Consequentialism - Knowledge (XXG)

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situation. However, if this approach is naïvely adopted, then moral agents who, for example, recklessly fail to reflect on their situation, and act in a way that brings about terrible results, could be said to be acting in a morally justifiable way. Acting in a situation without first informing oneself of the circumstances of the situation can lead to even the most well-intended actions yielding miserable consequences. As a result, it could be argued that there is a moral imperative for agents to inform themselves as much as possible about a situation before judging the appropriate course of action. This imperative, of course, is derived from consequential thinking: a better-informed agent is able to bring about better consequences.

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consequences, and not who produces them, that are said to matter. Williams argues that this demands too much of moral agents—since (he claims) consequentialism demands that they be willing to sacrifice any and all personal projects and commitments in any given circumstance in order to pursue the most beneficent course of action possible. He argues further that consequentialism fails to make sense of intuitions that it can matter whether or not someone is personally the author of a particular consequence. For example, that participating in a crime can matter, even if the crime would have been committed anyway, or would even have been worse, without the agent's participation.

1313:. For example, a lazy person might justify rejecting a request to help a friend by arguing that, due to her lazy character, she would not have done the work anyway, even if she had accepted the request. By rejecting the offer right away, she managed at least not to waste anyone's time. Actualists might even consider her behavior praiseworthy since she did what, according to actualism, she ought to have done. This seems to be a very easy way to "get off the hook" that is avoided by possibilism. But possibilism has to face the objection that in some cases it sanctions and even recommends what actually leads to the worst outcome. 1605:, that lying from "benevolent motives," here the motive to maximize the good consequences by protecting the intended victim, should then make the liar responsible for the consequences of the act. For example, it could be that by misdirecting the inquiring murder away from where one thought the intended victim was actually directed the murder to the intended victim. That such an act is immoral mirrors Anscombe's objection to Sidgwick that his consequentialism would problematically absolve the consequentalist of moral responsibility when the consequentalist fails to foresee the true consequences of an act. 1306:

the whole bag is finished, which would result in a terrible stomach ache and would be the worst alternative. Not eating any cookies at all, on the other hand, would be the second-best alternative. Now the question is: should Gifre eat the first cookie or not? Actualists are only concerned with the actual consequences. According to them, Gifre should not eat any cookies at all since it is better than the alternative leading to a stomach ache. Possibilists, however, contend that the best possible course of action involves eating the first cookie and this is therefore what Gifre should do.

800: 20: 7016: 5808: 1630:—have attempted to develop a form of consequentialism that acknowledges and avoids the objections raised by Williams. Railton argues that Williams's criticisms can be avoided by adopting a form of consequentialism in which moral decisions are to be determined by the sort of life that they express. On his account, the agent should choose the sort of life that will, on the whole, produce the best overall effects. 1317:

cookie and stopping afterward only is an option for Gifre if she has the rational capacity to repress her temptation to continue eating. If the temptation is irrepressible then this course of action is not considered to be an option and is therefore not relevant when assessing what the best alternative is. Portmore suggests that, given this adjustment, we should prefer a view very closely associated with

47: 1519:. Whereas consequentialist theories posit that consequences of action should be the primary focus of our thinking about ethics, virtue ethics insists that it is the character rather than the consequences of actions that should be the focal point. Some virtue ethicists hold that consequentialist theories totally disregard the development and importance of moral character. For example, 1569:. There is an abysmal contrast between conduct that follows the maxim of an ethic of ultimate ends — that is in religious terms, "the Christian does rightly and leaves the results with the Lord" — and conduct that follows the maxim of an ethic of responsibility, in which case one has to give an account of the foreseeable results of one's action. 1535: 5795: 61: 1316:

Douglas W. Portmore has suggested that these and other problems of actualism and possibilism can be avoided by constraining what counts as a genuine alternative for the agent. On his view, it is a requirement that the agent has rational control over the event in question. For example, eating only one

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For example, assume that Gifre has the choice between two alternatives, eating a cookie or not eating anything. Having eaten the first cookie, Gifre could stop eating cookies, which is the best alternative. But after having tasted one cookie, Gifre would freely decide to continue eating cookies until

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These two approaches could be reconciled by acknowledging the tension between an agent's interests as an individual and as a member of various groups, and seeking to somehow optimize among all of these interests. For example, it may be meaningful to speak of an action as being good for someone as an

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do not know everything about their particular situations, and thus do not know all the possible consequences of their potential actions. For this reason, some theorists have argued that consequentialist theories can only require agents to choose the best action in line with what they know about the

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Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand the standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and effects, are fastened to

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observer, who would grasp all the consequences of any action, to an ideally informed observer, who knows as much as could reasonably be expected, but not necessarily all the circumstances or all the possible consequences. Consequentialist theories that adopt this paradigm hold that right action is

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he best argument for rule-consequentialism is not that it derives from an overarching commitment to maximise the good. The best argument for rule-consequentialism is that it does a better job than its rivals of matching and tying together our moral convictions, as well as offering us help with our

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One of the most common objections to rule-consequentialism is that it is incoherent, because it is based on the consequentialist principle that what we should be concerned with is maximizing the good, but then it tells us not to act to maximize the good, but to follow rules (even in cases where we

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instead of something like the more ephemeral "pleasure". Other theories adopt a package of several goods, all to be promoted equally. As the consequentialist approach contains an inherent assumption that the outcomes of a moral decision can be quantified in terms of "goodness" or "badness," or at

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objects to the consequentialism of Sidgwick on the grounds that the moral worth of an action is premised on the predictive capabilities of the individual, relieving them of the responsibility for the "badness" of an act should they "make out a case for not having foreseen" negative consequences.

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has argued that consequentialism is alienating because it requires moral agents to put too much distance between themselves and their own projects and commitments. Williams argues that consequentialism requires moral agents to take a strictly impersonal view of all actions, since it is only the

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involves engaging in critical reasoning and considering all the possible ramifications of one's actions before making an ethical decision, but reverting to generally reliable moral rules when one is not in a position to stand back and examine the dilemma as a whole. In practice, this equates to

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that results from the motive to choose an action is better or at least as good as each alternative state of affairs that would have resulted from alternative actions. This version gives relevance to the motive of an act and links it to its consequences. An act can therefore not be wrong if the

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has developed an approach that reconciles the two schools. Other consequentialists consider effects on the character of people involved in an action when assessing consequence. Similarly, a consequentialist theory may aim at the maximization of a particular virtue or set of virtues. Finally,

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has argued that it is unreasonable that we do not give equal consideration to the interests of animals as to those of human beings when we choose the way we are to treat them. Such equal consideration does not necessarily imply identical treatment of humans and non-humans, any more than it

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consequentialism requires that we avoid bad ones. Stronger versions of negative consequentialism will require active intervention to prevent bad and ameliorate existing harm. In weaker versions, simple forbearance from acts tending to harm others is sufficient. An example of this is the

