Actualism and possibilism
1290:Actualism and possibilism
1234:Negative consequentialism
1228:Negative consequentialism
888:preference utilitarianism
873:hedonistic utilitarianism
795:Forms of consequentialism
273:Middle Eastern philosophy
6156:Universal prescriptivism
3323:. Routledge. p. 5.
3212:Unsanctifying Human Life
2617:Philosophy East and West
2249:Shepherd, Joshua. 2018.
2183:Thomas, A. Jean. 2015. "
861:phenomenal consciousness
5945:Artificial intelligence
5295:Postanalytic philosophy
5236:Experimental philosophy
3717:"Rule Consequentialism"
2937:10.26556/jesp.v10i3.104
2762:. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
2718:Moran, Gabriel (2006).
2456:Fraser, Chris. 2015. "
2356:Oxford University Press
2106:Encyclopedia Britannica
1816:Demandingness objection
1578:ethic of responsibility
1526:moral theories such as
1215:Motive consequentialism
1005:Mohist consequentialism
714:Modern Moral Philosophy
680:advances the idea that
18:End justifies the means
5428:Social constructionism
4440:Hellenistic philosophy
3856:Theoretical philosophy
3831:Philosophy of religion
3821:Philosophy of language
3376:Perspektiven Der Ethik
3234:Simmons, H. J. 1986. "
2816:Memory & Cognition
2371:Ideal Code, Real World
2352:Ideal Code, Real World
1594:
1588:Politics as a Vocation
1574:ethic of ultimate ends
1550:
1170:, who coined the term
1109:state consequentialism
1078:David Shepherd Nivison
1038:increase in population
1000:State consequentialism
996:
971:State consequentialism
965:State consequentialism
956:
943:Ideal Code, Real World
838:
821:
597:rightness or wrongness
496:Aesthetic philosophers
38:
6869:The Methods of Ethics
6107:Divine command theory
6102:Ideal observer theory
5811:Philosophy portal
5330:Scientific skepticism
5310:Reformed epistemology
3836:Philosophy of science
3609:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
3597:Price, Terry (2008).
3496:. Oxford: Blackwell.
3214:. Oxford: Blackwell.
2774:Journal of Philosophy
2608:Hansen, Chad (1994).
2102:"Teleological ethics"
1965:Parfit, Derek. 2011.
1548:
1476:Value of consequences
1406:Consequences for whom
1198:rule consequentialism
1118:. On the other hand,
1113:Confucian philosopher
951:
895:Rule consequentialism
813:
77:Philosophy portal
33:
6986:Political philosophy
5231:Critical rationalism
4938:Edo neo-Confucianism
4782:Acintya bheda abheda
4761:Renaissance humanism
4472:School of the Sextii
3846:Practical philosophy
3841:Political philosophy
3060:Philosophical Review
3001:Philosophical Review
2688:on December 9, 2007.
2674:. NY: Dover (1981).
2671:The Method of Ethics
1651:List of utilitarians
1625:moral responsibility
1512:decision theoretical
1284:voluntary euthanasia
1194:act consequentialism
855:of pleasure and the
643:deontological ethics
521:Philosophers of mind
6956:Evolutionary ethics
6917:Reasons and Persons
6893:A Theory of Justice
6047:Uncertain sentience
4802:Nimbarka Sampradaya
4713:Korean Confucianism
4460:Academic Skepticism
3299:"24 and Philosophy"
3244:McMaster University
3196:on January 5, 2008.
3152:. London: Penguin.
2760:Stanford University
1897:Teleological Ethics
1742:Niccolò Machiavelli
915:rule utilitarianism
901:Rule utilitarianism
743:, 'end, purpose' +
605:teleological ethics
531:Women in philosophy
261:Indigenous American
44:Part of a series on
6951:Ethics in religion
6946:Descriptive ethics
6781:Nicomachean Ethics
5423:Post-structuralism
5325:Scientific realism
5280:Quinean naturalism
5260:Logical positivism
5216:Analytical Marxism
4435:Peripatetic school
4347:Chinese naturalism
3874:Aesthetic response
3801:Applied philosophy
3698:"Consequentialism"
3683:"Consequentialism"
3617:. pp. 91–93.
3599:"Consequentialism"
2524:Hackett Publishing
2431:Hackett Publishing
2270:20.500.12657/30007
2160:Ethics: The Basics
2129:in the Wiktionary.
2013:Anscombe, G. E. M.
