490:, made this motion possible. The first was a double convex jaw joint, wherein both the quadrate and articular formed convex condyles. As the jaw closed, the articular condyle of the lower jaw slid anterio-dorsally along the quadrate condyle, resulting in closure of the mouth from back to front as the posterior end of the mandible was elevated dorsally relative to the anterior end. Forward slide of the lower jaw was limited by the second morphological feature unique to dicynodonts, a pivot point created between the dentary groove and palatal notch upon closure of the jaw. The lower jaw would then move so that the articular condyle slid anterio-ventrally along the quadrate condyle, which would cause the mandible to pivot in such a way that the front of the mouth closed and the back opened.
131:
542:
503:
393:
110:
3504:
3143:
2714:
2719:
3138:
364:
2327:
374:
was a medium-sized dicynodont, at about 450 mm long and 150 mm high. While it had many features common to all dicynodonts, such as canine tusks and jaw structures related to the "cheek pivot system" of mastication, it also displayed a number of ancestral features more similar to some of its
596:
was long understood to be barren of fossils, despite a lack of geological evidence for a change in paleoenvironment from Ecca to
Beaufort. From 1964 to 1970, the farmer Roy Oosthuizen, whose land was located in an area firmly established as Upper Ecca (Middle Permian), collected a number of nodules
482:
Dicynodonts were specialized herbivores that employed a unique “cheek pivot system” of mastication that created powerful shearing action upon closure of the jaw and subsequently ground mouth contents through a system of interlocking ridges and grooves formed from the palate and dentary.
462:; in more derived dicynodonts, this vacuity is more posteriorly located and exclusively bordered by the pterygoid. These features are also present in more primitive relatives of dicynodonts, including
1915:
Kenneth D. Angielczyk; Bruce S. Rubidge (2010). "A new pylaecephalid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the
Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, Middle Permian of South Africa".
1877:
Barry, T. H. (1967). "The cranial morphology of the Permo-Triassic anomodont
Pristerodon buffaloensis with special reference to the neural endocranium and visceral arch section".
1751:
3763:
3822:
3750:
3832:
1989:
431:
bones are fused in more derived dicynodonts, a thin suture extending dorsally up from the palatal facet reveals that they are paired in
337:
is named after Roy
Oosthuizen, the South African farmer who discovered the type specimen (a partial skull without the mandible) on his
322:
is the oldest and most primitive dicynodont yet identified, ranging from the middle to late
Permian and possessing a mix of ancestral
597:
containing the remains of several therapsids, including several small dicynodonts and the partial skull that is the type specimen of
3827:
1766:
345:
130:
3269:
1797:"The jaw function and adaptive radiation of the dicynodont mammal-like reptiles of the Karoo basin of South Africa"
3837:
1982:
1752:"The Postcranial Skeleton of the Earliest Dicynodont Synapsid Eodicynodon from the Upper Permian of South Africa"
3503:
3142:
2718:
3718:
1728:
Barry, T.H. (1974). "A NEW DICYNODONT ANCESTOR FROM THE UPPER ECCA LOWER MIDDLE PERMIAN OF SOUTH AFRICA".
3789:
1896:
Efremov, J. A. (1940). "Preliminary description of the new
Permian and Triassic Tertrapoda from USSR".
