53:
2153:), noting that both alike are arts of persuasion. Both deal, not with a specific genus or subject, but with the broadly applicable principles of things that come within the ken of all people. Rhetoric is distinguished from dialectic in that the former employs not only a specific type of syllogism (i.e., enthymeme), but additionally makes use of the character of the speaker and the emotions of the audience to perform its persuasive task.
3446:
2428:
2448:
3457:
1803:
In addition to these distinctions, intelligibility of the alleged property is an important topic. A property is rendered correctly when the terms used to state the property are more intelligible than the property, or if the subject is more intelligible. Intelligible here is something more immediately
1762:
Lastly, there is a topic about affectation. That which is affected should not be in a genus of what affects or the other way around. Air is affected by wind (it is made to move a certain way) but that doesn't mean that wind is a type of air, or that air is a type of wind. Wind is not "air in motion",
1888:
First, Aristotle mentions some topics about obscure definitions. Is the definition ambiguous? Is the definition metaphorical? Is it a little bit of both, which is even more confusing? Is the definition of the contrary unclear? Is a single definition used to define more than one sense of an ambiguous
1835:
Does the property described in terms of a state fail to be a property of the state? Then the opposite property is not a property of deprivation of the state. Lack of sensation is not a property of deafness, and therefore equally, sensation is not a property of hearing; although both deal with sound,
1656:
Recognizing if an accident belongs to a subject is also important. If the accident increases along with an increase in the subject, then the accident belongs to the subject. For example, if more pleasure means more good, then pleasure belongs to the good. If a thing doesn't possess an attribute, and
2027:
Aristotle ends with suggestions that you can use for yourself to practice and hone your skill. He mentions the importance of memory, and that you should have easily accessible ideas such as definitions, primary ideas, and familiar ideas. It is generally better to commit to memory premises that have
1892:
Then, he points out a topic for superfluous definitions. Does the definition still make clear the essence of the term and what makes it particular, after you remove a portion of it? If so, the definition is superfluous, you can cut out that part. For example, if man is defined as "rational animal",
1828:
Is a thing declared to be a property of itself, and true of the whole but not the parts? This would not be a property properly rendered. It can be proper to consider parts of the ocean as a property of the ocean, in the sense that they are just more ocean. But it would not be proper if that portion
2090:
These "commonly held opinions" are not merely popular notions held by the man-on-the-street about any and all subjects; rather, the dialectical ενδοξα are commonplaces of reason upon which those who conscientiously dispute (all men, most men, the wise, most of the wise, or the best known among the
1977:
2 and 3 are unique for dialecticians. The arrangement should involve inductively securing premises, lending weight to argument, concealing conclusions, and making argument clear. Concealment is basically for making the conclusion not so obvious, which can make somebody more receptive because it is
1921:
See if a definition made out of two distinct parts, A + B, can fail to apply when only one party is present. Justice could be defined as "temperance or courage", but in reality, if one person only has temperance, they are not just, because a just person would actually need both. This is similar to
1668:
Desirability and the good are treated as the subject of "better". Remember that these statements are in relation to arguments about what most people accept is the case, as in all of Topics. What is lasting is more desirable than what is less lasting. What an expert would choose, or what in general
1981:
There are additional topics for argument construction. You can't show first principles with the propositions shown through them, so first principles are understood through definition. Inferences closer to first principles are harder to argue with because fewer arguments can be used with regard to
1943:
Aristotle provides one more topic about definition. If the thing defined possesses contraries equally likely to occur, the definition should not be through one of them. If the soul is equally capable of knowledge as it is of ignorance, then the soul should not be defined in terms of either. After
1498:
parts. The endoxa themselves are sometimes, but not always, set out in a propositional form, (i.e. an express major or minor proposition), from which the complete syllogism may be constructed. Often, such construction is left as a task to the speaker; Aristotle gives only the general strategy for
1675:
Similarity to other things that are desirable can help, but not always. You could argue that Ajax is better than
Odysseus because Ajax is more like Achilles. Ajax might not resemble Achilles on the relevant points. If man is the most beautiful, and monkeys resemble man more than horses, somebody
1989:
Aristotle makes clear that there are different rules for arguing for training or examination, compared to competition. Learners should state what they think, a questioning competitor should produce an effect on the other person, an answering competitor avoids being affected by the other person.
1648:
There are important considerations when dealing with these arguments. Is something called accidental when it should be ascribed differently? Examine cases where a predicate has been asserted or denied universally to belong to something. Define terms, even accidental terms. Define what you think
1844:
For a property in relation like that of the property rendered, does it belong to the subject in the same way as the rendered property with its subject? If doctor is to ability to produce health, and trainer is to the ability to produce vigor, then the ability to produce health is a property of
1652:
Sometimes, opponents should be drawn to make statements that you can easily respond to. This is necessary when the answerer has denied useful statements for you to attack the thesis. It is apparently necessary when someone makes a derivative statement. It is not necessary in any sense when the
1445:
fall." By element, he means a general form under which enthymemes of the same type can be included. Thus, a topic is a general argument source, from which the individual arguments are instances, and is a template from which many individual arguments can be constructed. The word
1669:
most people would choose, is more desirable. What is desired for itself is more desirable than what is desirable incidentally. The cause of good is more desirable than what happens incidentally. What is good absolutely is more desirable than what is good in particular.