1861:Situational ethics
1841:Mental reservation
1826:Effective altruism
1551:
1364:The ideal observer
1273:Acts and omissions
1186:two-level approach
1062:harmonious society
822:
224:Eastern philosophy
39:
7039:
7038:
7006:Social philosophy
6991:Population ethics
6981:Philosophy of law
6961:History of ethics
6444:Political freedom
6121:Euthyphro dilemma
5912:Suffering-focused
5832:
5831:
5794:
5793:
5790:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5211:Analytic feminism
5183:
5182:
5145:Kierkegaardianism
5107:Transcendentalism
5067:Neo-scholasticism
4913:Classical Realism
4890:
4889:
4662:
4661:
4477:Neopythagoreanism
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
3851:Social philosophy
3667:978-0-19-823511-8
3632:978-1-4129-6580-4
3589:978-0-19-979453-9
3526:978-0-19-537519-0
3503:978-0-631-23108-0
3242:). Hamilton, ON:
3221:978-0-631-22507-2
3189:978-0-19-820516-6
3159:978-0-14-013558-9
2681:978-0-915145-28-7
2591:978-1-4020-9159-9
2560:978-0-19-532899-8
2533:978-1-60384-468-0
2504:978-0-521-47030-8
2440:978-0-87220-780-6
2408:978-0-231-02515-7
2381:978-0-19-925657-0
2328:Williams, Bernard
2313:D'Souza, Jeevan.
2299:978-0-19-875163-2
2284:Mill, John Stuart
2209:Levy, N. (2014).
2082:978-1-349-25098-1
1952:978-0-19-875073-4
1730:Francis Hutcheson
1676:Richard B. Brandt
1602:G. E. M. Anscombe
1499:political liberty
1495:material equality
1389:The real observer
1161:Altruism (ethics)
710:G. E. M. Anscombe
569:
568:
377:
376:
16:(Redirected from
7074:
7067:Ethical theories
7057:Normative ethics
7052:Consequentialism
7029:
7028:
6976:Moral psychology
6921:
6913:
6905:
6901:Practical Ethics
6897:
6889:
6885:Principia Ethica
6881:
6873:
6865:
6857:
6849:
6841:
6833:
6825:
6817:
6809:
6801:
6793:
6789:Ethics (Spinoza)
6785:
6424:Moral imperative
5882:Consequentialism
5859:
5852:
5845:
5836:
5821:
5820:
5809:
5808:
5807:
5524:
5515:
5498:
5388:Frankfurt School
5335:Transactionalism
5285:Normative ethics
5265:Legal positivism
5241:Falsificationism
5226:Consequentialism
5221:Communitarianism
5194:
5062:New Confucianism
4901:
4708:Neo-Confucianism
4673:
4482:Second Sophistic
4467:Middle Platonism
4310:
4251:
4240:
4083:Epiphenomenalism
3950:Consequentialism
3884:Institutionalism
3789:
3778:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3740:
3730:
3721:Zalta, Edward N.
3711:
3702:Zalta, Edward N.
3692:
3671:
3652:
3593:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3549:(278): 499-520.
3537:(October 1996).
3530:
3518:
3507:
3494:Consequentialism
3479:
3468:Bernard Williams
3461:
3455:
3439:
3433:
3412:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3385:
3379:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3288:
3271:
3265:
3253:
3247:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3192:. Archived from
3170:
3164:
3163:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3025:
3024:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2887:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2831:
2813:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2769:
2763:
2752:Consequentialism
2745:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2684:. Archived from
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2614:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2480:
2471:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2365:
2359:
2345:
2339:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2317:. Philos, China.
2310:
2304:
2303:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2221:(1–2): 127–138.
2206:
2200:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2136:
2130:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1981:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1944:
1934:
1913:
1908:Encyclopedia.com
1893:
1754:John Stuart Mill
1631:Bernard Williams
1592:
1221:state of affairs
1155:Ethical altruism
1093:all under heaven
1003:, also known as
994:
879:John Stuart Mill
836:
835:(1789) Ch I, p 1
831:Jeremy Bentham,
706:consequentialism
659:pragmatic ethics
577:consequentialism
573:moral philosophy
561:
554:
547:
266:Aztec philosophy
145:Ancient Egyptian
127:
79:
75:
74:
73:
60:
41:
21:
7082:
7081:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7017:
6924:
6919:
6911:
6903:
6895:
6887:
6879:
6871:
6863:
6855:
6847:
6839:
6831:
6823:
6815:
6807:
6799:
6791:
6783:
6769:
6542:
6535:
6459:Self-discipline
6419:Moral hierarchy
6367:Problem of evil
6312:Double standard
6302:Culture of life
6260:
6189:
6136:Non-cognitivism
6051:
5926:
5868:
5863:
5833:
5828:
5805:
5803:
5782:
5746:
5646:
5608:
5555:
5509:
5508:
5480:
5469:Russian cosmism
5442:
5438:Western Marxism
5403:New Historicism
5368:Critical theory
5354:
5350:Wittgensteinian
5246:Foundationalism
5179:
5116:
5097:Social contract
4953:Foundationalism
4886:
4868:
4852:Illuminationism
4837:Aristotelianism
4823:
4812:Vishishtadvaita
4765:
4717:
4658:
4625:
4496:
4425:Megarian school
4420:Eretrian school
4361:
4322:Agriculturalism
4299:
4245:
4226:
4173:
4145:
4102:
4054:
4011:
3995:Incompatibilism
3964:
3936:
3888:
3860:
3783:
3772:
3767:
3714:
3695:
3681:
3678:
3668:
3655:
3633:
3596:
3590:
3575:
3567:
3565:
3533:
3527:
3510:
3504:
3491:
3488:
3486:Further reading
3483:
3482:
3464:Smart, J. J. C.