3817:
3654:
3633:
3318:
2713:
1975:
1924:
1841:
1830:"The Oldest Therocephalians (therapsida, Eutheriodontia) and the Early Diversification of Therapsida"
236:
3647:
3563:
3640:
3584:
2993:
3626:
3612:
3570:
3173:
3160:
3137:
3105:
2071:
1940:
1699:
1545:
125:
3794:
580:
is a fossil-rich series of bedded shales that was continuously deposited beginning in the late
3776:
3768:
3549:
3332:
2918:
2467:
1859:
310:, a highly diverse group of herbivorous synapsids that were widespread during the middle-late
3781:
3346:
3325:
3290:
2927:
2893:
2825:
2818:
2638:
2326:
2282:
2166:
1932:
1849:
1808:
1224:
1106:
1017:
577:
3445:
3436:
3381:
3357:
3260:
3219:
3201:
3194:
3063:
2945:
2934:
2629:
2604:
2417:
1437:
1147:
978:
929:
710:
1928:
1845:
109:
3452:
3249:
3046:
3014:
2884:
2852:
2763:
2458:
2392:
2371:
2193:
1813:
1796:
1523:
1319:
1168:
1084:
689:
589:
467:
32:
541:
502:
392:
3811:
3661:
3390:
3093:
3079:
2972:
2965:
2784:
2652:
2645:
2618:
2492:
2175:
1944:
1854:
1829:
1476:
1271:
1034:
993:
581:
338:
67:
3687:
3605:
3542:
3532:
3480:
3473:
3425:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3283:
3276:
3187:
3086:
3035:
2907:
2666:
2577:
2378:
2357:
2344:
2294:
2275:
2241:
1561:
1207:
1123:
792:
665:
614:
352:
327:
304:
263:
217:
36:
1936:
3693:
3591:
3577:
3556:
3466:
3411:
3404:
3339:
3235:
2986:
2958:
2873:
2859:
2770:
2659:
2595:
2568:
2521:
2501:
2474:
2440:
2406:
2209:
2182:
2154:
2133:
2120:
2083:
1998:
1360:
1295:
914:
854:
833:
809:
759:
463:
201:
42:
3741:
3668:
3598:
3459:
3228:
3208:
3028:
2749:
2736:
2681:
2541:
2529:
2254:
2230:
2147:
2040:
618:
593:
471:
444:
436:
188:
87:
52:
1863:
3679:
3418:
3397:
3370:
3071:
3055:
3021:
3007:
2979:
2900:
2843:
2611:
2584:
2550:
2514:
2481:
2426:
2399:
2056:
2031:
1500:
1256:
1183:
946:
900:
742:
610:
323:
307:
175:
142:
92:
3735:
3242:
3000:
2832:
2809:
2791:
2777:
2447:
2433:
2202:
2022:
1452:
725:
585:
440:
315:
162:
82:
77:
62:
57:
47:
1828:
Abdala, Fernando; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Van Den HEEVER, Juri (2008-07-01).
363:
3755:
2557:
2268:
2261:
2223:
2216:
869:
311:
297:
97:
72:
3619:
2866:
2016:
1343:
588:. Though a diverse assemblage of dicynodonts appears early on in the
152:
3712:
2798:
362:
300:
3716:
3519:
3158:
2734:
2342:
2118:
2009:
1971:
435:
an ancestral feature they share with their primitive relatives
1967:
536:
497:
387:
613:
modified from
Angielczyk and Rubidge (2010) showing the
552:
513:
403:
375:
primitive therapsid relatives, which are listed below.
333:
First described by paleontologist T. H. Barry in 1974,
1750:
Rubidge, B.S.; King, G.M. & Hancox, P.J. (1994).
270:
3725:
3678:
3530:
3435:
3380:
3356:
3259:
3218:
3171:
3104:
3045:
2944:
2917:
2883:
2842:
2808:
2747:
2680:
2628:
2594:
2567:
2540:
2500:
2491:
2457:
2416:
2355:
2293:
2240:
2192:
2165:
2131:
2082:
2055:
454:of later dicynodonts are fused, they are paired in
486:Two morphological features, present already in
1983:
8:
458:and together with the pterygoid border the
326:/therapsid features and derived dicynodont
3713:
3527:
3516:
3362:
3179:
3168:
3155:
2950:
2755:
2744:
2731:
2506:
2497:
2363:
2352:
2339:
2246:
2139:
2128:
2115:
2061:
2052:
2006:
1990:
1976:
1968:
108:
20:
1853:
1812:
1801:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1711:
296:early or primitive, dicynodont) is an
1790:
1788:
1786:
7:
1745:
1743:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1962:The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
1538:
1516:
1492:
1468:
1444:
1335:
1311:
1287:
1263:
1199:
1175:
1163:
1139:
1098:
1091:
1009:
985:
921:
892:
885:
861:
849:
825:
784:
717:
705:
681:
657:
635:
624:
355:is named after its presence there.
1917:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1879:Annals of the South African Museum
1814:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02534.x
1730:Annals of the South African Museum
14:
3502:
3141:
3136:
2717:
2712:
2325:
1855:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00784.x
540:
501:
391:
129:
3823:Guadalupian synapsids of Africa
460:intervomero-pterygoidal vacuity
1964:(Oxford Biology) by T. S. Kemp
1736:: 117–136 – via BioStor.
1:
3833:Fossil taxa described in 1974
1937:10.1080/02724634.2010.501447
592:, the immediately preceding
341:farm between 1964 and 1970.
