19:
341:. Two interrogators who are "convincing actors" are chosen. The first may "for instance, be very strict and order the source to follow all military courtesies during questioning. Although he conveys an unfeeling attitude, the HUMINT collector is careful not to threaten or coerce the source." The second scolds the first, may offer the source a beverage or a cigarette, and tries to persuade the source that they "share a high degree of intelligence and sensitivity." However, he is very busy and "cannot afford to waste time on an uncooperative source. He can broadly imply that the first HUMINT collector might return..."
271:. The questioner attacks the subject's "loyalty, intelligence, abilities, leadership qualities, slovenly appearance, or any other perceived weakness." If the subject tries to defend himself he may provide useful information. This must not "cross the line into humiliating and degrading treatment of the detainee," and the manual advises that the "experience level" and intended actions of subordinates be considered before an interrogation plan is approved using this method.
363:
require approval of the servicing SJA. "The purpose of separation is to deny the detainee the opportunity to communicate with other detainees in order to keep him from learning counter-resistance techniques" The approach can be combined with
Futility, Incentive, or Fear Up approaches. The separation "must not preclude the detainee getting four hours of continuous sleep every 24 hours." The two forms of separation are:
318:. The interrogator "says nothing to the source, but looks him squarely in the eye, preferably with a slight smile on his face... break eye contact first. The source may become nervous, begin to shift in his chair, cross and re-cross his legs, and look away. He may ask questions..." After much delay, the interrogator asks questions such as "You planned this operation for a long time, didn't you?"
375:. "Prolong the shock of capture" by using "goggles or blindfolds and earmuffs" to prevent the detainee from communicating for up to 12 hours, plus the time these are used "for security purposes during transit and evacuation." "Use of hoods (sacks) over the head, or of duct tape or adhesive tape over the eyes" is prohibited. The manual states that the technique shall not amount to
288:. The interrogator "subtly convinces the source that his questioning of the source is perfunctory because any information that the source has is already known" by providing detailed information and answering himself when the source hesitates. The approach requires the interrogator to have a large amount of information already, and have committed much of it to memory.
312:. One, two, or more interrogators "ask a series of questions in such a manner that the source does not have time to answer a question completely before the next one is asked. This confuses the source, and he will tend to contradict himself as he has little time to formulate his answers." The source may then be persuaded to explain the inconsistencies.
640:
146:
of July 20, 2007. It restricted the CIA and other
Executive Agencies to proceed with interrogations "strictly in accord with the principles, processes, conditions, and limitations prescribes". Persons associated with the U.S. government were advised that they could rely on the manual, but could
362:
Commander for use in theater, and each specific instance must be approved by "the first
General Officer/Flag Officer (GO/FO) in an interrogator's chain of command" following approval of the interrogation plan by the interrogation supervisor's servicing SJA . Extensions of the initial times given
263:. The subject is "flattered into providing certain information in order to gain credit and build his ego" using a "somewhat-in-awe tone of voice." The subject might be complimented on a well-done operation or be persuaded to begin talking about an aspect of his job at which he is skilled.
218:. Pertinent questions are asked directly "as long as the source is answering the questions in a truthful manner". In almost all HUMINT collection this is the first approach used, and an alternative approach is chosen once the source refuses to answer, avoids answering, or answers falsely.
306:. The interrogator "listens carefully to a source's answer to a question, and then repeats the question and answer several times. He does this with each succeeding question until the source becomes so thoroughly bored with the procedure, he answers questions fully and candidly."
349:. The goal is to "convince the detainee that individuals from a country other than the United States are interrogating him, and trick the detainee into cooperating with US forces." It may be "effectively orchestrated with the Fear Down approach and the Pride and Ego Up."
248:. "The HUMINT collector must be extremely careful that he does not threaten or coerce a source," but can rely on justifiable fears such as that the prisoner may be killed for cooperating unless he receives protection, and can rely on non-specific fears, such as by asking
300:. The subject is told that he has been "identified as an infamous individual wanted by higher authorities on serious charges." In a sincere effort to correct this mistake, against the interrogator's persistent denials, he may provide leads for further development.
358:, is detailed at much greater length than the others in Appendix M of the manual. It "may not be employed on detainees covered by Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, primarily enemy prisoners of war." It must be approved by the
324:. When moved from the formal environment, "the source may experience a feeling of leaving the interrogation behind." The interrogator steers conversation toward the topic of interest, and "the source may never realize he is still being questioned."