2451:
1917:
When taking away the definition of one of the elements, does the rest of the definition of the complex term apply to the rest of the elements? If you define 'finite straight line', leaving out the definition of 'finite line' should leave you with the definition of
1649:
should be called by what most people call them. The reason is that sometimes you need the definition a doctor uses, sometimes the definition used by most people. You can also alter terms into more familiar ones so that the thesis becomes easier to attack.
1749:
Sometimes people reverse differentia with genus. If astonishment is defined as excess of wonderment, and excess is treated as genus while wonderment is treated as differentia. But if excess is a genus, then even some inanimate things could have
1871:
Show that though the object has a genus, the opponent has failed to put the defined object into the genus, or to put it into the appropriate genus. The person creating a definition should first place the object in its genus, and then add the
2250:) are those that comprise science, and analyze a particular genus or subject matter by means of propositions or axioms that admit of no further syllogistic proof. "Contentious" arguments are those that proceed from propositions that only
1657:
the addition of something else makes it possess that attribute, then the added thing possesses the attribute and imparts it on the new thing. If a dish isn't spicy, then it becomes spicy after adding pepper, then pepper possesses spicy.
1848:
If what is more P fails to be a property of what is more S, then what is less P cannot be a property of what is less S. Higher sensation is a property of higher degrees of life, lesser sensation is a property of lesser degrees of
1985:
When inferences are drawn from premises more generally rejected than the conclusion, they should not be granted. Taking longer through many steps is faulty reasoning, because it conceals the grounds that the argument depends.
1724:
The genus that contains extremes also contains the intermediaries. But defect and excess are in the same genus as evil, yet the mean is good, so in this case, the genus does not contain the intermediary. But this topic often
1740:
Is a state placed in a genus that is an activity, or is an activity placed inside a state that is a genus? A state of focus is not the activity of thought. Memory is an active process but is not itself a state of
1696:
Is anything true of the species that is not true of the genus? An object of knowledge cannot be a genus of opinion because opinions are sometimes of things that don't exist, but this is not true of any object of
1759:
Importantly, you can distinguish genus from differentia by looking to see that the genus has a wider denotation, that the essence is stated for the genus, and that the differentia signifies a quality.
1478:, clearly Aristotle contemplates the use of topics as places from which dialectical arguments (i.e. arguments using endoxa) may be derived. This is evidenced by the fact that the introduction to the
2276:
This does not mean that it expresses an attribute comprising an essential element of the subject, but rather that it is a characteristic that is predicated solely of that subject and that it is an
1982:
them. It might seem like this should be easier because fewer arguments are possible, but this also means there are fewer paths to show first principles compared to deeper and derivative ideas.
1814:
Is the subject or species used to render a property? If so, the subject has not been made more intelligible; A property of animal would not properly be "what man belongs to as a species".
1435:, Aristotle does not explicitly define topic, though it is "at least primarily a strategy for argument not infrequently justified or explained by a principle". He characterises it in the
1597:
Methods and rationale for attaining each of these ends are briefly illustrated and explained. In particular, there is an analysis of how to find the different senses of a term.
1820:
Is the appropriateness of a property only obvious by sensation? This would make things uncertain and not necessarily follow. Noting this is useful for breaking apart arguments.
2293:
contemplates an adversarial system of question and answer, in which one party attempts to elicit from another, through yes-or-no questions, the conclusion he wishes to prove.
1672:
Consequences are another way to judge desirability. When something is of the greater consequence relative to the context, such as age of the speaker, it is more desirable.
2979:
1755:
Is the differentia being labeled as a genus? Immortality could distinguish living beings, but it cannot be a genus. Differentia doesn't signify essence, only quality.
2732:
1653:
opponent has made statements that are unrelated to the thesis, and you should concede the point if it's true because it makes no difference to the thesis anyway.
1150:
1952:
Book VII restates the proper method of definition, discusses the topic of sameness again, and compares the various difficulties involved in forming arguments.
1554:
Aristotle proceeds to note the utility of the art of dialectic, then presents four materials used in dialectical argument: accident (or incidental), property,
1507:
Book I is introductory, laying down a number of preliminary principles upon which dialectical argumentation proceeds. Aristotle first lists out five types of
1853:
Lastly, Aristotle notes that superlatives cannot be properties, because as soon as the thing perishes, the superlative could apply to something totally new.