16:Extinct genus of dicynodonts
3854:
3526:
3515:
3500:
3365:
3182:
3167:
3154:
3134:
2953:
2758:
2743:
2730:
2710:
2509:
2366:
2351:
2338:
2323:
2249:
2142:
2127:
2114:
2064:
2051:
2005:
1765:: 397–408. Archived from
1558:
1543:
1536:
1521:
1514:
1497:
1490:
1473:
1466:
1449:
1442:
1357:
1340:
1333:
1316:
1309:
1292:
1285:
1268:
1261:
1221:
1204:
1197:
1180:
1173:
1161:
1144:
1137:
1120:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1031:
1014:
1007:
990:
983:
943:
926:
919:
897:
890:
883:
866:
859:
847:
830:
823:
806:
789:
782:
756:
739:
722:
715:
703:
686:
679:
662:
655:
640:
633:
367:Illustration of the skull
269:
262:
126:Scientific classification
124:
116:
107:
23:
318:. As its name suggests,
3828:Fossils of South Africa
119:Eodicynodon oosthuizeni
1795:Cox, C. Barry (1998).
549:This section is empty.
510:This section is empty.
400:This section is empty.
368:
3790:Paleobiology Database
572:Discovery and geology
450:Similarly, while the
366:
3319:Shaanbeikannemeyeria
3680:Paraphyletic groups
1929:2010JVPal..30.1396A
1898:Trudy Paleont. Inst
1846:2008Palgy..51.1011A
3174:Kannemeyeriiformes
3161:Kannemeyeriiformes
3106:Kannemeyeriiformes
1700:List of therapsids
1546:Kannemeyeriiformes
584:through the early
576:The South African
474:, and Venyukovia.
369:
3805:
3804:
3777:Open Tree of Life
3719:Taxon identifiers
3710:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3511:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3333:Uralokannemeyeria
3150:
3149:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
2919:Rhachiocephalidae
2726:
2725:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2676:
2675:
2334:
2333:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
967:
966:
958:
957:
771:
770:
617:relationships of
569:
568:
530:
529:
420:
419:
285:
284:
258:
239:
3845:
3838:Anomodont genera
3798:
3797:
3785:
3784:
3772:
3771:
3759:
3758:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3714:
3528:
3517:
3506:
3363:
3347:Xiyukannemeyeria
3326:Sinokannemeyeria
3291:Parakannemeyeria
3180:
3169:
3156:
3145:
3140:
2951:
2928:Kitchinganomodon
2894:Australobarbarus
2826:Interpresosaurus
2756:
2745:
2732:
2721:
2716:
2639:Cistecephaloides
2507:
2498:
2364:
2353:
2340:
2329:
2283:Anomocephaloidea
2247:
2167:Anomocephaloidea
2140:
2129:
2116:
2062:
2053:
2046:
2045:
2007:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1969:
1949:
1948:
1923:(5): 1396–1409.
1912:
1906:
1905:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1840:(4): 1011–1024.
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1807:(1–2): 349–384.
1792:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1725:
1539:
1517:
1493:
1469:
1445:
1336:
1312:
1288:
1264:
1225:Australobarbarus
1200:
1176:
1164:
1140:
1107:Interpresosaurus
1099:
1092:
1018:Cistecephaloides
1010:
986:
922:
893:
886:
862:
850:
826:
785:
718:
706:
682:
658:
636:
625:
578:Karoo Supergroup
564:
561:
551:You can help by
544:
537:
525:
522:
512:You can help by
505:
498:
415:
412:
402:You can help by
395:
388:
272:
256:
249:
234:
231:Eodicynodontidae
229:
216:
200:
134:
133:
112:
102:
39:
29:Temporal range:
21:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3793:
3788:
3780:
3775:
3767:
3762:
3754:
3749:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3721:
3711:
3698:
3674:
3655:Platypodosaurus
3634:Opisthoctenodon
3522:
3507:
3486:
3446:Eubrachiosaurus
3437:Stahleckeriinae
3431:
3376:
3358:Stahleckeriidae
3352:
3261:Kannemeyeriidae
3255:
3220:Shansiodontidae
3214:
3202:Elephantosaurus
3195:Dinodontosaurus
3176:
3163:
3146:
3120:
3100:
3064:Euptychognathus
3041:
2946:Dicynodontoidea
2940:
2935:Rhachiocephalus
2913:
2879:
2838:
2804:
2752:
2739:
2722:
2696:
2672:
2630:Cistecephalidae
2624:
2605:Dicynodontoides
2590:
2563:
2536:
2487:
2453:
2418:Pylaecephalidae
2412:
2360:
2347:
2330:
2309:
2289:
2236:
2188:
2161:
2136:
2123:
2098:
2078:
2047:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1996:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1794:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1727:
1726:
1713:
1708:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1438:Dicynodontoidea
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1246:
1237:
1148:Rhachiocephalus
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
979:Cistecephalidae
968:
959:
930:Dicynodontoides
772:
711:Pylaecephalidae
607:
574:
565:
559:
556:
535:
533:Limb morphology
526:
520:
517:
496:
480:
425:
416:
410:
407:
386:
381:
361:
349:Assemblage Zone
281:
278:
255:
247:
233:
227:
214:
198:
128:
117:Restoration of
103:
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3851:
3849:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3786:
3773:
3760:
3747:
3731:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3648:Planitorostris
3644:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3564:Chelyoposaurus
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3536:
3524:
3523:
3521:Other articles