294:. The interrogator prepares himself with a large dossier (padded with paper if necessary) indexed with tabs for "education, employment, criminal record, military service, and others" and proceeds as in the "We know all" approach.
236:. "Sincerity and conviction are critical" for the questioner to be persuasive. "For example, if the source cooperates, he can see his family sooner, end the war, protect his comrades, help his country, help his ethnic group."
242:. The questioner persuades the source that cooperation will harm his enemies. The manual prohibits the questioner from promising that a unit will be denied a chance to surrender or that it will be mistreated.
277:. The questioner uses factual information to try to convince the source that resistance is futile. This approach generally must be combined with another, such as the emotional love approach, to be effective.
224:. A real or emotional reward is given, or a real or perceived negative stimulus is removed, within the limits of what can be delivered and what is permissible by national and international law.
49:
of soldiers, and the analysis of known relationships and map data. The largest and most newsworthy section of the document details procedures for the screening and interrogation of
177:
among these, and the subject of internal debate among Obama advisors. Others expressed doubt about the policies, citing that in six months an interagency commission, headed by the
163:
between
September 11, 2001, and January 20, 2009." This order restricted the CIA and all other U.S. personnel to the same rules that the military uses in interrogations.
662:
199:, saying that Obama was drawing a line where none really existed, citing that Bush officials have stated that they used water boarding only against three top
211:
The manual permits nineteen interrogation techniques, Described in
Chapter 8 of the manual as "approach techniques" to help establish a rapport, these are:
42:
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902:
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615:
402:
803:
257:. A fearful subject is reassured "through verbal and physical actions" to calm him and cause him to view the interrogator as a "protector."
18:
124:
Disputes during the manual's preparation included whether a section on interrogation techniques would remain classified, and whether the
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156:
86:
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vetoed a bill, supported by
Democrats and opposed by John McCain, which would have restricted the CIA to the techniques in the manual.
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330:
139:
433:
887:
605:
66:
892:
740:
182:
147:
not rely upon "any interpretation of the law governing interrogation – including interpretations of
Federal criminal laws, the
872:
670:
41:
on
September 6, 2006. The manual gives instructions on a range of issues, such as the structure, planning and management of
369:, which prevents the detainee from communicating. Limited to 30 days of initial duration. Requires O-6 or above Approval.
631:"Ensuring Lawful Interrogations" (Full text on Wikisource). The other three orders mentioned by Newsweek are presumably
784:
282:
Several other approaches are classed as requiring considerable time and resources, and as more suitable for detainees.
708:
480:
185:, one group that represents detainees, termed the commission an "escape hatch" for returning to previous practices.
641:
Review and
Disposition of Individuals Detained at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and Closure of Detention Facilities
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693:
514:
359:
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officials in 2003, and saying that the real effect was that CIA interrogators were purchasing legal insurance.
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described the impact of this and three other executive orders issued shortly after Obama's inauguration as
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181:, may recommend "additional or different guidance" for non-military agencies such as the CIA. The
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93:, that caused interrogation techniques not included in the manual to be considered illegal for the
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403:"DoD News Briefing with Deputy Assistant Secretary Stimson and Lt. Gen. Kimmons from the Pentagon"
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101:. Therefore, the release of the manual was seen to prohibit Army personnel from methods such as
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85:
overrode international agreements against torture. Revision of the manual from the previous
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764:"The Jack Bauer Exception: Obama's executive order wants it both ways on interrogation"
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853:"The Black Sites: A Rare Look Inside the C.I.A.'s Secret Interrogation Program"
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described disorientation through the use of goggles and earmuffs in 2007.
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173:, calling Obama's decision to restrict the CIA to the Army Field Manual
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736:"CCR praises Obama orders, cautions against escape hatch for torture"
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join an emotional response with some attached incentive. These are:
834:
17:
694:"The End of Torture: Obama banishes Bush's interrogation tactics"
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ban on "humiliating and degrading treatment" would be removed.
22:
Army Deputy Chief of Staff for
Intelligence Lieutenant General
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785:"Obama's orders only the start of a detainee policy overhaul"
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Two additional techniques require the approval of "the first
175:"his most far-reaching and potentially controversial move"
155:, Army Field Manual 2 22.3, and its predecessor document,
434:"New Documents Outline Detention, Interrogation Policies"
89:
followed passage of a law in 2005, pressed by Senator
692:
Isikoff, Michael; Hosenball, Mark (22 January 2009).