1687:
Aristotle points out a number of errors that arguers make about genus relating genus to species. Some of these topics are as follows, phrased as questions:
971:
1909:
Is affectation rendered as the differentia? It shouldn't be, because the differentia shouldn't be what is changing, but rather, what is staying the same.
1960:
The final book contains suggestions, hints, and some tricks about the techniques of organizing and delivering one or the other side of verbal argument.
2910:
2484:
1817:
Is the opposite, or anything simultaneous or posterior with the subject, used to render a property? This would not make the subject more intelligible.
2267:
from such propositions. "Pseudo-scientific" arguments are those based upon faulty models—such as a geometer's argument from a falsely drawn diagram.
1061:
52:
1691:
Does the genus partake in the subject? Only the species should partake in the genus. Man partakes in animal, but animal does not partake in man.
1781:- rendered in comparison with everything else and distinguishes the thing from everything else, like "capability of receiving knowledge" in man
1264:
3033:
1771:
Book V discusses the topic of property—that which is attributable only to a particular subject and is not an essential attribute.
1940:
But
Aristotle also recognizes that neither follows. Like with drugs, two different drugs can be good, but when combined they are bad.
3394:
2225:
1868:
Show that the definition cannot be applied to every object it is meant to apply to. The definition of man should be true of every man.
1337:
3068:
1930:
If the product of A + B is singular, but A is in one thing while B is in another, then the term defined is not a product of the two.
2595:
2949:
690:
516:
1730:
If the opposite of the species is a deprivation, then the deprivation is not in the genus. Blindness is not a form of sensation.
1676:
might say that monkeys are more handsome than horses. But horses can still be more beautiful than monkeys in the relevant ways.
2974:
1180:
1145:
1944:
all, this would mean that two definitions would apply to the object, even though the objective is a single unique definition.
3314:
2564:
3426:
3339:
2590:
2477:
2095:
that which is "enshrined" (to borrow a cognate religious term) in opinion or belief among those who engage in disputation.
1234:
3431:
2812:
1462:, by which things to be remembered are recollected by mentally connecting them with successive real or imagined places.
1224:
3482:
2020:
when it comes to the proposed inclusion but not according to the mode of inquiry (e.g., applying geometry to medicine)
1071:
1684:
Book IV deals with genus — how it is discovered and the sources of argument for and against attribution of a genus.
3053:
2672:
1562:. He also explains the various senses of sameness, that bear directly upon the character of arguments, as follows.
1885:
There are two types of incorrect definitions: obscure (lack of clarity), and superfluous (longer than necessary).
3487:
3416:
1811:
Is the person rendering more than one property of the same thing on purpose? If not, there is no reason for this.
981:
2995:
2470:
2028:
general application, rather than specific pre-constructed arguments. Additionally, Aristotle advocates being a
1604:
Sometimes words are ambiguous (the opposite of love is hate, but the physical activity of love has no opposite)
1135:
383:
2876:
2817:
2784:
2049:
921:
274:
103:
2969:
2855:
2832:
2759:
2655:
2366:
2310:
1330:
1165:
1041:
1031:
951:
388:
177:
1913:
There are a number of topics for complex definitions, definitions that pertain to more than one element.
1399:- the invention and discovery of arguments in which the propositions rest upon commonly held opinions or
3083:
3078:
3058:
2860:
2573:
2351:
1864:
There are five parts to discussing definitions, phrased in terms of looking to defeat one's opponents.
1861:
Book VI describes definition and the numerous means that may be used to attack and defend a definition.
1642:
1441:
thus: "I call the same thing element and topic; for an element or a topic is a heading under which many
1209:
1120:
1051:
911:
670:
533:
448:
345:
2432:
2006:
stating an objection when a point would take longer than the length of discussion for the actual issue
1711:
Is the genus put inside the species? Animals are not a type of dog, rather, dogs are a type of animal.
3172:
3073:
3063:
3028:
2926:
2905:
2794:
2341:
2066:
1799:- true at some particular time, and does not always follow, like a particular man walking in a market
1389:
1115:
1105:
901:
675:
635:
378:
1878:
See if, in addition to everything else, the opponent has yet failed to express the object's essence.
1544:- reasoning from premises that are true and primary, or from knowledge coming through those premises
3369:
3142:
2931:
2886:
2850:
2802:
2774:
2400:
Aristotle on
Dialectic: the Topics. Proceedings of the Third Symposium Aristotelicum. Oxford, 1963)
2217:
2029:
1495:
1491:
1214:
1170:
1160:
1155:
1011:
891:
685:
350:
218:
3449:
3359:
3186:
3109:
2895:
2840:
2742:
2643:
2517:
1716:
Can the thing placed in a genus partake with a contrary of the genus? This would not be possible.
1555:
1490:, other things necessarily follow. Dialectical reasoning is thereafter divided by Aristotle into
1299:
1110:
1081:
881:
810:
735:
720:
653:
611:
322:
267:
148:
130:
2378:
2372:
1893:
then adding "capable of receiving knowledge" will not add anything essential or distinguishing.