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consequentialism, according to which a full, flourishing life, which may or may not be the same as enjoying a great deal of pleasure, is the ultimate aim. Similarly, one might adopt an aesthetic consequentialism, in which the ultimate aim is to produce beauty. However, one might fix on

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makes a similar argument against consequentialism in the case of the inquiring murder. The example asks whether or not it would be right to give false statement to an inquiring murderer in order to misdirect the individual away from the intended victim. He argues, in

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held that a certain set of minimal rules, which he calls "side-constraints," are necessary to ensure appropriate actions. There are also differences as to how absolute these moral rules are. Thus, while Nozick's side-constraints are absolute restrictions on behavior,

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moral theories such as consequentialism is the ability to produce practical moral judgements. At the very least, any moral theory needs to define the standpoint from which the goodness of the consequences are to be determined. What is primarily at stake here is the

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the act (or in some views, the rule under which it falls) will produce, will probably produce, or is intended to produce, a greater balance of good over evil than any available alternative. Different consequentialist theories differ in how they define

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Many consequentialist theories may seem primarily concerned with human beings and their relationships with other human beings. However, some philosophers argue that we should not limit our ethical consideration to the interests of human beings alone.

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consequentialism ignores the specific value a state of affairs has for any particular agent. Thus, in an agent-neutral theory, an actor's personal goals do not count any more than anyone else's goals in evaluating what action the actor should take.

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A fundamental distinction can be drawn between theories which require that agents act for ends perhaps disconnected from their own interests and drives, and theories which permit that agents act for ends in which they have some personal interest or

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states that people are driven by their interests and their fears, but their interests take precedence over their fears; their interests are carried out in accordance with how people view the consequences that might be involved with their interests.

870:, in his exposition of hedonistic utilitarianism, proposed a hierarchy of pleasures, meaning that the pursuit of certain kinds of pleasure is more highly valued than the pursuit of other pleasures. However, some contemporary utilitarians, such as 713:

in the consequentialist camp, whereas, in the contemporary sense of the word, they would be classified the other way round. This is due to changes in the meaning of the word, not due to changes in perceptions of W.D. Ross's and J.S. Mill's views.

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It is the business of the benevolent man to seek to promote what is beneficial to the world and to eliminate what is harmful, and to provide a model for the world. What benefits he will carry out; what does not benefit men he will leave alone

1254:, for example, claimed that "from the moral point of view, pain cannot be outweighed by pleasure." (While Popper is not a consequentialist per se, this is taken as a classic statement of negative utilitarianism.) When considering a theory of 1154:

Ethical altruism can be seen as a consequentialist theory which prescribes that an individual take actions that have the best consequences for everyone, not necessarily including themselves (similar to selflessness). This was advocated by

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Since pure consequentialism holds that an action is to be judged solely by its result, most consequentialist theories hold that a deliberate action is no different from a deliberate decision not to act. This contrasts with the

638:): deontology, in which rules and moral duty are central, derives the rightness or wrongness of one's conduct from the character of the behaviour itself, rather than the outcomes of the conduct. It is also contrasted with both 865:

is the paradigmatic example of a consequentialist moral theory. This form of utilitarianism holds that what matters is the aggregate happiness; the happiness of everyone, and not the happiness of any particular person.

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proposes a theory that recognizes the importance of certain rules, but these rules are not absolute. That is, they may be violated if strict adherence to the rule would lead to much more undesirable consequences.

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Moral action always has consequences for certain people or things. Varieties of consequentialism can be differentiated by the beneficiary of the good consequences. That is, one might ask "Consequences for whom?"

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Kant, I.: 1898, ‘On a Supposed Right to Tell Lies from Benevolent Motives’, In: T.K. Abbott (trans.), Kant's Critique of Practical Reason and Other Works on the Theory of Ethics. London: Longmans, Green and

1258:, negative consequentialists may use a statewide or global-reaching principle: the reduction of suffering (for the disadvantaged) is more valuable than increased pleasure (for the affluent or luxurious). 746:

it, or the rule under which it falls, produces, will probably produce, or is intended to produce, a greater balance of good over evil than any alternative act. This concept is exemplified by the famous

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the general welfare of society for two reasons: because individuals know how to please themselves best, and because if everyone were an austere altruist then general welfare would inevitably decrease.

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In general, consequentialist theories focus on actions. However, this need not be the case. Rule consequentialism is a theory that is sometimes seen as an attempt to reconcile consequentialism with

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involves following certain rules. However, rule consequentialism chooses rules based on the consequences that the selection of those rules has. Rule consequentialism exists in the forms of

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We must be clear about the fact that all ethically oriented conduct may be guided by one of two fundamentally differing and irreconcilably opposed maxims: conduct can be oriented to an

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of that conduct. Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right act (including omission from acting) is one that will produce a good outcome. Consequentialism, along with

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is an important factor that makes it more difficult to predict the ethical value of consequences, even though most would agree that only predictable consequences are charged with a

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One way to divide various consequentialisms is by the types of consequences that are taken to matter most, that is, which consequences count as good states of affairs. According to

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adhering to rule consequentialism when one can only reason on an intuitive level, and to act consequentialism when in a position to stand back and reason on a more critical level.

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The normative status of an action depends on its consequences according to consequentialism. The consequences of the actions of an agent may include other actions by this agent.

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Ethical egoism can be understood as a consequentialist theory according to which the consequences for the individual agent are taken to matter more than any other result. Thus,

3267: 1006:, Mohist consequentialism, dating back to the 5th century BCE, is the "world's earliest form of consequentialism, a remarkably sophisticated version based on a plurality of 1294:

disagree on how later possible actions impact the normative status of the current action by the same agent. Actualists assert that it is only relevant what the agent

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argued for a theory that is mostly consequentialist, but incorporates inviolable "side-constraints" which restrict the sort of actions agents are permitted to do.

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decision to act was based on a right motive. A possible inference is that one can not be blamed for mistaken judgments if the motivation was to do good.

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actually do later for assessing the value of an alternative. Possibilists, on the other hand, hold that we should also take into account what the agent

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some sort of good consequences. However, negative utilitarianism lays out a consequentialist theory that focuses solely on minimizing bad consequences.

673:, which are commonly considered a "deontological" concept, can only be justified with reference to the consequences of having those rights. Similarly, 898:, or rules-based ethics—and in some cases, this is stated as a criticism of rule consequentialism. Like deontology, rule consequentialism holds that 3166: 705:" in 1958. However, the meaning of the word has changed over the time since Anscombe used it: in the sense she coined it, she had explicitly placed 6817: 2451: 780:

good or bad, rather than good or bad because of extrinsic factors (such as the act's consequences or the moral character of the person who acts).