635:"Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Personnel",
582:"Pentagon's interrogation manual dodges Geneva ban"
35:FM 2-22.3, Human Intelligence Collector Operations
544:"US confirms existence of secret prison network"
65:Drafting of the manual reflected concerns about
457:"Q&A: Torture and 'enhanced interrogation'"
81:determined that the wartime authority of the
8:
481:"Pentagon Won't Hide Interrogation Tactics"
593:(three months prior to issue of FM 2-22.3)
502:(three months prior to issue of FM 2-22.3)
855:(Interview). Interviewed by Amy Goodman.
835:"In Contravention of Conventional Wisdom"
333:in the interrogator's chain of command":
811:. U.S. Army. 6 June 2006. Archived from
474:
472:
873:Full text from U.S. Army (Unclassified)
783:Johnathan S. Landay (22 January 2009).
709:"Why the Gitmo policies may not change"
563:"Bush vetoes move to ban water torture"
394:
250:"You know what can happen to you here?"
663:"Obama: Close Guantanamo within year"
618:from the original on 26 January 2009.
77:, that followed after a 2003 memo by
7:
138:on January 22, 2009 (two days after
26:displays the manual on June 6, 2006.
87:FM 34-52 Intelligence Interrogation
829:Cheryl Welsh (largely summarizing
707:Gerstein, Josh (23 January 2009).
649:Review of Detention Policy Options
542:Suzanne Goldenberg (7 June 2006).
487:. Associated Press. Archived from
14:
479:Lolita C. Baldor (14 June 2006).
67:enhanced interrogation techniques
903:United States Army Field Manuals
898:Military intelligence collection
744:(Press release). 22 January 2009
741:Center for Constitutional Rights
606:"Ensuring Lawful Interrogations"
604:Barack Obama (22 January 2009).
183:Center for Constitutional Rights
561:Ed Pilkington (10 March 2008).
117:". On March 8, 2008 president
661:Mark Silva (22 January 2009).
1:
580:Julian Borger (6 June 2006).
409:. 6 June 2006. Archived from
379:, a known harmful practice.
268:Emotional-pride and ego-down
787:. McClatchy. Archived from
455:John Tran (18 April 2008).
432:Donna Miles (6 June 2006).
919:
438:U.S. Department of Defense
407:U.S. Department of Defense
373:Field expedient separation
261:Emotional-pride and ego-up
149:Convention Against Torture
513:Ken Gude (15 July 2008).
888:Interrogation techniques
805:Army Field Manual 2-22.3
515:"The worst of the worst"
31:Army Field Manual 2 22.3
893:Military training books
769:The Wall Street Journal
298:Establish your identity
188:The Wall Street Journal
157:Army Field Manual 34 52
381:Khalid Shaikh Mohammed
39:Department of the Army
27:
645:Executive Order 13493
637:Executive Order 13492
633:Executive Order 13490
629:Executive Order 13491
354:The final technique,
207:Interrogation methods
179:U.S. Attorney General
161:Department of Justice
144:Executive Order 13440
140:Obama's inauguration)
132:Executive Order 13491
21:
818:on 17 February 2010.
791:on 8 September 2012.
444:on 9 September 2006.
413:on 13 September 2006
228:Emotional approaches
171:"The End of Torture"
37:, was issued by the
377:sensory deprivation
367:Physical separation
255:Emotional fear-down
55:unlawful combatants
772:. 23 January 2009.
491:on 18 January 2013
275:Emotional-futility
222:Incentive approach
126:Geneva conventions
107:sexual humiliation
97:, but not for the
43:human intelligence
28:
851:(8 August 2007).
485:cageprisoners.com
322:Change of scenery
246:Emotional fear-up
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61:Political issues
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134:, issued by
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24:John Kimmons
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849:Mayer, Jane
495:10 February
286:We know all
91:John McCain
882:Categories
390:References
356:Separation
346:False Flag
310:Rapid fire
304:Repetition
197:exception"
195:Jack Bauer
73:, such as
47:debriefing
590:. London.
569:. London.
550:. London.
465:. London.
95:U.S. Army
714:Politico
616:Archived
523:. London
201:al-Qaida
166:Newsweek
142:revoked
79:John Yoo
643:", and
111:hooding
71:torture
69:and/or
748:9 June
720:9 June
677:6 June
527:9 June
417:9 June
316:Silent
816:(PDF)
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802:"8".
360:COCOM
33:, or
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331:O-6
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