1808:
Has the same term being repeated in the property? This is like using the word in the definition.
2375:
edition (includes French translation) of Books 1–4 by
Jacques Brunschwig, 1967 (2nd ed., 2009).
2348:
for
Aristotle's works. Newer critical editions of most texts have appeared since Bekker's time.
3461:
3421:
3349:
3334:
3309:
3132:
3122:
2764:
2707:
2613:
2552:
2221:
1793:- separates its subject off not from everything else but only from a particular definite thing
1323:
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1130:
1021:
860:
855:
805:
680:
643:
604:
511:
262:
207:
36:
1610:
In relation to the deprivation or presence of a state (states such as when using your senses)
3304:
3162:
3005:
2845:
2677:
2638:
2632:
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2209:
1487:
1294:
1239:
1125:
795:
621:
340:
257:
250:
118:
113:
3374:
3270:
3048:
3043:
3038:
2941:
2900:
2769:
2660:
2493:
2185:
2145:
Aristotle refers to rhetoric as "the counterpart to dialectic" in the introduction to his
2116:
1706:
more than the species? For instance, there are of course more animals than there are dogs.
1259:
1175:
991:
850:
760:
725:
665:
560:
506:
463:
156:
2210:
1645:" (i.e. non-essential attribute, or an incidental attribute) is predicated of a subject.
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contains and relies upon his definition of reasoning (syllogismós): a verbal expression (
3364:
3344:
3299:
3275:
3152:
2807:
2539:
1720:
There are also considerations to make about genus relating to states and deprivations.
1459:
1410:
1367:
1357:
1203:
1001:
835:
730:
660:
550:
543:
403:
335:
2414:
Ars Topica: the
Classical Technique of Constructing Arguments from Aristotle to Cicero
1499:
argument, leaving the construction of propositions to the creativity of the answerer.
3476:
3354:
3265:
3257:
3147:
3088:
2727:
2722:
1601:
Contraries (the opposite of sharp is flat, which might refer to notes or solid edges)
1304:
1289:
1140:
941:
800:
775:
740:
587:
555:
86:
76:
1875:
Show that the expression is not unique to the object. A definition should be unique.
1550:- reasoning from opinions that only seem to be generally accepted but are not really
3411:
3137:
2682:
2607:
1284:
1229:
830:
616:
471:
440:
308:
2369:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989. With facing Greek and English pages.
1616:
Signified predicates (good food signifies something different from good medicine)
3287:
3127:
3117:
2822:
2619:
2585:
2438:
2057:, inasmuch as its final section appears to form an epilogue to both treatises.
1933:
If X > Y in the parts, then X should also be greater in the product of A + B.
1665:
Book III concerns topics that can be discussed with respect to better or worse.
1626:
1309:
1269:
1244:
755:
750:
434:
424:
2381:
edition (includes French translation) of Books 5–8 by
Jacques Brunschwig, 2007.
3243:
3209:
2579:
2512:
2427:
2355:
2071:
1936:
If X = Y (in degree), then the product of A + B should be neutral for X and Y.
1559:
961:
840:
825:
820:
599:
521:
482:
396:
287:
183:
1613:
Inflected forms (if "justify" has more than one sense, then so will "justly")
3404:
3221:
3199:
3157:
3023:
3018:
3013:
2964:
2954:
2717:
2695:
2666:
2558:
2507:
1735:
Does the relationship remain when a term is called by the name of its genus?
1475:
1442:
1396:
1375:
1279:
780:
710:
648:
580:
494:
477:
458:
453:
239:
233:
212:
194:
1745:
Then there are considerations to make about genus relating to differentia.
3216:
3204:
3194:
3167:
2959:
2712:
2457:
2146:
1455:
1437:
592:
570:
488:
294:
280:
142:
125:
108:
91:
81:
71:
63:
44:
1787:- true every time, like living things always consisting of soul and body
1423:) are "places" from which such arguments can be discovered or invented.
3292:
3280:
2751:
2625:
2569:
1804:
understood. The following questions can help identify intelligibility.
1619:
Distinct genera (for example, river bank versus a bank the institution)
1384:
845:
770:
765:
715:
575:
565:
538:
301:
245:
188:
135:
96:
17:
2649:
1840:
There are also some topics more particular to relational properties.
1832:
Does the contrary term fail to be a property of the contrary subject?
1703:
1632:
As species or differentia (color of a body, versus clarity of a note)
1400:
1254:
1249:
790:
785:
745:
526:
501:
429:
363:
329:
316:
227:
201:
1622:
Comparability (a sharp note can't be more sharp than a sharp flavor)
1566:
Number (the referent has more than one name, like doublet and cloak)
1993:
There are four ways to prevent someone from reaching a conclusion.
1889:
term? If it applies to all of them, it is not true of any of them.