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following Foot's lead, one might adopt a sort of consequentialism that argues that virtuous activity ultimately produces the best consequences.

2473: 1365:, a critic of utilitarianism, argues that utilitarianism, in common with other forms of consequentialism, relies on the perspective of such an 1055: 3376:

Originally a speech at Munich University, 1918. Published as "Politik als Beruf," (Munich: Duncker & Humblodt, 1919). Later in Max Weber,

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consequentialism, on the other hand, focuses on the particular needs of the moral agent. Thus, in an agent-focused account, such as one that

2434:"he advocated a form of state consequentialism, which sought to maximize three basic goods: the wealth, order, and population of the state 1885: 6833: 3714: 3695: 3676: 1002: 2554:

The goods that serve as criteria of morality are collective or public, in contrast, for instance, to individual happiness or well-being

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argument, which encourages others to avoid a specified act on the grounds that it may ultimately lead to undesirable consequences.

5845: 5690: 2867: 1819: 756: 540: 514: 5720: 3742: 2637: 1718: 1096:. The importance of outcomes that are good for the community outweigh the importance of individual pleasure and pain. The term 654:: advancing collectively as a society over the course of many lifetimes, such that any moral criterion is subject to revision. 376: 6801: 5746: 4906: 1523:

argues that consequences in themselves have no ethical content, unless it has been provided by a virtue such as benevolence.

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The Rejection of Consequentialism: A Philosophical Investigation of the Considerations Underlying Rival Moral Conceptions

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in this sense, one can interpret Xunzi's political philosophy as a form of state utilitarianism or state consequentialism

1361:(selfless) account of consequentialism, is to employ an ideal, neutral observer from which moral judgements can be made. 1000:

that evaluates the moral worth of an action based on how much it contributes to the welfare of a state. According to the

6865: 6825: 6738: 5725: 5630: 5278: 3995: 1037:, which he viewed as pointless and a threat to social stability; "material wealth" of Mohist consequentialism refers to 509: 1309:

One counterintuitive consequence of actualism is that agents can avoid moral obligations simply by having an imperfect

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Often "negative" consequentialist theories assert that reducing suffering is more important than increasing pleasure.

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avoids this objection by not basing his form of rule-consequentialism on the ideal of maximizing the good. He writes:

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Various theorists are split as to whether the rules are the only determinant of moral behavior or not. For example,

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described Hooker's book as the "best statement and defence, so far, of one of the most important moral theories."

7055: 7045: 7040: 6984: 5602: 3814: 3804: 3405: 3249: 3247:. 2007. "Can Utilitarianism Be Distributive? Maximization and Distribution as Criteria in Managerial Decisions." 2128: 1222: 876: 861: 845: 841: 620: 261: 7000: 6487: 6144: 5900: 5705: 5268: 4518: 4358: 4355: 4081: 3915: 3900: 2736: 1174: 849: 739: 597: 138: 1283:

This section is about actualism and possibilism in ethics. For actualism and possibilism in metaphysics, see

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will prescribe actions that may be beneficial, detrimental, or neutral to the welfare of others. Some, like

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Gregersen, Hal B., and Lee Sailer. 1993. "Chaos theory and its implications for social science research."

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Stables, Andrew (2016). "Responsibility beyond rationality: The case for rhizomatic consequentialism".

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In practice, it is very difficult, and at times arguably impossible, to adopt the point of view of an

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argued that, in practice, when understood properly, rule consequentialism, Kantian deontology, and

643: 581: 519: 323: 278: 232: 165: 145: 96: 81: 880:. Other contemporary forms of utilitarianism mirror the forms of consequentialism outlined below. 7050: 6939: 6934: 6769: 6708: 6578: 6166: 6073: 6058: 6010: 5958: 5761: 5730: 5710: 5658: 5640: 5615: 5610: 5562: 5549: 5516: 5411: 5313: 5248: 5204: 5148: 4988: 4817: 4711: 4619: 4423: 4302: 4293: 4256: 4251: 4157: 4152: 4129: 4048: 3862: 3789: 3566: 3547: 3116: 3064: 3005: 2838: 2778: 2629: 2512: 2419: 2027: 1928: 1849: 1829: 1814: 1208:

Another consequentialist application view is motive consequentialism, which looks at whether the

1050: 738:, 'science') argue that the moral value of any act consists in its tendency to produce things of 437: 343: 303: 298: 283: 273: 266: 217: 212: 190: 128: 2185: 3722: 2568: 2483: 1374:

the action that will bring about the best consequences from this ideal observer's perspective.

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How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time: Solving the Riddle of Right and Wrong

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non-psychological goods as the relevant effect. Thus, one might pursue an increase in

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writes that the moral goods of Mohism "are interrelated: more basic wealth, then more

856:" is required for the experience of pleasure or pain to have an ethical significance. 767:

i.e. if a goal is morally important enough, any method of achieving it is acceptable.

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as the sole moral good, "the basic goods in Mohist consequentialist thinking are...

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outlines, the agent might be concerned with the general welfare, but the agent is

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One major difference between these two approaches is the agent's responsibility.

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However, consequentialism and virtue ethics need not be entirely antagonistic.

1413:. These are called "agent-neutral" and "agent-focused" theories respectively. 1185:—in which the morality of an action is determined by that action's effects—and 646:

rather than on the nature or consequences of the act (or omission) itself, and

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One common tactic among consequentialists, particularly those committed to an

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consequentialism demands that we bring about good states of affairs, whereas

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Consequences of Compassion: An interpretation and Defense of Buddhist Ethics

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concerned with the immediate welfare of herself and her friends and family.

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their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think...

573: 4533: 2834: 2276: 2225: 3527: 6959: 6924: 6558: 6543: 6467: 6462: 6427: 6417: 6330: 6265: 6239: 5138: 5045: 5010: 4968: 4956: 4744: 4538: 4438: 4381: 4185: 4139: 4023: 1799: 1474: 1369:. The particular characteristics of this ideal observer can vary from an 1358: 1192:

The two-level approach to consequentialism is most often associated with

1161: 1089: 1080:

The Mohists believed that morality is based on "promoting the benefit of

1034: 776: 748: 612: 585: 442: 23:

Every advantage in the past is judged in the light of the final issue. —

3082:

Portmore, Douglas W. (2019). "3. What's the Relevant Sort of Control?".

