243:
394:
3180:
3093:
33:
3156:
3105:
3132:
3168:
415:
3144:
433:
274:
297:(820 ft/pixel). The other eleven images have resolutions that are worse than 550 m/pixel (1800 ft/pixel) and are of limited use for studying surface features. Of the seven good images, the lighting and time at which two pairs of images were taken are so close as to reduce the number to five distinct images. The
322:
face. When the image was originally acquired, Viking chief scientist Gerry Soffen dismissed the "Face on Mars" in image 035A72 as a "trick of light and shadow". A second image, 070A13, also shows the "face", and was acquired 35 Viking orbits later at a different sun-angle from the 035A72 image. This
949:
Head III, J.W.; Kreslavsky, M.; Hiesinger, H.; Ivanov, M.; Pratt, Stephen; Seibert, N.; Smith, D.E.; Zuber, M.T. (December 15, 1998). "Oceans in the past history of Mars: Tests for their presence using Mars
Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data".
331:. DiPietro and Molenaar discovered the two misfiled images, Viking frames 035A72 and 070A13, while searching through NASA archives. The resolution of these images was of about 50 m/pixel.
458:
stated that "a detailed analysis of multiple images of this feature reveals a natural looking
Martian hill whose illusory face-like appearance depends on the viewing angle and angle of
1161:
1146:
1135:
1124:
1113:
1102:
365:
probe (2003–). In contrast to the relatively low resolution of the Viking images of
Cydonia, these new platforms afford much improved resolution. For instance, the
1614:"Skeptoid #97: The Face on Mars Revealed – New high resolution imagery has proven that this hill on Mars doesn't look quite so much like a carved face after all"
553:
series. In 1998 a news article about the "Space Face" quoted a scientist talking about deciphering "intelligent design" in nature. A cutting of this was used by
265:
Cropped version of the original batch-processed image (#035A72) of the "Face on Mars". The black dots that give the image a speckled appearance are data errors (
1202:
643:
301:
CD-ROM set image numbers for these are: 035A72 (VO-1010), 070A13 (VO-1011), 561A25 (VO-1021), 673B54 & 673B56 (VO-1063), and 753A33 & 753A34 (VO-1028).
2021:
262:
1633:
343:
images were taken, a succession of spacecraft visited Mars and made new observations of the
Cydonia region. These spacecraft have included NASA's
998:; Edgett, Kenneth S. (October 1, 1999). "Oceans or seas in the Martian northern lowlands: High resolution imaging tests of proposed coastlines".
2423:
1579:
2562:
2547:
1833:
1780:
1747:
1713:
1681:
1547:
1275:
2278:
2776:
2363:
3237:
3021:
3016:
1437:
2645:
1567:
1292:
164:
3232:
1950:
679:
2298:
293:
orbiters. Eighteen images of the
Cydonia region were taken by the orbiters, of which seven have resolutions better than 250 m/
2338:
2175:
2132:
1158:
1154:
1143:
1132:
1121:
1110:
1099:
537:
criticized much of the speculation concerning it in the chapter "The Man in the Moon and the Face on Mars" in his 1995 book
3193:
1931:
1415:
865:
831:
507:
370:
3122:
2751:
952:
576:. They point out that there are other faces on Mars but these do not elicit the same level of study. One example is the
2981:
2736:
2731:
2640:
2248:
2011:
1463:
400:
351:
328:
1210:
1862:
2913:
2746:
2617:
2503:
2390:
2044:
3033:
2848:
2540:
2358:
2001:
549:
236:
47:
2082:
2951:
2943:
2520:
1486:
594:
magazine's "Skeptical Eye" column ridiculed
Hoagland's claims, asking if he believed the aliens were fans of
2333:
2190:
2059:
1772:
1733:
1361:
1326:
616:
539:
467:
323:
latter discovery was made independently by
Vincent DiPietro and Gregory Molenaar, two computer engineers at
242:
160:
2723:
2698:
2535:
2438:
2380:
2353:
2312:
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1618:
1609:
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704:
577:
174:
2918:
2898:
2771:
2582:
2530:
2525:
2508:
2385:
2370:
1206:
835:
519:
356:
266:
1997:
2030:
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2928:
2715:
1267:
1007:
961:
923:
696:
450:
421:
381:
345:
1587:
1020:
709:
3109:
3065:
2878:
2488:
2468:
2433:
2185:
1908:
1513:
1259:
589:
515:
1459:
369:
images are at a resolution of 14 m/pixel (46 ft/pixel) or better. By combining data from the
3172:
3160:
2806:
2515:
2428:
2418:
2167:
2125:
2094:
1806:
1334:
1033:
977:
558:
544:
796:
1960:
3038:
2975:
2826:
2816:
2703:
2681:
2659:
2597:
2587:
2572:
2498:
2483:
2448:
2443:
2288:
2283:
2007:
1829:
1825:
1776:
1743:
1709:
1677:
1563:
1543:
1271:
1183:
730:
722:
622:
495:
479:
408:
camera of the "Face on Mars" (2007). Viking
Orbiter image inset in bottom right corner (1976).