1836:
hearing as a state is a capacity to act but not itself a sensation.
3399:
2701:
2688:
2601:
2546:
2462:
1483:
1379:
815:
370:
356:
1454:(literally "place, location"). It is also related to the ancient
1531:
Aristotle then defines three types of reasoning in an argument:
1219:
2466:
2255:
2241:
2017:
when it comes to a conclusion but not the proposed conclusion
1896:
There are also topics about the differentia of a definition.
1641:
Book II is devoted to topics relating to arguments where an "
1404:
1361:
2136:. Cornell University Press. Ithaca and London, 1978. p. 170.
2388:
Translation and commentary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.
1973:
actually putting forth the questions to the other person
1906:
Is locality or present time rendered as the differentia?
1607:
Differences of kind (a clear color versus a clear sound)
1922:
considering how a whole is not merely the sum of parts.
1903:
Is the species or object predicated of the differentia?
1963:
Aristotle provides tips for constructing an argument.
2132:"Dialectic and Aristotle's Topics". Stump, Eleonore.
1900:
Is the species or genus rendered as the differentia?
1580:) by which arguments may be obtained are described:
3387:
3327:
3256:
3236:
3185:
3108:
3101:
3004:
2988:
2940:
2919:
2885:
2869:
2831:
2793:
2750:
2741:
2526:
2500:
2117:
Titles of
Aristotle’s works and their abbreviations
2980:On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration
2344:. Berlin 1831. Oxford 1837. This is the source of
2313:Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989. p. 265.
2014:when it only appears to be brought to a conclusion
1926:Some topics are about the products of two things.
1629:(sharp note, sharp flavor, different differentiae)
1392:' arrangement it is the fifth of these six works.
2032:and to try arguing against yourself as practice.
1997:demolish the point on which the falsehood depends
1970:frame and arrange questions one by one to oneself
1466:Connection to Aristotle's theory of the syllogism
2003:stating an objection against the questions asked
2478:
2216:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp.
1978:not immediately obvious where you are going.
1331:
8:
1538:- reasoning from opinions generally accepted
2174:as houses along a street one knows by heart
2000:stating an objection against the questioner
1587:figuring out the number of senses of a term
1418:
972:A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions
3324:
3253:
3233:
3182:
3105:
2747:
2485:
2471:
2463:
2240:For Aristotle, "demonstrative" arguments (
2010:An argument is fallacious in four senses.
1474:, as a whole, does not deal directly with
1338:
1324:
31:
2212:The Blackwell Guide to Ancient Philosophy
2183:These are discussed elsewhere, as in the
2023:when it is reached through false premises
2053:is viewed by some as an appendix to the
1881:Show that the definition is not correct.
1511:which one can beginning reasoning from:
1062:Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style
2108:
2083:
1518:the views of the preponderant majority;
1486:) in which, certain things having been
1465:
43:
2280:of the essential nature of the subject
1774:Property is subdivided in four ways.
1265:Rhetoric of social intervention model
7:
3034:On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias
1967:select the grounds to make an attack
1521:the views of the recognized experts;
2443:, trans. by W. A. Pickard-Cambridge
1829:of ocean was not true of the whole.
3395:Transmission of the Greek Classics
2335:Critical editions and translations
2134:Boethius's De topicis differentiis
25:
3069:The Situations and Names of Winds
2386:Aristotle's Topic Book I and VIII
1395:The treatise presents the art of
3455:
3445:
3444:
2446:
2426:
51:
2975:On Length and Shortness of Life
2402:. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1968.
2365:. Translated by E. S. Forster.
1569:Specifically (the same species)
2565:Correspondence theory of truth
1824:Some topics are quite unique.
1374:) is the name given to one of
1:
2911:Constitution of the Athenians
2305:Forster, E. S. in Aristotle.
2208:Shields, Christopher (2008).
1527:the views of the most famous.
1524:the views of all the experts;
1235:List of feminist rhetoricians
2813:On Generation and Corruption
2091:wise) agree in principle --
1225:Glossary of rhetorical terms
2456:public domain audiobook at
1450:derives from ancient Greek
1072:Language as Symbolic Action
3504:
3054:On Marvellous Things Heard
2673:Potentiality and actuality
2256:
2242:
1572:Generally (the same genus)
1405:
1382:collectively known as the
1362:
3440:
3417:Commentaries on Aristotle
1763:but the movement of air.
1419:
982:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
2123:, accessed 7 August 2023
2121:University of Washington
1593:investigating similarity
2785:Sophistical Refutations
2050:Sophistical Refutations
2042:Sophistical Refutations
922:De Sophisticis Elenchis
2970:On Divination in Sleep
2656:Horror vacui (physics)
2367:Loeb Classical Library
2311:Loeb Classical Library
1515:the views of everyone;
1371:
1042:De doctrina Christiana
1032:Dialogus de oratoribus
952:Rhetorica ad Herennium
178:Captatio benevolentiae
3462:Philosophy portal
3084:Rhetoric to Alexander
2409:. Leiden: Brill 1997.