2674: 1557:, in which individuals act in a faithful, rather than rational, manner. 6583: 6472: 6437: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6295: 6285: 4765: 4739: 4734: 4676: 4671: 4503: 4391: 4386: 4345: 4167: 4013: 3895: 3068: 3009: 2782: 2633: 2625: 2048:

Diamond, Cora (1997), Oderberg, David S.; Laing, Jacqueline A. (eds.),

1255: 1049:

were common, and population growth was seen as a moral necessity for a

1014: 874:, are concerned with maximizing the satisfaction of preferences, hence 651: 1088:'s views, state consequentialism is not utilitarian because it is not 6568: 6509: 6442: 6367: 6244: 5854: 5030: 4951: 4681: 4340: 4330: 4028: 3930: 1834: 1165:, and whose ethics can be summed up in the phrase "Live for others." 1129: 1046: 853: 616: 561: 389: 3083: 3060: 3044: 3027: 3001: 2985: 2944: 2908: 2774: 2617: 2796:

Haigh, Matthew; Wood, Jeffrey S.; Stewart, Andrew J. (2016-07-01).

2384:

Di Mo; Xunzi; Di Mo Xunzi Fei Han; Professor Burton Watson (1967).

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Commonsense Consequentialism: Wherein Morality Meets Rationality

2599:"Fa (Standards: Laws) and Meaning Changes in Chinese Philosophy" 1754: 1042: 975: 764: 5827: 5489: 4231: 3769: 3731: 722:

One common view is to classify consequentialism, together with

6514: 4691: 1114:"is motivated almost totally from the ruler's point of view." 1030: 3727: 6810:

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

1181:

This position can be described as a reconciliation between

927:

know that breaking the rule could produce better results).

3363:. 2018. "Revisiting Max Weber's Ethic of Responsibility." 3026:

Portmore, Douglas W. (2019). "5. Rationalist Maximalism".

2054:

Human Lives: Critical Essays on Consequentialist Bioethics

1084:

and eliminating harm to all under heaven." In contrast to

5823: 3528:"Consequentialism, Moralities of Concern and Selfishness" 2363:. Oxford University Press, new edition 2002, back cover. 1436:

individual, but bad for them as a citizen of their town.

1100:

has also been applied to the political philosophy of the

600:. Consequentialists hold in general that an act is right 3723:

University of Texas. Ethics Unwrapped – Consequentialism

1603:

On a Supposed Right to Tell Lies from Benevolent Motives

1461:

necessarily implies identical treatment of all humans.

665:) are not necessarily mutually exclusive. For example, 3168:

An Introduction to the Principles of Moral Legislation

2743:." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by 1610:

future amplification of the effects of small decisions

1473:, a good action is one that results in an increase in 774:

ethical theories, which hold that acts themselves are

2798:"Slippery slope arguments imply opposition to change" 970:: 仁之事者, 必务求于天下之利, 除天下之害, 将以为法乎天下. 利人乎, 即为; 不利人乎, 即止). 3225:

The quantification of 'happinenss' in utilitarianism

1029:." The word "order" refers to Mozi's stance against 6917: 6762: 6528: 6253: 6182: 6044: 5919: 5861: 5739: 5639: 5601: 5548: 5515: 5506: 5435: 5347: 5185: 5176: 5109: 4883: 4861: 4816: 4758: 4710: 4664: 4655: 4618: 4489: 4354: 4301: 4292: 4242: 4166: 4138: 4095: 4047: 4004: 3957: 3929: 3881: 3853: 3780: 2387:

Basic Writings of Mo Tzu, Hsün Tzu, and Han Fei Tzu

657:Some argue that consequentialist theories (such as 3501: 3384:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1946), 77-128. 2536:Jay L. Garfield; William Edelglass (9 June 2011). 1927: 982:(5th century BC) (Chapter 8: Against Music Part I) 770:Teleological ethical theories are contrasted with 2414:Ivanhoe, P.J.; Van Norden, Bryan William (2005). 2056:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 13–38, 3101:International Journal of Children's Spirituality 2896:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 1977:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2-3. 1495:, it is an especially suited moral theory for a 848:of pain. It can be argued that the existence of 685:would all end up prescribing the same behavior. 2747:. (Winter 2015 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, 2472:Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999). 1559: 963: 812: 584:are the ultimate basis for judgement about the 2761:Adams, R. M. (1976). "Motive Utilitarianism". 2174:Deontology, Consequentialism and Moral Realism 1975:Consequentialism: New Directions, New Problems 5839: 3743: 3088:. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press. 3032:. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press. 2152:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 97 f., 104. 1511:Consequentialism can also be contrasted with 541: 8: 6786:Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel 3021: 3019: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2509:Introduction to Classical Chinese Philosophy 2467: 2465: 630:Consequentialism is usually contrasted with 2949:Oxford Studies in Agency and Responsibility 2943:Timmerman, Travis; Swenson, Philip (2019). 2709:"Christian Religion and National Interests" 2409: 2407: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 5846: 5832: 5824: 5512: 5503: 5486: 5182: 4889: 4661: 4298: 4239: 4228: 3777: 3766: 3750: 3736: 3728: 2984:Jackson, Frank; Pargetter, Robert (1986). 2938: 2936: 2390:. Columbia University Press. p. 110. 1996: 1994: 548: 534: 115: 29: 2945:"How to Be an Actualist and Blame People" 2924: 2907:Cohen, Yishai; Timmerman, Travis (2016). 2890:Timmerman, Travis; Cohen, Yishai (2020). 2816: 2215: 2021: 1010:taken as constitutive of human welfare." 3045:"Dated Rightness and Moral Imperfection" 2416:Readings in classical Chinese philosophy 2304:"On Measuring the Moral Value of Action" 1553:is a concept in the moral philosophy of 1227:Most consequentialist theories focus on 1136:, argue that a certain degree of egoism 822:The Principles of Morals and Legislation 6818:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 3085:Opting for the Best: Oughts and Options 3029:Opting for the Best: Oughts and Options 2913:Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 2542:. Oxford University Press. p. 62. 2539:The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy 2452:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1872: 313: 180: 118: 37: 2475:The Cambridge History of Ancient China 1077:, kind, and so on unproblematically." 1056:The Cambridge History of Ancient China 943:moral disagreements and uncertainties. 661:) and deontological theories (such as 642:which focuses on the character of the 592:, falls under the broader category of 3571:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3356: 3354: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2567:Deen K. Chatterjee (6 October 2011). 1338:One important characteristic of many 840:, in this account, is defined as the 576:ethical theories that holds that the 7: 2043: 2041: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1626:Some consequentialists—most notably 1449:, who is regarded as the founder of 16:Ethical theory based on consequences 6834:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 3715:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3696:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3677:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3649:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3508:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3171:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2893:Actualism and Possibilism in Ethics 2694:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2281:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1934:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1901:28 May 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020. 1013:Unlike utilitarianism, which views 1003:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3596:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 2961:10.1093/oso/9780198845539.003.0009 611:, with chief candidates including 14: 3435:Consequentialism and Cluelessness 3310:Medical Ethics: A Reference Guide 3139:Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong 2688:Fisher, James; Dowdwen, Bradley. 1958:. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1493:in order of increasing preference 1302:do, even if she would not do it. 806:, best known for his advocacy of 515:Social and political philosophers 7015: 7014: 5807: 5806: 5793: 2986:"Oughts, Options, and Actualism" 2868:The Open Society and Its Enemies 2852:from the original on 2018-07-19. 2721:from the original on 2006-07-06. 2643:from the original on 2022-10-10. 2357:Hooker, Brad (30 January 2003). 2204:Journal of Consciousness Studies 1930:Consequentialism and Its Critics 1820:Instrumental and intrinsic value 59: 45: 3461:Utilitarianism: For and Against 3440:Philosophy & Public Affairs 3378:Gesammelte Politische Schriften 2129:""The end justifies the means"" 742:, meaning that an act is right 709:in the nonconsequentialist and 6802:The Theory of Moral Sentiments 6172:Value monism – Value pluralism 3481:Darwall, Stephen, ed. (2002). 3382:Max Weber: Essays in Sociology 3333:Zuckerman, Phil (2019-09-10). 2909:"Actualism Has Control Issues" 2570:Encyclopedia of Global Justice 2241:Consciousness and Moral Status 1404:Agent-focused or agent-neutral 623:, and broader notions of the " 1: 3565:Portmore, Douglas W. (2011). 3286:Chandler Brett (2014-07-16). 2507:Van Norden, Bryan W. (2011). 2319:. 1993. "Utilitarianism." In 2116:"the end justifies the means" 1825:Lesser of two evils principle 6866:On the Genealogy of Morality 6826:Critique of Practical Reason 5279:Ordinary language philosophy 3337:. Counterpoint. p. 21. 2200:"The Value of Consciousness" 2146:Mizzoni, John (2009-08-31). 2133:Cambridge English Dictionary 619:, the satisfaction of one's 5329:Contemporary utilitarianism 5244:Internalism and externalism 3685:Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter. 3308:Frezzo, Eldo (2018-10-25). 3199:(2002). Helga Kuhse (ed.). 3113:10.1080/1364436042000234404 2062:10.1007/978-1-349-25098-1_2 1269:acts and omissions doctrine 759:," variously attributed to 650:which treats morality like 7072: 6794:A Treatise of Human Nature 4593:Svatantrika and Prasangika 3645:Scheffler, Samuel (1994). 3465:Cambridge University Press 3415:10.1177/001872679304600701 3043:Goldman, Holly S. (1976). 2573:. Springer. p. 1170. 2480:Cambridge University Press 2325:Cambridge University Press 1973:Seidel, Christian (2018). 1926:Scheffler, Samuel (1988). 1891:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1845:Principle of double effect 1637: 1282: 1220: 1169:Two-level consequentialism 1147: 1121: 957: 887: 792: 7010: 5787: 5502: 5485: 4892: 4238: 4227: 3815:Philosophy of mathematics 3805:Philosophy of information 3776: 3765: 3612:10.4135/9781412965811.n60 3544:10.1017/S0031819100053432 3500:Goodman, Charles (2009). 3335:What it Means to be Moral 3250:Business Ethics Quarterly 2818:10.3758/s13421-016-0596-9 2737:Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter 2023:10.1017/S0031819100037943 2006:"Modern Moral Philosophy" 1634:Notable consequentialists 1292:Actualism and possibilism 1279:Actualism and possibilism 1223:Negative consequentialism 1217:Negative consequentialism 877:preference utilitarianism 862:hedonistic utilitarianism 784:Forms of consequentialism 262:Middle Eastern philosophy 6145:Universal prescriptivism 3312:. Routledge. p. 5. 3201:Unsanctifying Human Life 2606:Philosophy East and West 2238:Shepherd, Joshua. 2018. 2172:Thomas, A. Jean. 2015. " 850:phenomenal consciousness 5934:Artificial intelligence 5284:Postanalytic philosophy 5225:Experimental philosophy 3706:"Rule Consequentialism" 2926:10.26556/jesp.v10i3.104 2751:. Retrieved 2019-02-01. 2707:Moran, Gabriel (2006). 2445:Fraser, Chris. 