3462:
3458:
3440:
3436:
3420:46(7):777–802.
3417:Human Relations
3413:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3386:
3382:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3272:
3268:
3254:
3250:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3190:
3174:Bentham, Jeremy
3172:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3072:10.2307/2184275
3053:
3052:
3048:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3013:10.2307/2185591
2994:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2872:
2868:
2860:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2786:10.2307/2025783
2771:
2770:
2766:
2746:
2737:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2682:
2666:Sidgwick, Henry
2664:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2629:10.2307/1399736
2612:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2561:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2346:
2342:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2248:
2244:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1973:
1967:On What Matters
1964:
1960:
1953:
1936:
1935:
1916:
1894:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1806:
1801:
1694:Milton Friedman
1653:
1647:
1599:
1593:
1584:
1556:
1520:
1478:
1467:More recently,
1453:
1451:Human-centered?
1417:
1408:
1391:
1366:
1347:
1345:Action guidance
1342:
1322:moral character
1299:
1292:
1275:
1236:
1230:
1217:
1182:
1163:
1157:
1137:
1131:
1105:individualistic
1034:material wealth
1019:intrinsic goods
995:
985:
973:
967:
903:
897:
837:
830:
808:
802:
797:
751:intrinsic value
731:
702:
628:absence of pain
609:intrinsic value
565:
536:
535:
501:Epistemologists
491:
490:
479:
478:
415:
391:
390:
379:
378:
124:
123:
112:
71:
69:
68:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7080:
7078:
7070:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7044:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7008:
7003:
7001:Secular ethics
6998:
6996:Rehabilitation
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6932:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6922:
6914:
6906:
6898:
6890:
6882:
6874:
6866:
6861:Utilitarianism
6858:
6850:
6842:
6834:
6826:
6818:
6810:
6802:
6794:
6786:
6777:
6775:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6546:
6544:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6370:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6221:Existentialist
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6116:Constructivism
6113:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6090:Non-naturalism
6087:
6072:
6067:
6061:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5917:Utilitarianism
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5878:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5839:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5814:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5792:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5667:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5614:Middle Eastern
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5521:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5378:Existentialism
5375:
5373:Deconstruction
5370:
5364:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5206:Applied ethics
5202:
5200:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5170:Nietzscheanism
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5140:
5130:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5112:Utilitarianism
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5010:Transcendental
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4948:Existentialism
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4736:Augustinianism
4733:
4727:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4651:
4649:Zoroastrianism
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4506:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4492:Church Fathers
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4374:
4372:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4007:Libertarianism
4004:
4003:
4002:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3811:Metaphilosophy
3808:
3803:
3797:
3795:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3715:Hooker, Brad.
3712:
3693:
3677:
3676:External links
3674:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3653:
3631:
3615:Cato Institute
3603:Hamowy, Ronald
3594:
3588:
3573:
3535:Honderich, Ted
3531:
3525:
3508:
3502:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3456:
3434:
3407:
3397:
3380:
3361:
3355:978-1640092747
3354:
3336:
3330:978-1138581074
3329:
3311:
3289:
3266:
3264:17(4):593–611.
3248:
3227:
3220:
3199:
3188:
3165:
3158:
3137:
3118:(2): 219–225.
3102:
3085:
3066:(4): 449–487.
3046:
3026:
3007:(2): 233–255.
2987:
2980:
2943:
2910:
2888:
2866:
2822:(5): 819–836.
2799:
2780:(14): 467–81.
2764:
2735:
2710:
2691:
2680:
2657:
2623:(3): 435–488.
2600:
2590:
2570:
2559:
2539:
2532:
2526:. p. 52.