2352:Oxford Classical Text
1584:securing propositions
1210:Communication studies
1052:De vulgari eloquentia
912:Rhetoric to Alexander
3173:Andronicus of Rhodes
3074:On Virtues and Vices
3029:On Indivisible Lines
2950:Sense and Sensibilia
2920:Rhetoric and poetics
2733:mathematical realism
2398:G. E. L. Owen (ed).
2342:Corpus Aristotelicum
2067:Argumentation scheme
1390:Andronicus of Rhodes
3143:Strato of Lampsacus
2775:Posterior Analytics
2527:Ideas and interests
2384:Robin Smith (ed.).
1590:finding differences
1215:Composition studies
1146:Health and medicine
1012:Institutio Oratoria
219:Eloquentia perfecta
3483:Works by Aristotle
3187:Islamic Golden Age
3110:Peripatetic school
2896:Nicomachean Ethics
2591:Future contingents
2407:Aristotle's Topics
2340:Bekker, Immanuel.
1300:Terministic screen
1082:A General Rhetoric
612:Resignation speech
149:Studia humanitatis
131:Byzantine rhetoric
27:Works by Aristotle
3470:
3469:
3422:Metabasis paradox
3383:
3382:
3323:
3322:
3310:Pietro Pomponazzi
3252:
3251:
3232:
3231:
3181:
3180:
3133:Eudemus of Rhodes
3123:Clearchus of Soli
3097:
3096:
2765:On Interpretation
2708:Temporal finitism
2596:Genus–differentia
2553:Category of being
2431:Works related to
2405:Paul Slomkowski.
1576:Then, the means (
1348:
1347:
1275:Rogerian argument
1022:Panegyrici Latini
114:The age of Cicero
16:(Redirected from
3495:
3488:Logic literature
3460:
3459:
3458:
3448:
3447:
3325:
3305:Jacopo Zabarella
3254:
3234:
3183:
3163:Diodorus of Tyre
3106:
2748:
2678:Substance theory
2639:Moderate realism
2633:Minima naturalia
2534:Active intellect
2487:
2480:
2473:
2464:
2450:
2449:
2430:
2416:. Springer 2009.
2412:Sara Rubinelli.
2393:Critical studies
2346:Bekker numbering
2323:
2320:
2314:
2300:
2294:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2215:
2205:
2199:
2198:Topics 100a25-27
2196:
2190:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2162:Rhet. 1403a18-19
2160:
2154:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2113:
2096:
2088:
2030:devil's advocate
1431:In his treatise
1427:What is a topic?
1422:
1421:
1408:
1407:
1378:'s six works on
1365:
1364:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1240:List of speeches
1087:
1077:
1067:
1057:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
967:
957:
947:
937:
927:
917:
907:
897:
887:
691:Neo-Aristotelian
258:Figure of speech
119:Second Sophistic
55:
32:
21:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3436:
3379:
3319:
3315:Cesar Cremonini
3271:Albertus Magnus
3248:
3228:
3177:
3093:
3049:Physiognomonics
3044:On Things Heard
3039:On the Universe
3000:
2984:
2942:Parva Naturalia
2936:
2915:
2901:Eudemian Ethics
2881:
2865:
2827:
2789:
2770:Prior Analytics
2737:
2661:Rational animal
2522:
2496:
2494:Aristotelianism
2491:
2447:
2423:
2395:
2379:Collection Budé
2373:Collection Budé
2337:
2332:
2330:Further reading
2327:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2301:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2263:, or that only
2239:
2235:
2228:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2186:Prior Analytics
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2063:
2045:
1958:
1950:
1859:
1769:
1702:Does the genus
1682:
1663:
1639:
1505:
1468:
1429:
1344:
1315:
1314:
1260:Public rhetoric
1198:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1136:Native American
1101:
1100:
1091:
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627:
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517:Funeral oration
507:Farewell speech
464:Socratic method
420:
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410:
409:
172:
171:
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161:
67:
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
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3429:
3427:Views on women
3424:
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3408:
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3388:Related topics
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3300:Peter of Spain
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3276:Thomas Aquinas
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3153:Aristo of Ceos
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1204:Ars dictaminis
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1002:On the Sublime
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551:Lightning talk
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336:Method of loci
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72:Ancient Greece
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3432:Wheel paradox
3430:
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3340:Trendelenburg
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3266:Peter Lombard
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3259:
3258:Scholasticism
3255:
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3149:
3148:Lyco of Troas
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3141:
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3119:
3116:
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3107:
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3090:
3089:Magna Moralia
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2728:Virtue ethics
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2435:at Wikisource
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2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1750:astonishment!