2015. " 2345:Oxford University Press 2095:Encyclopedia Britannica 1805:Demandingness objection 1567:ethic of responsibility 1515:moral theories such as 1204:Motive consequentialism 994:Mohist consequentialism 703:Modern Moral Philosophy 669:advances the idea that 5417:Social constructionism 4429:Hellenistic philosophy 3845:Theoretical philosophy 3820:Philosophy of religion 3810:Philosophy of language 3365:Perspektiven Der Ethik 3223:Simmons, H. J. 1986. " 2805:Memory & Cognition 2360:Ideal Code, Real World 2341:Ideal Code, Real World 1583: 1577:Politics as a Vocation 1563:ethic of ultimate ends 1539: 1159:, who coined the term 1098:state consequentialism 1067:David Shepherd Nivison 1027:increase in population 989:State consequentialism 985: 960:State consequentialism 954:State consequentialism 945: 932:Ideal Code, Real World 827: 810: 586:rightness or wrongness 485:Aesthetic philosophers 27: 6858:The Methods of Ethics 6096:Divine command theory 6091:Ideal observer theory 5800:Philosophy portal 5319:Scientific skepticism 5299:Reformed epistemology 3825:Philosophy of science 3598:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 3586:Price, Terry (2008). 3485:. Oxford: Blackwell. 3203:. Oxford: Blackwell. 2763:Journal of Philosophy 2597:Hansen, Chad (1994). 2091:"Teleological ethics" 1954:Parfit, Derek. 2011. 1537: 1465:Value of consequences 1395:Consequences for whom 1187:rule consequentialism 1107:. On the other hand, 1102:Confucian philosopher 940: 884:Rule consequentialism 802: 66:Philosophy portal 22: 6975:Political philosophy 5220:Critical rationalism 4927:Edo neo-Confucianism 4771:Acintya bheda abheda 4750:Renaissance humanism 4461:School of the Sextii 3835:Practical philosophy 3830:Political philosophy 3049:Philosophical Review 2990:Philosophical Review 2677:on December 9, 2007. 2663:. NY: Dover (1981). 2660:The Method of Ethics 1640:List of utilitarians 1614:moral responsibility 1501:decision theoretical 1273:voluntary euthanasia 1183:act consequentialism 844:of pleasure and the 632:deontological ethics 510:Philosophers of mind 6945:Evolutionary ethics 6906:Reasons and Persons 6882:A Theory of Justice 6036:Uncertain sentience 4791:Nimbarka Sampradaya 4702:Korean Confucianism 4449:Academic Skepticism 3288:"24 and Philosophy" 3233:McMaster University 3185:on January 5, 2008. 3141:. London: Penguin. 2749:Stanford University 1886:Teleological Ethics 1731:Niccolò Machiavelli 904:rule utilitarianism 890:Rule utilitarianism 732:, 'end, purpose' + 594:teleological ethics 520:Women in philosophy 250:Indigenous American 33:Part of a series on 6940:Ethics in religion 6935:Descriptive ethics 6770:Nicomachean Ethics 5412:Post-structuralism 5314:Scientific realism 5269:Quinean naturalism 5249:Logical positivism 5205:Analytical Marxism 4424:Peripatetic school 4336:Chinese naturalism 3863:Aesthetic response 3790:Applied philosophy 3687:"Consequentialism" 3672:"Consequentialism" 3606:. pp. 91–93. 3588:"Consequentialism" 2513:Hackett Publishing 2420:Hackett Publishing 2259:20.500.12657/30007 2149:Ethics: The Basics 2118:in the Wiktionary. 2002:Anscombe, G. E. M. 1850:Situational ethics 1830:Mental reservation 1815:Effective altruism 1540: 1353:The ideal observer 1262:Acts and omissions 1175:two-level approach 1051:harmonious society 811: 213:Eastern philosophy 28: 7028: 7027: 6995:Social philosophy 6980:Population ethics 6970:Philosophy of law 6950:History of ethics 6433:Political freedom 6110:Euthyphro dilemma 5901:Suffering-focused 5821: 5820: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5200:Analytic feminism 5172: 5171: 5134:Kierkegaardianism 5096:Transcendentalism 5056:Neo-scholasticism 4902:Classical Realism 4879: 4878: 4651: 4650: 4466:Neopythagoreanism 4223: 4222: 4219: 4218: 3840:Social philosophy 3656:978-0-19-823511-8 3621:978-1-4129-6580-4 3578:978-0-19-979453-9 3515:978-0-19-537519-0 3492:978-0-631-23108-0 3231:). Hamilton, ON: 3210:978-0-631-22507-2 3178:978-0-19-820516-6 3148:978-0-14-013558-9 2670:978-0-915145-28-7 2580:978-1-4020-9159-9 2549:978-0-19-532899-8 2522:978-1-60384-468-0 2493:978-0-521-47030-8 2429:978-0-87220-780-6 2397:978-0-231-02515-7 2370:978-0-19-925657-0 2317:Williams, Bernard 2302:D'Souza, Jeevan. 2288:978-0-19-875163-2 2273:Mill, John Stuart 2198:Levy, N. (2014). 2071:978-1-349-25098-1 1941:978-0-19-875073-4 1719:Francis Hutcheson 1665:Richard B. Brandt 1591:G. E. M. Anscombe 1488:political liberty 1484:material equality 1378:The real observer 1150:Altruism (ethics) 699:G. E. M. 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C. 3451: 3447: 3429: 3425: 3409:46(7):777–802. 3406:Human Relations 3402: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3375: 3371: 3359: 3352: 3345: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3261: 3257: 3243: 3239: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3179: 3163:Bentham, Jeremy 3161: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3061:10.2307/2184275 3042: 3041: 3037: 3025: 3024: 3017: 3002:10.2307/2185591 2983: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2889: 2888: 2879: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2800: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2775:10.2307/2025783 2760: 2759: 2755: 2735: 2726: 2718: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2671: 2655:Sidgwick, Henry 2653: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2618:10.2307/1399736 2601: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2550: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2471: 2470: 2463: 2444: 2440: 2430: 2413: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2335: 2331: 2315: 2311: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2289: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2257: 2237: 2233: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2109: 2099: 2097: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2047: 2046: 2039: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1985: 1972: 1971: 1962: 1956:On What Matters 1953: 1949: 1942: 1925: 1924: 1905: 1883: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1795: 1790: 1683:Milton Friedman 1642: 1636: 1588: 1582: 1573: 1545: 1509: 1467: 1456:More recently, 1442: 1440:Human-centered? 1406: 1397: 1380: 1355: 1336: 1334:Action guidance 1331: 1311:moral character 1288: 1281: 1264: 1225: 1219: 1206: 1171: 1152: 1146: 1126: 1120: 1094:individualistic 1023:material wealth 1008:intrinsic goods 984: 974: 962: 956: 892: 886: 826: 819: 797: 791: 786: 740:intrinsic value 720: 691: 617:absence of pain 598:intrinsic value 554: 525: 524: 490:Epistemologists 480: 479: 468: 467: 404: 380: 379: 368: 367: 113: 112: 101: 60: 58: 57: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7069: 7067: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7033: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7022: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 6997: 6992: 6990:Secular ethics 6987: 6985:Rehabilitation 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6903: 6895: 6887: 6879: 6871: 6863: 6855: 6850:Utilitarianism 6847: 6839: 6831: 6823: 6815: 6807: 6799: 6791: 6783: 6775: 6766: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6535: 6533: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6210:Existentialist 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6148: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6105:Constructivism 6102: 6101: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6079:Non-naturalism 6076: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5925: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5906:Utilitarianism 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5803: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5603:Middle Eastern 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5521: 5519: 5510: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5490: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5467: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5437: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5367:Existentialism 5364: 5362:Deconstruction 5359: 5353: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5195:Applied ethics 5191: 5189: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5159:Nietzscheanism 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5101:Utilitarianism 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4999:Transcendental 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4937:Existentialism 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4810: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4725:Augustinianism 