2510:
2503:
2472:
2449:
2439:
2433:. p. 60.
2414:
2407:
2387:
2380:
2360:
2340:
2320:
2305:
2298:
2289:Utilitarianism
2275:
2242:
2201:
2176:
2169:
2149:
2131:
2118:
2093:
2081:
2048:
2001:
1994:
1971:
1958:
1951:
1914:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1866:Utilitarianism
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1796:J. J. C. Smart
1793:
1787:
1784:Henry Sidgwick
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1706:William Godwin
1703:
1700:David Friedman
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1670:Jeremy Bentham
1667:
1664:Jonathan Baron
1661:
1654:
1646:
1643:
1598:
1595:
1582:
1555:
1552:
1519:
1516:
1482:utilitarianism
1477:
1474:
1462:utilitarianism
1458:Jeremy Bentham
1452:
1449:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1395:ideal observer
1390:
1387:
1378:ideal observer
1365:
1362:
1360:of the agent.
1357:responsibility
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1291:
1288:
1274:
1271:
1256:slippery-slope
1229:
1226:
1216:
1213:
1181:
1178:
1159:Main article:
1156:
1153:
1145:Henry Sidgwick
1135:Ethical egoism
1133:Main article:
1130:
1129:Ethical egoism
1127:
1097:Jeremy Bentham
1009:ethical theory
983:
969:Main article:
966:
963:
911:moral behavior
896:
893:
870:Historically,
842:Jeremy Bentham
828:
819:utilitarianism
815:Jeremy Bentham
806:Utilitarianism
804:Main article:
801:
800:Utilitarianism
798:
796:
793:
766:justifies the
755:if and only if
730:
729:Classification
727:
712:in her essay "
708:was coined by
701:
698:
694:contractualism
674:Kantian ethics
670:utilitarianism
614:if and only if
579:is a class of
567:
566:
564:
563:
556:
549:
541:
538:
537:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
516:Metaphysicians
513:
508:
503:
498:
492:
486:
485:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
444:Metaphilosophy
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
392:
386:
385:
384:
381:
380:
375:
374:
373:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
329:
328:
322:
321:
320:
319:
318:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
282:
281:
280:
270:
269:
268:
258:
257:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
221:
220:
219:
214:
209:
196:
195:
189:
188:
187:
186:
185:
184:
179:
169:
164:
159:
154:
153:
152:
147:
134:
133:
125:
119:
118:
117:
114:
113:
111:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
65:
62:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7079:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7032:
7024:
7023:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6918:
6915:
6910:
6907:
6902:
6899:
6894:
6891:
6886:
6883:
6878:
6875:
6870:
6867:
6862:
6859:
6854:
6851:
6846:
6843:
6838:
6835:
6830:
6827:
6822:
6819:
6814:
6811:
6806:
6803:
6798:
6795:
6790:
6787:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6772:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6538:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6414:Moral courage
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6352:Good and evil
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6337:Family values
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6151:Quasi-realism
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6054:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5975:Environmental
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5897:Particularism
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5855:
5853:
5848:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5825:
5824:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5751:Miscellaneous
5749:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5558:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:Miscellaneous
5445:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5433:Structuralism
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5418:Postmodernism
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5408:Phenomenology
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5345:Vienna Circle
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:Moral realism
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5077:Phenomenology
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:Individualism
5015:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4882:Judeo-Islamic
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4858:ʿIlm al-Kalām
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4807:Shuddhadvaita
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4741:Scholasticism
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4237:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4192:Conceptualism
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4121:Particularism
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4088:Functionalism
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:Eliminativism
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3978:Compatibilism
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:Particularism
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3745:
3744:
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3465:
3460:
3457:
3454:29(4):342–70.
3453:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3442:Lenman, James
3438:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3408:
3401:
3398:
3394:
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3372:Siebeck, Mohr
3368:
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3257:
3252:
3249:
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3237:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:Singer, Peter
3203:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:Mackie, J. L.
3141:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2981:9780198845539
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
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2944:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2886:. pp. 284–85.
2885:
2881:
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2875:
2870:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
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2514:
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2301:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2261:9781315396347
2258:
2255:. Routledge.
2254:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
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2186:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2170:9781405189941
2166:
2162:
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2153:
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2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2027:(124): 1–19.