1748:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:Demonstrative
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1305:Toulmin model
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Talking point
1288:
1286:
1285:Speechwriting
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1106:Argumentation
1104:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1003:
999:
994:
993:
989:
984:
983:
979:
974:
973:
969:
964:
963:
959:
954:
953:
949:
944:
943:
942:De Inventione
939:
934:
933:
929:
924:
923:
919:
914:
913:
909:
904:
903:
899:
894:
893:
889:
884:
883:
879:
878:
870:
869:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
700:
699:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
637:
631:
630:
623:
622:War-mongering
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
606:
603:
602:
601:
598:
594:
591:
590:
589:
588:Progymnasmata
586:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:Maiden speech
554:
552:
549:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
535:
532:
528:
525:
524:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
496:
493:
491:
490:
486:
485:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
473:
469:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
443:
442:
438:
437:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
414:
413:
406:
405:
401:
399:
398:
394:
390:
387:
386:
385:
382:
380:
377:
373:
372:
368:
366:
365:
361:
359:
358:
354:
353:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
331:
327:
325:
324:
320:
318:
315:
311:
310:
306:
304:
303:
299:
297:
296:
292:
290:
289:
285:
283:
282:
278:
277:
276:
273:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
259:
256:
252:
249:
248:
247:
244:
242:
241:
237:
235:
232:
230:
229:
225:
221:
220:
216:
215:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
203:
199:
197:
196:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
179:
175:
174:
166:
165:
158:
157:Modern period
155:
151:
150:
146:
145:
144:
141:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
105:
104:Ancient India
102:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
87:Attic orators
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
73:
70:
69:
65:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3412:Neoplatonism
3138:Theophrastus
2996:Protrepticus
2889:and politics
2779:
2700:
2687:
2683:hypokeimenon
2681:
2665:
2648:
2631:
2624:
2612:
2608:Hylomorphism
2600:
2578:
2557:
2545:
2538:
2452:
2439:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2385:
2362:
2322:183a38-184b9
2318:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2236:
2211:
2203:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2158:
2150:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2120:
2111:
2092:
2086:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2026:
2009:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1962:
1959:
1951:
1942:
1939:
1925:
1912:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1872:differentia.
1863:
1860:
1852:
1839:
1823:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1784:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1761:
1758:
1744:
1719:
1686:
1683:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1596:
1577:
1575:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1530:
1508:
1506:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1451:
1447:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1414:
1394:
1383:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1230:Glossophobia
1202:
1121:Constitutive
1080:
1070:
1060:
1050:
1040:
1030:
1020:
1010:
1000:
990:
980:
970:
960:
950:
940:
931:
930:
920:
910:
900:
890:
880:
704:Rhetoricians
617:Stump speech
534:Invitational
487:
472:Dissoi logoi
470:
449:Deliberative
441:Controversia
439:
402:
395:
369:
362:
355:
328:
321:
309:Pronuntiatio
307:
300:
293:
286:
279:
238:
226:
217:
200:
193:
176:
147:
109:Ancient Rome
29:
3288:Duns Scotus
3128:Dicaearchus
3118:Aristoxenus
2877:Metaphysics
2870:Metaphysics
2856:Progression
2823:On the Soul
2818:Meteorology
2620:Magnanimity
2586:Four causes
2361:Aristotle.
2354:edition by
2115:Smith, R.,
2072:Predicables
2040:as related
1627:differentia
1548:Contentious
1536:Dialectical
1470:Though the
1310:Wooden iron
1270:Rhetrickery
1245:Oral skills
1181:Composition
1116:Contrastive
936:(c. 350 BC)
926:(c. 350 BC)
916:(c. 350 BC)
906:(c. 350 BC)
896:(c. 370 BC)
756:Demosthenes
736:Brueggemann
671:Ideological
522:Homiletics
435:Declamation
425:Apologetics
275:Five canons
143:Renaissance
126:Middle Ages
3477:Categories
3370:Hursthouse
3244:Maimonides
3210:Avicennism
2861:Generation
2833:On Animals
2760:Categories
2580:Eudaimonia
2356:W. D. Ross
2248:apodeíxeis
2243:ἀποδείξεις
2103:References
1697:knowledge.
1560:definition
1458:technique
1443:enthymemes
1166:Technology
1156:Procedural
976:(c. 50 BC)
962:De Oratore
826:Quintilian
821:Protagoras
676:Metaphoric
600:Propaganda
483:Epideictic
397:Sotto voce
351:Persuasion
346:Operations
288:Dispositio
184:Chironomia
3405:Platonism
3360:MacIntyre
3222:Averroism
3200:Al-Farabi
3158:Critolaus
3102:Followers
3079:Economics
3059:Mechanics
3024:On Plants
3019:On Colors
3014:On Breath
2965:On Dreams
2955:On Memory
2718:Haecceity
2696:Syllogism
2667:Phronesis
2559:Catharsis
2508:Aristotle
1956:Book VIII
1918:straight.