4722: 4716: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4668: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4645: 4640: 4638:Zoroastrianism 4635: 4630: 4624: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4495: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4481:Church Fathers 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4363: 4361: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4307: 4305: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4254: 4248: 4246: 4236: 4235: 4232: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4172: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4101: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4010: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3996:Libertarianism 3993: 3992: 3991: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3935: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3887: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3859: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3800:Metaphilosophy 3797: 3792: 3786: 3784: 3774: 3773: 3770: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3747: 3740: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3704:Hooker, Brad. 3701: 3682: 3666: 3665:External links 3663: 3662: 3661: 3655: 3642: 3620: 3604:Cato Institute 3592:Hamowy, Ronald 3583: 3577: 3562: 3524:Honderich, Ted 3520: 3514: 3497: 3491: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3445: 3423: 3396: 3386: 3369: 3350: 3344:978-1640092747 3343: 3325: 3319:978-1138581074 3318: 3300: 3278: 3255: 3253:17(4):593–611. 3237: 3216: 3209: 3188: 3177: 3154: 3147: 3126: 3107:(2): 219–225. 3091: 3074: 3055:(4): 449–487. 3035: 3015: 2996:(2): 233–255. 2976: 2969: 2932: 2899: 2877: 2855: 2811:(5): 819–836. 2788: 2769:(14): 467–81. 2753: 2724: 2699: 2680: 2669: 2646: 2612:(3): 435–488. 2589: 2579: 2559: 2548: 2528: 2521: 2515:. p. 52. 2499: 2492: 2461: 2438: 2428: 2422:. p. 60. 2403: 2396: 2376: 2369: 2349: 2329: 2309: 2294: 2287: 2278:Utilitarianism 2264: 2231: 2190: 2165: 2158: 2138: 2120: 2107: 2082: 2070: 2037: 1990: 1983: 1960: 1947: 1940: 1903: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1855:Utilitarianism 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1785:J. J. C. Smart 1782: 1776: 1773:Henry Sidgwick 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1695:William Godwin 1692: 1689:David Friedman 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1659:Jeremy Bentham 1656: 1653:Jonathan Baron 1650: 1643: 1635: 1632: 1587: 1584: 1571: 1544: 1541: 1508: 1505: 1471:utilitarianism 1466: 1463: 1451:utilitarianism 1447:Jeremy Bentham 1441: 1438: 1405: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1384:ideal observer 1379: 1376: 1367:ideal observer 1354: 1351: 1349:of the agent. 1346:responsibility 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1280: 1277: 1263: 1260: 1245:slippery-slope 1218: 1215: 1205: 1202: 1170: 1167: 1148:Main article: 1145: 1142: 1134:Henry Sidgwick 1124:Ethical egoism 1122:Main article: 1119: 1118:Ethical egoism 1116: 1086:Jeremy Bentham 998:ethical theory 972: 958:Main article: 955: 952: 900:moral behavior 885: 882: 859:Historically, 831:Jeremy Bentham 817: 808:utilitarianism 804:Jeremy Bentham 795:Utilitarianism 793:Main article: 790: 789:Utilitarianism 787: 785: 782: 755:justifies the 744:if and only if 719: 718:Classification 716: 701:in her essay " 697:was coined by 690: 687: 683:contractualism 663:Kantian ethics 659:utilitarianism 603:if and only if 568:is a class of 556: 555: 553: 552: 545: 538: 530: 527: 526: 523: 522: 517: 512: 507: 505:Metaphysicians 502: 497: 492: 487: 481: 475: 474: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 433:Metaphilosophy 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 403: 402: 397: 392: 387: 381: 375: 374: 373: 370: 369: 364: 363: 362: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 318: 317: 311: 310: 309: 308: 307: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 271: 270: 269: 259: 258: 257: 247: 246: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 210: 209: 208: 203: 198: 185: 184: 178: 177: 176: 175: 174: 173: 168: 158: 153: 148: 143: 142: 141: 136: 123: 122: 114: 108: 107: 106: 103: 102: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 54: 51: 50: 42: 41: 35: 34: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7068: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7021: 7013: 7012: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6907: 6904: 6899: 6896: 6891: 6888: 6883: 6880: 6875: 6872: 6867: 6864: 6859: 6856: 6851: 6848: 6843: 6840: 6835: 6832: 6827: 6824: 6819: 6816: 6811: 6808: 6803: 6800: 6795: 6792: 6787: 6784: 6779: 6776: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6403:Moral courage 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6341:Good and evil 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6326:Family values 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6140:Quasi-realism 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5964:Environmental 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5886:Particularism 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5837: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5814: 5813: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5790: 5789: 5786: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5740:Miscellaneous 5738: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436:Miscellaneous 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5422:Structuralism 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5407:Postmodernism 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5397:Phenomenology 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5334:Vienna Circle 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5264:Moral realism 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5066:Phenomenology 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5006:Individualism 5004: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4882: 4872: 4871:Judeo-Islamic 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4847:ʿIlm al-Kalām 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4796:Shuddhadvaita 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4730:Scholasticism 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4226: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4181:Conceptualism 4179: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4110:Particularism 4108: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4077:Functionalism 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4062:Eliminativism 4060: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3967:Compatibilism 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3906:Particularism 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3569: 3563: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3511: 3506: 3505: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3443:29(4):342–70. 3442: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3431:Lenman, James 3427: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3400: 3397: 3390: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3361:Siebeck, Mohr 3357: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3340: 3336: 3329: 3326: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3301: 3289: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197:Singer, Peter 3192: 3189: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3135:Mackie, J. L. 3130: 3127: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3086: 3078: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3030: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2970:9780198845539 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2894: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2878: 2875:. pp. 284–85. 2874: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2792: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2710: 2703: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2500: 2495: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2380: 2377: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2250:9781315396347 2247: 2244:. Routledge. 2243: 2242: 2235: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2166: 2161: 2159:9781405189941 2155: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2096: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2073: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2016:(124): 1–19. 