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1995:9780190270124
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1929:
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1921:
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1911:
1909:
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1884:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:Omission bias
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Dharma-yuddha
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:Peter Railton
1776:
1773:
1772:Philip Pettit
1770:
1768:(470–391 BCE)
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:John Harsanyi
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
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1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1639:Peter Railton
1635:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1609:Immanuel Kant
1606:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1533:
1532:Philippa Foot
1529:
1528:virtue ethics
1525:
1518:Virtue ethics
1517:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1508:probabilistic
1505:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:Peter Railton
1434:
1433:Agent-focused
1429:
1428:Agent-neutral
1425:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1397:. Individual
1396:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1344:
1339:
1337:
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1325:
1323:
1318:
1314:
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1297:
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1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:Auguste Comte
1162:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
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1063:
1059:
1055:
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1043:
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1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1015:
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1006:
1002:
1001:
992:
988:
982:
980:
972:
964:
962:
960:
955:
950:
948:
944:
939:
935:
932:
927:
926:Robert Nozick
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
902:
894:
892:
890:
889:
884:
880:
875:
874:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:
843:
834:
827:
820:
816:
812:
807:
799:
794:
792:
790:
789:
784:
783:deontological
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
752:
748:
747:
742:
741:
736:
735:virtue ethics
728:
726:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
699:
697:
695:
691:
687:
686:Robert Nozick
683:
679:
678:T. M. Scanlon
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:virtue ethics
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
562:
557:
555:
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543:
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532:
529:
527:
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519:
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502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
489:
483:
482:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
459:Phenomenology
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
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422:
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389:
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371:
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183:
180:
178:
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170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
151:
150:Ancient Greek
148:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
135:
132:
128:
122:
116:
115:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
78:
67:
66:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
43:
42:
37:
32:
19:
7010:
6966:Human rights
6909:After Virtue
6635:Schopenhauer
6409:Moral agency
6282:Common sense
6178:Universalism
6146:Expressivism
6126:Intuitionism
6097:Subjectivism
6042:Terraforming
6017:Professional
5881:
5816:
5802:
5473:
5464:Postcritique
5454:Kyoto School
5413:Posthumanism
5393:Hermeneutics
5248: /
5225:
5189:Contemporary
5165:Newtonianism
5128:Cartesianism
5087:Reductionism
4923:Conservatism
4918:Collectivism
4856:
4584:Sarvāstivadā
4562:Anekantavada
4487:Neoplatonism
4455:Epicureanism
4388:Pythagoreans
4327:Confucianism
4293:Contemporary
4283:Early modern
4187:Anti-realism
4141:Universalism
4098:Subjectivism
3949:
3894:Epistemology
3724:
3705:
3686:
3657:
3606:
3578:
3566:. Retrieved
3546:
3542:
3514:
3493:
3478:. pp. 98 ff.
3471:
3459:
3449:
3437:
3415:
3410:
3400:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3375:
3345:
3339:
3320:
3314:
3303:. Retrieved
3292:
3277:
3269:
3259:
3256:Audi, Robert
3251:
3240:Ph.D. thesis
3230:
3211:
3202:
3194:the original
3178:
3168:
3149:
3140:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3095:
3088:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3039:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2963:
2959:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2903:
2877:
2874:Popper, Karl
2869:
2819:
2815:
2802:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2713:
2704:
2694:
2686:the original
2670:
2660:
2620:
2616:
2603:
2595:
2580:
2573:
2564:
2549:
2542:
2519:
2513:
2485:
2466:, edited by
2461:
2452:
2444:
2426:
2397:
2390:
2370:
2363:
2351:
2348:Hooker, Brad
2343:
2331:
2323:
2308:
2288:
2278:
2251:
2245:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2188:
2179:
2159:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2105:
2096:
2086:, retrieved
2064:
2024:
2020:
1985:
1966:
1961:
1940:
1906:
1900:
1790:Peter Singer
1736:Shelly Kagan
1688:Julia Driver
1636:
1629:
1618:
1607:
1600:
1586:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1561:ultimate end
1559:
1557:
1554:Ultimate end
1536:
1521:
1479:
1469:Peter Singer
1466:
1454:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1409:
1399:moral agents
1392:
1367:
1355:
1348:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1279:
1276:
1260:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1218:
1209:Peter Singer
1202:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1171:
1164:
1148:
1138:
1108:
1090:
1082:reproduction
1065:
1023:
1012:
1004:
998:
997:
990:
975:
959:Derek Parfit
957:
952:
942:
940:
936:
923:
904:
886:
883:Peter Singer
871:
869:
857:minimization
853:maximization
846:
840:In summary,
839:
832:
824:
786:
780:
754:
744:
738:
732:
705:
703:
690:Derek Parfit
682:human rights
667:
646:
640:
636:general good
612:
604:
589:consequences
585:teleological
576:
570:
488:Philosophers
396:Epistemology
217:South Africa
172:Contemporary
121:Philosophies
6784:(c. 322 BC)
6650:Kierkegaard
6469:Stewardship
6246:Rousseauian
6163:Rationalism
6075:Cognitivism
6022:Programming
5997:Meat eating
5970:Engineering
5459:Objectivism
5398:Neo-Marxism
5360:Continental
5270:Meta-ethics
5250:Coherentism
5155:Hegelianism
5092:Rationalism
5052:Natural law
5032:Materialism
4958:Historicism
4928:Determinism
4819:Navya-Nyāya
4594:Sautrāntika
4589:Pudgalavada
4525:Vaisheshika
4378:Presocratic
4278:Renaissance
4217:Physicalism
4202:Materialism
4108:Normativity
4093:Objectivism
4078:Emergentism
4068:Behaviorism
4017:Metaphysics
3983:Determinism
3922:Rationalism
3301:. Blackwell
2966:: 216–240.