1797:Temporary
1785:Permanent
1779:Essential
1625:Distinct
1496:deductive
1492:inductive
1488:laid down
1476:syllogism
1397:dialectic
1376:Aristotle
1280:Seduction
1111:Cognitive
1099:Subfields
1026:(100–400)
781:Isocrates
721:Augustine
711:Aristotle
686:Narrative
636:Criticism
581:Philippic
495:Panegyric
478:Elocution
459:Dialectic
379:Situation
240:Facilitas
234:Enthymeme
213:Eloquence
195:Delectare
3450:Category
3375:Nussbaum
3345:Brentano
3217:Averroes
3205:Avicenna
3195:Al-Kindi
3168:Erymneus
3064:Problems
2960:On Sleep
2927:Rhetoric
2906:Politics
2851:Movement
2713:Quiddity
2574:accident
2501:Overview
2458:LibriVox
2147:Rhetoric
2061:See also
1948:Book VII
1791:Relative
1661:Book III
1643:accident
1456:mnemonic
1438:Rhetoric
1151:Pedagogy
1131:Feminist
902:Rhetoric
892:Phaedrus
886:(380 BC)
836:Richards
806:Perelman
654:Pentadic
649:Dramatic
593:Suasoria
571:Diatribe
512:Forensic
489:Encomium
454:Demagogy
323:Imitatio
295:Elocutio
281:Inventio
251:Informal
170:Concepts
97:Sophists
92:Calliope
82:Atticism
77:Asianism
45:Rhetoric
37:a series
35:Part of
3293:Scotism
3281:Thomism
2932:Poetics
2841:History
2803:Physics
2795:Physics
2752:Organon
2680: (
2626:Mimesis
2570:Essence
2358:, 1958.
2149:(1354a
1857:Book VI
1845:doctor.
1680:Book IV
1637:Book II
1385:Organon
1196:Related
1171:Therapy
1161:Science
1126:Digital
1006:(c. 50)
996:(46 BC)
986:(46 BC)
966:(55 BC)
956:(80 BC)
946:(84 BC)
882:Gorgias
851:Toulmin
846:Tacitus
796:McLuhan
771:Gorgias
766:Erasmus
761:Derrida
726:Bakhtin
716:Aspasia
681:Mimesis
644:Cluster
576:Eristic
566:Polemic
561:Oratory
539:Lecture
302:Memoria
246:Fallacy
189:Decorum
136:Trivium
64:History
3335:Newman
3328:Modern
3237:Jewish
2887:Ethics
2780:Topics
2650:Philia
2644:Mythos
2518:Lyceum
2453:Topics
2440:Topics
2433:Topics
2363:Topica
2307:Topica
2291:Topics
2278:effect
2261:éndoxa
2257:ἔνδοξα
2254:to be
2224:
2220:-158.
2151:et seq
2055:Topics
2038:Topics
1767:Book V
1741:focus.
1725:works.
1704:denote
1578:organa
1558:, and
1509:endoxa
1503:Book I
1480:Topics
1472:Topics
1433:Topics
1406:ἔνδοξα
1401:endoxa
1372:Topica
1363:Τοπικά
1353:Topics
1255:Pistis
1250:Orator
1176:Visual
1086:(1970)
1076:(1966)
1066:(1521)
1056:(1305)
992:Orator
932:Topics
861:Weaver
791:Lysias
786:Lucian
776:Hobbes
751:de Man
746:Cicero
544:Public
527:Sermon
502:Eulogy
430:Debate
418:Genres
364:Pathos
330:Kairos
317:Hypsos
263:Scheme
228:Eunoia
208:Device
202:Docere
18:Endoxa
3400:Plato
3365:Smith
3350:Adler
2846:Parts
2743:Works
2702:Telos
2689:ousia
2614:Lexis
2602:Hexis
2547:Arete
2513:Logic
2078:Notes
1849:life.
1556:genus
1484:logos
1452:tópos
1448:topic
1420:τόποι
1415:Topoi
1411:Greek
1388:. In
1380:logic
1368:Latin
1358:Greek
1046:(426)
1036:(102)
874:Works
841:Smith
831:Ramus
816:Plato
811:Pizan
741:Burke
731:Booth
666:Genre
661:Frame
404:Topos
389:Grand
384:Style
371:Logos
357:Ethos
341:Modes
268:Trope
3355:Foot
2989:Lost
2303:E.g.
2289:The
2252:seem
2222:ISBN
2172:E.g.
2093:i.e.
2047:The
2036:The
1494:and
1350:The
1220:Doxa
1016:(95)
856:Vico
605:Spin
2218:157
1413:).
1409:in
1295:TED
1141:New
801:Ong
3479::
2686:,
2309:.
2246:,
2119:,
1370::
1366:;
1360::
39:on
2692:)
2572:–
2486:e
2479:t
2472:v
2230:.
2189:.
1417:(
1403:(
1356:(
1339:e
1332:t
1325:v
20:)
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