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1984:9780190270124 1980: 1976: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1937: 1932: 1931: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1887: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1840:Omission bias 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1810:Dharma-yuddha 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1767:Peter Railton 1765: 1762: 1761:Philip Pettit 1759: 1757:(470–391 BCE) 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1707:John Harsanyi 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1628:Peter Railton 1624: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1599: 1598:Immanuel Kant 1595: 1592: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1542: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1521:Philippa Foot 1518: 1517:virtue ethics 1514: 1507:Virtue ethics 1506: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1497:probabilistic 1494: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1426:Peter Railton 1423: 1422:Agent-focused 1418: 1417:Agent-neutral 1414: 1412: 1403: 1401: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1386:. Individual 1385: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1286: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1230: 1224: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1157:Auguste Comte 1151: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 990: 981: 977: 971: 969: 961: 953: 951: 949: 944: 939: 937: 933: 928: 924: 921: 916: 915:Robert Nozick 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 891: 883: 881: 879: 878: 873: 869: 864: 863: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 838: 832: 823: 816: 809: 805: 801: 796: 788: 783: 781: 779: 778: 773: 772:deontological 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 745: 741: 737: 736: 731: 730: 725: 724:virtue ethics 717: 715: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 688: 686: 684: 680: 676: 675:Robert Nozick 672: 668: 667:T. M. Scanlon 664: 660: 655: 653: 649: 645: 641: 640:virtue ethics 637: 633: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 604: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 551: 546: 544: 539: 537: 532: 531: 529: 528: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 478: 472: 471: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 448:Phenomenology 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 382: 378: 372: 371: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 321: 320: 319: 316: 312: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 276: 275: 272: 268: 265: 264: 263: 260: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 214: 211: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 193: 192: 189: 188: 187: 186: 183: 179: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 140: 139:Ancient Greek 137: 135: 132: 131: 130: 127: 126: 125: 124: 121: 117: 111: 105: 104: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 67: 56: 55: 53: 52: 48: 44: 43: 40: 36: 32: 31: 26: 21: 6999: 6955:Human rights 6898:After Virtue 6624:Schopenhauer 6398:Moral agency 6271:Common sense 6167:Universalism 6135:Expressivism 6115:Intuitionism 6086:Subjectivism 6031:Terraforming 6006:Professional 5870: 5805: 5791: 5462: 5453:Postcritique 5443:Kyoto School 5402:Posthumanism 5382:Hermeneutics 5237: / 5214: 5178:Contemporary 5154:Newtonianism 5117:Cartesianism 5076:Reductionism 4912:Conservatism 4907:Collectivism 4845: 4573:Sarvāstivadā 4551:Anekantavada 4476:Neoplatonism 4444:Epicureanism 4377:Pythagoreans 4316:Confucianism 4282:Contemporary 4272:Early modern 4176:Anti-realism 4130:Universalism 4087:Subjectivism 3938: 3883:Epistemology 3713: 3694: 3675: 3646: 3595: 3567: 3555:. 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Retrieved 2094: 2085: 2075:, retrieved 2053: 2013: 2009: 1974: 1955: 1950: 1929: 1895: 1889: 1779:Peter Singer 1725:Shelly Kagan 1677:Julia Driver 1625: 1618: 1607: 1596: 1589: 1575: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1550:ultimate end 1548: 1546: 1543:Ultimate end 1525: 1510: 1468: 1458:Peter Singer 1455: 1443: 1434: 1429: 1421: 1416: 1415: 1407: 1398: 1388:moral agents 1381: 1356: 1344: 1337: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1268: 1265: 1249: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1207: 1198:Peter Singer 1191: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1172: 1160: 1153: 1137: 1127: 1097: 1079: 1071:reproduction 1054: 1012: 1001: 993: 987: 986: 979: 964: 948:Derek Parfit 946: 941: 931: 929: 925: 912: 893: 875: 872:Peter Singer 860: 858: 846:minimization 842:maximization 835: 829:In summary, 828: 821: 813: 775: 769: 743: 733: 727: 721: 694: 692: 679:Derek Parfit 671:human rights 656: 635: 629: 625:general good 601: 593: 578:consequences 574:teleological 565: 559: 477:Philosophers 385:Epistemology 206:South Africa 161:Contemporary 110:Philosophies 6773:(c. 322 BC) 6639:Kierkegaard 6458:Stewardship 6235:Rousseauian 6152:Rationalism 6064:Cognitivism 6011:Programming 5986:Meat eating 5959:Engineering 5448:Objectivism 5387:Neo-Marxism 5349:Continental 5259:Meta-ethics 5239:Coherentism 5144:Hegelianism 5081:Rationalism 5041:Natural law 5021:Materialism 4947:Historicism 4917:Determinism 4808:Navya-Nyāya 4583:Sautrāntika 4578:Pudgalavada 4514:Vaisheshika 4367:Presocratic 4267:Renaissance 4206:Physicalism 4191:Materialism 4097:Normativity 4082:Objectivism 4067:Emergentism 4057:Behaviorism 4006:Metaphysics 3972:Determinism 3911:Rationalism 3290:. Blackwell 2955:: 216–240. 2919:(3): 1–18. 2745:E. N. Zalta 2626:10722/45241 2457:E. N. Zalta 1787:(1920–2012) 1781:(born 1946) 1775:(1838–1900) 1769:(born 1950) 1763:(born 1945) 1751:(1873–1958) 1749:G. E. Moore 1745:(1806–1873) 1739:(1773–1836) 1733:(1469–1527) 1727:(born 1963) 1721:(1694–1746) 1715:(born 1957) 1713:Brad Hooker 1709:(1920–2000) 1703:(1919–2002) 1697:(1756–1836) 1691:(born 1945) 1685:(1912–2006) 1673:(1857–1952) 1667:(1910–1997) 1661:(1748–1832) 1655:(born 1944) 1649:(born 1937) 1647:R. M. Adams 1574:Max Weber, 1319:possibilism 1252:Karl Popper 1039:basic needs 936:Brad Hooker 920:Amartya Sen 908:rule egoism 761:Machiavelli 621:preferences 609:moral goods 590:eudaimonism 400:Metaphysics 315:By religion 171:Continental 151:Renaissance 25:Demosthenes 7035:Categories 6669:Bonhoeffer 6378:Immorality 6321:Eudaimonia 6281:Conscience 6276:Compassion 6162:Skepticism 6157:Relativism 6074:Naturalism 6054:Absolutism 6026:Technology 5876:Deontology 5747:Amerindian 5654:Australian 5593:Vietnamese 5573:Indonesian 5122:Kantianism 5071:Positivism 5061:Pragmatism 5036:Naturalism 5016:Liberalism 4994:Subjective 4932:Empiricism 4836:Avicennism 4781:Bhedabheda 4665:East Asian 4588:Madhyamaka 4568:Abhidharma 4434:Pyrrhonism 4201:Nominalism 4196:Naturalism 4125:Skepticism 4115:Relativism 4105:Absolutism 4034:Naturalism 3944:Deontology 3916:Skepticism 3901:Naturalism 3891:Empiricism 3855:Aesthetics 3759:Philosophy 3630:2008009151 3557:2023-09-18 3532:Philosophy 3367:12. p. 67. 3294:2019-12-27 3263:King, Iain 2739:. 2019. " 2482:. p. 2077:2024-03-21 2010:Philosophy 1867:References 1737:James Mill 1701:R. M. Hare 1671:John Dewey 1638:See also: 1586:Criticisms 1503:approach. 1491:least put 1479:eudaimonic 1411:motivation 1371:omniscient 1363:John Rawls 1359:altruistic 1323:maximalism 1221:See also: 1194:R. M. Hare 1109:"legalist" 1090:hedonistic 1064:sinologist 1045:, war and 896:deontology 888:See also: 777:inherently 636:deontology 408:Aesthetics 97:Categories 39:Philosophy 7051:Teleology 6930:Casuistry 6842:Either/Or 6749:Korsgaard 6744:Azurmendi 6709:MacIntyre 6649:Nietzsche 6579:Augustine 6574:Confucius 6554:Aristotle 6530:Ethicists 6488:Intrinsic 6453:Suffering 6363:Happiness 6336:Free will 6316:Etiquette 6261:Authority 6205:Epicurean 6200:Confucian 6195:Christian 6130:Emotivism 5954:Discourse 5891:Pragmatic 5863:Normative 5626:Pakistani 5588:Taiwanese 5535:Ethiopian 5508:By region 5494:By region 5309:Scientism 5304:Systemics 5164:Spinozism 5091:Socialism 5026:Modernism 4989:Objective 4897:Anarchism 4831:Averroism 4720:Christian 4672:Neotaoism 4643:Zurvanism 4633:Mithraism 4628:Mazdakism 4399:Cyrenaics 4326:Logicians 3959:Free will 3921:Solipsism 3868:Formalism 3638:750831024 3552:146267944 3433:. 2000. " 3274:Continuum 3137:(1990) . 3121:214650271 2873:Routledge 2827:0090-502X 2347:. p. 101. 2186:1393-614X 2180:19:1–24. 2032:197875941 1860:Welfarism 1565:or to an 1555:Max Weber 1538:Max Weber 1528:Iain King 1340:normative 1285:Actualism 1229:promoting 837:Happiness 711:W.D. Ross 707:J.S. 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