2930:(3): 1–18.
2756:E. N. Zalta
2637:10722/45241
2468:E. N. Zalta
1798:(1920–2012)
1792:(born 1946)
1786:(1838–1900)
1780:(born 1950)
1774:(born 1945)
1762:(1873–1958)
1760:G. E. Moore
1756:(1806–1873)
1750:(1773–1836)
1744:(1469–1527)
1738:(born 1963)
1732:(1694–1746)
1726:(born 1957)
1724:Brad Hooker
1720:(1920–2000)
1714:(1919–2002)
1708:(1756–1836)
1702:(born 1945)
1696:(1912–2006)
1684:(1857–1952)
1678:(1910–1997)
1672:(1748–1832)
1666:(born 1944)
1660:(born 1937)
1658:R. M. Adams
1585:Max Weber,
1330:possibilism
1263:Karl Popper
1050:basic needs
947:Brad Hooker
931:Amartya Sen
919:rule egoism
772:Machiavelli
632:preferences
620:moral goods
601:eudaimonism
411:Metaphysics
326:By religion
182:Continental
162:Renaissance
36:Demosthenes
7046:Categories
6680:Bonhoeffer
6389:Immorality
6332:Eudaimonia
6292:Conscience
6287:Compassion
6173:Skepticism
6168:Relativism
6085:Naturalism
6065:Absolutism
6037:Technology
5887:Deontology
5758:Amerindian
5665:Australian
5604:Vietnamese
5584:Indonesian
5133:Kantianism
5082:Positivism
5072:Pragmatism
5047:Naturalism
5027:Liberalism
5005:Subjective
4943:Empiricism
4847:Avicennism
4792:Bhedabheda
4676:East Asian
4599:Madhyamaka
4579:Abhidharma
4445:Pyrrhonism
4212:Nominalism
4207:Naturalism
4136:Skepticism
4126:Relativism
4116:Absolutism
4045:Naturalism
3955:Deontology
3927:Skepticism
3912:Naturalism
3902:Empiricism
3866:Aesthetics
3770:Philosophy
3641:2008009151
3568:2023-09-18
3543:Philosophy
3378:12. p. 67.
3305:2019-12-27
3274:King, Iain
2750:. 2019. "
2493:. p.
2088:2024-03-21
2021:Philosophy
1878:References
1748:James Mill
1712:R. M. Hare
1682:John Dewey
1649:See also:
1597:Criticisms
1514:approach.
1502:least put
1490:eudaimonic
1422:motivation
1382:omniscient
1374:John Rawls
1370:altruistic
1334:maximalism
1232:See also:
1205:R. M. Hare
1120:"legalist"
1101:hedonistic
1075:sinologist
1056:, war and
907:deontology
899:See also:
788:inherently
647:deontology
419:Aesthetics
108:Categories
50:Philosophy
7062:Teleology
6941:Casuistry
6853:Either/Or
6760:Korsgaard
6755:Azurmendi
6720:MacIntyre
6660:Nietzsche
6590:Augustine
6585:Confucius
6565:Aristotle
6541:Ethicists
6499:Intrinsic
6464:Suffering
6374:Happiness
6347:Free will
6327:Etiquette
6272:Authority
6216:Epicurean
6211:Confucian
6206:Christian
6141:Emotivism
5965:Discourse
5902:Pragmatic
5874:Normative
5637:Pakistani
5599:Taiwanese
5546:Ethiopian
5519:By region
5505:By region
5320:Scientism
5315:Systemics
5175:Spinozism
5102:Socialism
5037:Modernism
5000:Objective
4908:Anarchism
4842:Averroism
4731:Christian
4683:Neotaoism
4654:Zurvanism
4644:Mithraism
4639:Mazdakism
4410:Cyrenaics
4337:Logicians
3970:Free will
3932:Solipsism
3879:Formalism
3649:750831024
3563:146267944
3444:. 2000. "
3285:Continuum
3148:(1990) .