3520:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3453:Ischigualastia
3449:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3250:Rhinodicynodon
3246:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3060:
3051:
3049:
3047:Lystrosauridae
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3015:Repelinosaurus
3011:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2923:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2887:
2885:Oudenodontidae
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2853:Aulacephalodon
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2764:Daqingshanodon
2759:
2753:
2748:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2461:
2459:Endothiodontia
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2393:Lanthanostegus
2389:
2382:
2375:
2372:Brachyprosopus
2367:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2196:
2194:Venyukovioidea
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2010:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1907:
1888:
1869:
1820:
1782:
1739:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1524:Lystrosauridae
1520:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1320:Aulacephalodon
1315:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1169:Cryptodontidae
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1085:Pristerodontia
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
989:
984:
982:
974:
973:
970:
969:
965:
964:
961:
960:
956:
955:
952:
951:
942:
939:
938:
935:
934:
925:
920:
918:
910:
909:
906:
905:
896:
891:
889:
884:
882:
879:
878:
875:
874:
865:
860:
858:
848:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
829:
824:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
805:
802:
801:
798:
797:
788:
783:
781:
778:
777:
774:
773:
769:
768:
765:
764:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
738:
735:
734:
731:
730:
721:
716:
714:
704:
702:
699:
698:
695:
694:
690:Lanthanostegus
685:
680:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
661:
656:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
639:
634:
632:
623:
606:
603:
590:Beaufort Group
573:
570:
567:
566:
547:
545:
534:
531:
528:
527:
508:
506:
495:
492:
479:
476:
424:
421:
418:
417:
398:
396:
385:
382:
380:
377:
360:
357:
335:E. oosthuizeni
328:synapomorphies
283:
282:
279:
275:E. oosthuizeni
267:
266:
260:
259:
245:
241:
240:
225:
221:
220:
212:
205:
204:
196:
192:
191:
186:
179:
178:
173:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
122:
121:
114:
113:
105:
104:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
40:
33:Middle Permian
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3850:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3662:Putillosaurus
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3641:Parvobestiola
3638:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3585:Dicranozygoma
3582:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3391:Argodicynodon
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3144:
3139:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3095:
3094:Sintocephalus
3091:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3080:Kwazulusaurus
3077:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2973:Delectosaurus
2970:
2968:
2967:
2966:Daptocephalus
2963:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2785:Odontocyclops
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2720:
2715:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2653:Kawingasaurus
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:Cistecephalus
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2619:Thliptosaurus
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Therochelonia
2490:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2176:Anomocephalus
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1834:Palaeontology
1831:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1772:on 2017-03-07
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:Palaeontology
1753:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1477:Delectosaurus
1471:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:Odontocyclops
1266:
1265:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:Kawingasaurus
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
994:Cistecephalus
988:
987:
980:
976:
975:
972:
971:
963:
962:
954:
953:
950:
949:
948:
941:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
931:
924:
923:
916:
912:
911:
908:
907:
904:
903:
902:
895:
894:
888:
887:
881:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
871:
864:
863:
856:
852:
851:
845:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
835:
828:
827:
821:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
811:
804:
803:
800:
799:
796:
795:
794:
787:
786:
780:
779:
776:
775:
767:
766:
763:
762:
761:
754:
753:
750:
749:
746:
745:
744:
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
727:
720:
719:
712:
708:
707:
701:
700:
697:
696:
693:
692:
691:
684:
683:
677:
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673:
672:
669:
668:
667:
660:
659:
653:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
638:
637:
630:
627:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
604:
602:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:Carboniferous
579:
571:
563:
554:
550:
546:
543:
539:
538:
532:
524:
515:
511:
507:
504:
500:
499:
493:
491:
489:
484:
477:
475:
473:
470:pelycosaurs,
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
422:
414:
405:
401:
397:
394:
390:
389:
383:
378:
376:
373:
365:
358:
356:
354:
350:
348:
342:
340:
339:Cape Province
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
290:
277:
276:
268:
265:
261:
254:
253:
246:
243:
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226:
223:
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210:
207:
206:
203:
197:
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138:
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127:
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115:
111:
106:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
38:
34:
26:
22:
19:
3726:
3688:Cryptodontia
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3627:Nasoplanites
3625:
3618:
3613:Keirognathus
3611:
3606:Haughtoniana
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3543:Azarifeneria
3541:
3533:Nomina dubia
3531:
3481:Ufudocyclops
3479:
3474:Stahleckeria
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3426:Zambiasaurus
3424:
3417:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3369:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3312:Rhadiodromus
3310:
3305:Rechnisaurus
3303:
3298:Rabidosaurus
3296:
3289:
3284:Kannemeyeria
3282:
3277:Dolichuranus
3275:
3270:Acratophorus
3268:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3227:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3188:Angonisaurus
3186:
3092:
3087:Lystrosaurus
3085:
3078:
3070:
3062:
3054:
3036:Vivaxosaurus
3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2933:
2926:
2908:Tropidostoma
2906:
2899:
2892:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2667:Sauroscaptor
2665:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2583:
2578:Myosauroides
2576:
2556:
2549:
2528:
2520:
2513:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2379:Colobodectes
2377:
2370:
2358:Dicynodontia
2345:Dicynodontia
2295:Dicynodontia
2281:
2276:Patranomodon
2274:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2242:Chainosauria
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2181:
2174:
2153:
2146:
2036:
2027:
1961:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1804:
1800:
1774:. Retrieved
1767:the original
1762:
1758:
1733:
1729:
1562:Vivaxosaurus
1560:
1559:
1544:
1522:
1499:
1498:
1475:
1474:
1451:
1450:
1359:
1358:
1342:
1341:
1318:
1317:
1294:
1293:
1270:
1269:
1223:
1222:
1208:Tropidostoma
1206:
1205:
1182:
1181:
1146:
1145:
1122:
1121:
1105:
1104:
1033:
1032:
1016:
1015:
992:
991:
945:
944:
928:
927:
899:
898:
868:
867:
832:
831:
808:
807:
793:Chelydontops
791:
790:
758:
757:
741:
740:
724:
723:
688:
687:
666:Colobodectes
664:
663:
642:
641:
629:Dicynodontia
628:
619:Dicynodontia
615:phylogenetic
608:
598:
575:
557:
553:adding to it
548:
518:
514:adding to it
509:
487:
485:
481:
468:sphenacodont
459:
455:
451:
449:
445:Pelycosauria
433:Eodicynodon,
432:
429:premaxillary
428:
426:
423:Palate/snout
408:
404:adding to it
399:
371:
370:
353:South Africa
346:
343:
334:
332:
319:
293:
288:
287:
286:
274:
273:
264:Type species
251:
250:
230:
218:Dicynodontia
208:
182:
169:
118:
37:Late Permian
24:
18:
3818:Dicynodonts
3727:Eodicynodon
3694:Dromasauria
3592:Elatosaurus
3578:Diaelurodon
3571:Cristonasus
3557:Calleonasus
3467:Sangusaurus
3412:Pentasaurus
3405:Moghreberia
3382:Placeriinae
3340:Wadiasaurus
3236:Tetragonias
2987:Dinanomodon
2959:Counillonia
2874:Pelanomodon
2860:Bulbasaurus
2771:Idelesaurus
2660:Kembawacela
2596:Kingoriidae
2569:Myosauridae
2522:Emydorhinus
2502:Emydopoidea
2475:Endothiodon
2441:Prosictodon
2407:Pristerodon
2386:Eodicynodon
2210:Parasuminia
2183:Tiarajudens
2155:Novocynodon
2134:Anomodontia
2121:Anomodontia
2084:Anomodontia
1999:Anomodontia
1361:Pelanomodon
1296:Idelesaurus
915:Kingoriidae
855:Emydopoidea
834:Pristerodon
810:Endothiodon
760:Prosictodon
643:Eodicynodon
609:Below is a
599:Eodicynodon
494:Postcranial
488:Eodicynodon
478:Mastication
472:cotylosaurs
464:Pristerodon
456:Eodicynodon
372:Eodicynodon
359:Description
347:Eodicynodon
320:Eodicynodon
289:Eodicynodon
280:Barry, 1974
257:Barry, 1974
252:Eodicynodon
202:Anomodontia
25:Eodicynodon
3812:Categories
3669:Taognathus
3599:Eurycarpus
3460:Jachaleria
3229:Shansiodon
3209:Woznikella
3115:see below↓
3029:Turfanodon
2750:Bidentalia
2737:Bidentalia
2691:see below↓
2682:Bidentalia
2542:Emydopidae
2530:Palemydops
2304:see below↓
2255:Galechirus
2231:Venyukovia
2148:Biseridens
2093:see below↓
2041:Therapsida
1885:: 131–161.