3132:214650271
2884:Routledge
2838:0090-502X
2358:. p. 101.
2197:1393-614X
2191:19:1–24.
2043:197875941
1871:Welfarism
1576:or to an
1566:Max Weber
1549:Max Weber
1539:Iain King
1351:normative
1296:Actualism
1240:promoting
848:Happiness
722:W.D. Ross
718:J.S. Mill
704:The term
700:Etymology
591:of one's
581:normative
511:Logicians
506:Ethicists
464:Political
424:Education
345:Christian
340:Confucian
239:Indonesia
193:By region
131:By period
7031:Category
6971:Ideology
6936:Axiology
6765:Nussbaum
6715:Frankena
6710:Anscombe
6700:Williams
6655:Sidgwick
6575:Valluvar
6570:Diogenes
6555:Socrates
6479:Theodicy
6474:Sympathy
6439:Pacifism
6429:Morality
6342:Fidelity
6322:Equality
6277:Autonomy
6265:Concepts
6226:Feminist
6201:Buddhist
6131:Nihilism
6070:Axiology
6027:Research
5960:Computer
5955:Business
5823:Category
5778:Yugoslav
5768:Romanian
5675:Scottish
5660:American
5589:Japanese
5569:Buddhist
5551:Africana
5541:Egyptian
5383:Feminist
5305:Rawlsian
5300:Quietism
5198:Analytic
5150:Krausism
5057:Nihilism
5022:Kokugaku
4985:Absolute
4980:Idealism
4968:Humanism
4756:Occamism
4723:European
4668:Medieval
4614:Yogacara
4574:Buddhist
4567:Syādvāda
4450:Stoicism
4415:Cynicism
4403:Sophists
4398:Atomists
4393:Eleatics
4332:Legalism
4273:Medieval
4197:Idealism
4151:Ontology
4131:Nihilism
4035:Idealism
3793:Branches
3782:Branches
3470:. 1973.
3430:Abstract
3283:London:
3276:. 2008.
3176:(1996).
2876:. 1945.
2858:Archived
2854:25691758
2846:26886759
2727:Archived
2701:"Ethics"
2668:(1907).
2649:Archived
2350:. 2000.
2332:Morality
2286:(1998).
2237:24791144
2111:5 August
2015:(1958).
1811:Charvaka
1804:See also
1690:(1961- )
1583:—
1486:pleasure
1251:negative
1247:Positive
1173:altruism
1149:promotes
1072:Stanford
1046:violence
1007:, is an
984:—
829:—
760:aphorism
624:pleasure
469:Religion
454:Ontology
434:Language
388:Branches
335:Buddhist
290:American
212:Ethiopia
177:Analytic
157:Medieval
98:Glossary
83:Contents
6929:Related
6675:Tillich
6640:Bentham
6615:Spinoza
6610:Aquinas
6595:Mencius
6509:Western
6484:Torture
6449:Precept
6404:Loyalty
6399:Liberty
6394:Justice
6307:Dignity
6297:Consent
6241:Kantian
6231:Islamic
6194:Schools
6080:Realism
6012:Nursing
6007:Medical
5992:Machine
5932:Applied
5773:Russian
5742:Spanish
5737:Slovene
5727:Maltese
5722:Italian
5702:Finland
5670:British
5652:Western
5642:Turkish
5627:Islamic
5622:Iranian
5574:Chinese
5561:Eastern
5528:African
5475:more...
5160:Marxism
4990:British
4933:Dualism
4829:Islamic
4787:Advaita
4777:Vedanta
4751:Scotism
4746:Thomism
4688:Tiantai
4631:Persian
4619:Tibetan
4609:Śūnyatā
4550:Cārvāka
4540:Ājīvika
4535:Mīmāṃsā
4515:Samkhya
4430:Academy
4383:Ionians
4357:Yangism
4314:Chinese
4305:Ancient
4268:Western
4263:Ancient
4222:Realism
4179:Reality
4169:Process
4050:Realism
4030:Dualism
4025:Atomism
3907:Fideism
3723:(ed.).
3704:(ed.).
3605:(ed.).
3080:2184275
3021:2185591
2794:2025783
2645:1399736
2228:4001209
2189:Minerva
1524:aretaic
1332:called
1267:justice
1123:Han Fei
1042:warfare
1026:utility
979:Chinese
762:, "the
663:science
593:conduct
474:Science
429:History
355:Islamic
315:Russian
310:Italian
295:British
285:Western
278:Iranian
254:Vietnam
229:Chinese
202:African
140:Ancient
103:History
88:Outline
6920:(1984)
6912:(1981)
6904:(1979)
6896:(1971)
6888:(1903)
6880:(1887)
6872:(1874)
6864:(1861)
6856:(1843)
6848:(1820)
6840:(1788)
6832:(1785)
6824:(1780)
6816:(1759)
6808:(1740)
6800:(1726)
6792:(1677)
6750:Taylor
6735:Parfit
6730:Singer
6705:Mackie
6580:Cicero
6521:Virtue
6454:Rights
6379:Honour
6236:Jewish
6032:Sexual
5940:Animal
5922:Virtue
5866:Ethics
5732:Polish
5712:German
5707:French
5692:Danish
5682:Canada
5632:Jewish
5594:Korean
5579:Indian
5121:People
5042:Monism
4995:German
4963:Holism
4896:Modern
4874:Jewish
4797:Dvaita
4770:Indian
4693:Huayan
4545:Ajñana
4502:Indian
4367:Greco-
4352:Taoism
4342:Mohism
4288:Modern
4255:By era
4244:By era
4159:Action
4040:Monism
3960:Virtue
3942:Ethics
3664:
3647:
3639:
3629:
3586:
3561:
3523:
3500:
3466:, and
3352:
3327:
3218:
3186:
3156:
3130:
3078:
3019:
2978:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2792:
2678:
2643:
2588:
2557:
2530:
2501:
2458:Mohism
2437:
2405:
2378:
2296:
2259:
2235:
2225:
2195:
2167:
2079:
2041:
1992:
1949:
1905:. via
1846:Mohism
1591:, 1918
1340:Issues
1141:egoism
1086:filial
1058:famine
1036:, and
865:qualia
626:, the
401:Ethics
370:Taoist
365:Jewish
305:German
300:French
234:Indian
167:Modern
7012:Index
6774:Works
6745:Adams
6740:Nagel
6695:Dewey
6690:Rawls
6670:Barth
6665:Moore
6630:Hegel
6605:Xunzi
6560:Plato
6550:Laozi
6531:Wrong
6504:Japan
6494:Value
6489:Trust
6384:Ideal
6251:Stoic
6002:Media
5987:Legal
5763:Aztec
5717:Greek
5697:Dutch
5687:Czech
5536:Bantu
4973:Anti-
4520:Nyaya
4510:Hindu
4370:Roman
4164:Event
3806:Logic
3719:. In
3700:. In
3601:. In
3559:S2CID
3128:S2CID
3076:JSTOR
3017:JSTOR
2861:(PDF)
2850:S2CID
2812:(PDF)
2790:JSTOR
2730:(PDF)
2723:(PDF)
2652:(PDF)
2641:JSTOR
2613:(PDF)
2125:Cfr.
2039:S2CID
1311:could
1307:would
1116:Xunzi
1064:. In
1030:order
863:and "
768:means
746:logos
740:telos
655:agent
406:Logic
350:Hindu
249:Korea
244:Japan
207:Egypt
93:Lists
6725:Hare
6685:Foot
6645:Mill
6625:Kant
6620:Hume
6600:Mozi
6516:Vice
6434:Norm
6362:Evil
6357:Good
6317:Duty
6057:Meta
5980:Land
5907:Role
5892:Care
4864:Sufi
4698:Chan
4557:Jain
4530:Yoga
4060:Mind
4000:Hard
3988:Hard
3662:ISBN
3645:OCLC
3637:LCCN
3627:ISBN
3611:SAGE
3584:ISBN
3521:ISBN
3498:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3325:ISBN
3216:ISBN
3184:ISBN
3154:ISBN
2976:ISBN
2842:PMID
2834:ISSN
2676:ISBN
2586:ISBN
2555:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2499:ISBN
2435:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2294:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2233:PMID
2193:ISSN
2165:ISBN
2113:2020
2077:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1766:Mozi
1619:The
1558:The
1510:and
1441:more
1207:and
1184:The
1054:Mozi
1044:and
991:Mozi
987:Mozi
917:and
776:Ovid
645:(or
449:Mind
360:Jain
6526:Vow
6256:Tao
5950:Bio
5138:Neo
4703:Zen
3619:doi
3551:doi
3448:."
3422:doi
3405:Co.
3238:" (
3120:doi
3068:doi
3009:doi
2968:doi
2932:doi
2882:1.
2824:doi
2782:doi
2633:hdl
2625:doi
2495:761
2460:."
2265:hdl
2223:PMC
2187:."
2069:doi
2029:doi
1899:."
1497:or
1103:or
941:In
774:or
764:end
638:".
571:In
439:Law
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