1776:2017-03-06
1706:References
560:March 2018
521:March 2018
437:Venyukovia
427:While the
411:March 2018
384:Skull roof
314:and early
308:therapsids
305:dicynodont
195:Suborder:
189:Therapsida
3419:Placerias
3398:Lisowicia
3371:Sungeodon
3072:Jimusaria
3056:Basilodon
3022:Taoheodon
3008:Peramodon
2980:Dicynodon
2901:Oudenodon
2844:Geikiidae
2612:Kombuisia
2585:Myosaurus
2551:Compsodon
2515:Digalodon
2482:Niassodon
2427:Diictodon
2400:Nyaphulia
2072:Synapsida
2057:Synapsida
2032:Synapsida
2015:Kingdom:
1945:129846697
1864:1475-4983
1501:Dicynodon
1257:Geikiidae
1184:Oudenodon
947:Kombuisia
901:Myosaurus
743:Diictodon
611:cladogram
605:Phylogeny
324:anomodont
176:Synapsida
149:Kingdom:
143:Eukaryota
3742:Q2326463
3736:Wikidata
3550:Baiopsis
3243:Vinceria
3001:Kunpania
2994:Gordonia
2833:Katumbia
2810:Elphidae
2792:Rastodon
2778:Keyseria
2468:Abajudon
2448:Robertia
2434:Eosimops
2203:Otsheria
2023:Chordata
2021:Phylum:
2017:Animalia
1904:: 1–140.
1694:See also
1453:Katumbia
726:Robertia
586:Jurassic
441:Otsheria
316:Triassic
224:Family:
163:Chordata
159:Phylum:
153:Animalia
139:Domain:
3782:4127953
3769:1023144
3756:4817658
2558:Emydops
2269:Galepus
2262:Galeops
2224:Ulemica
2217:Suminia
1956:Sources
1925:Bibcode
1842:Bibcode
1440:
1259:
1171:
1087:
981:
917:
870:Emydops
857:
713:
631:
379:Cranial
312:Permian
298:extinct
244:Genus:
235:Barry,
3620:Koupia
2867:Geikia
1943:
1862:
1436:
1344:Geikia
1255:
1167:
1083:
977:
913:
853:
709:
452:vomers
443:, and
3795:39008
3764:IRMNG
2799:Syops
2037:Clade
2028:Clade
1941:S2CID
1770:(PDF)
1755:(PDF)
301:genus
209:Clade
183:Clade
170:Clade
3751:GBIF
2819:Elph
2070:see
1860:ISSN
1124:Elph
594:Ecca
344:The
294:eo-,
237:1974
43:Preęž’
1933:doi
1850:doi
1809:doi
1805:122
555:.
516:.
406:.
351:in
303:of
35:to
3814::
3792::
3779::
3766::
3753::
3738::
2039::
2030::
1939:.
1931:.
1921:30
1919:.
1902:10
1900:.
1883:50
1881:.
1858:.
1848:.
1838:51
1836:.
1832:.
1803:.
1799:.
1785:^
1763:37
1761:.
1757:.
1742:^
1734:64
1732:.
1714:^
621::
601:.
466:,
447:.
439:,
330:.
211::
185::
172::
93:Pg
3690:?
3097:?
3075:?
3067:?
3059:?
2533:?
2525:?
2286:?
2158:?
1991:e
1984:t
1977:v
1947:.
1935::
1927::
1866:.
1852::
1844::
1817:.
1811::
1779:.
562:)
558:(
523:)
519:(
413:)
409:(
292:(
271:â€
248:â€
228:â€
215:â€
199:â€
98:N
88:K
83:J
78:T
73:P
68:C
63:D
58:S
53:O
48:ęž’
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