261:
224:
140:
1077:
310:
on July 25, 1976, a two-kilometre-long (1.2 mi) Cydonian mesa, situated at 40.75° north
131:
that has attracted both scientific and popular interest. The name originally referred to the
3136:
3043:
2968:
2625:
2607:
2552:
2463:
2375:
2034:
1025:
995:
969:
931:
914:
714:
562:
471:
441:
215:
Cydonia lies in the planet's northern hemisphere in a transitional zone between the heavily
204:
200:
95:
60:
3075:
3028:
2686:
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2405:
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2343:
2253:
2238:
2213:
2180:
2150:
2048:
1954:
1165:
1150:
1139:
1128:
1117:
1106:
655:
648:
585:
554:
511:
1560:
Quantum Leaps in the Wrong
Direction: Where Real Science Ends... and Pseudoscience begins
1300:
514:, and the images were published in this context in 1977. Some commentators, most notably
385:
it has been possible to create a three-dimensional representation of the "Face on Mars".
1011:
965:
927:
700:
436:
One of many formations in
Cydonia, this one is sometimes called the "D & M pyramid".
393:
3184:
2986:
2308:
2263:
687:
557:
as an overhead visual for a lecture at Princeton, in his first public use of the term "
483:
182:
132:
1947:
1884:
857:
738:
3226:
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2864:
2693:
2676:
2668:
2602:
2557:
2478:
2413:
2328:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2118:
935:
886:
596:
487:
440:
Since it was originally first imaged, the face has been accepted by scientists as an
246:
Picture of the Cydonia region taken in 2006 by The European Space Agency's satellite
216:
2077:
1051:
1037:
640: – Highland terrain on Mars up-lifted by a giant impact, home to another "face"
3179:
3148:
3055:
3050:
2991:
2923:
2903:
2567:
2323:
2268:
2208:
2091:"Exposing PseudoAstronomy Vodcast: Episode 1 – The Cydonia Region of Mars Explored"
2015:
1941:
1739:
1673:
Planetary Mysteries: Megaliths, Glaciers, the Face on Mars and Aboriginal Dreamtime
981:
637:
506:
The Cydonia facial pareidolia inspired individuals and organizations interested in
491:
375:
361:
248:
144:
32:
1767:
The Case for the Face: Scientists Examine The Evidence for Alien Artifacts on Mars
764:
2103:
2065:
1984:
1978:
1765:
1671:
199:. Cydonia contains the "Face on Mars", located about halfway between the craters
2800:
2795:
2258:
2025:
147:. The region includes the named features Cydonia Mensae, an area of flat-topped
2908:
2893:
2228:
2158:
2090:
1796:
1729:
534:
445:
3208:
3195:
1851:"The Face Behind the 'Face' on Mars: A Skeptical Look at Richard C. Hoagland"
1232:
1203:"The Empire Strikes Back: Europe's First Trip to Mars Brings Home 'The Gold'"
1187:
726:
3060:
2996:
2630:
2493:
2104:"Exposing PseudoAstronomy Podcast: Episode 111 – The Cydonia Region of Mars"
807:
610:
573:
315:
159:; and Cydonia Labyrinthus, a complex of intersecting valleys. As with other
136:
17:
2073:
The Face Behind the "Face" on Mars: A Skeptical Look at Richard C. Hoagland
1389:
734:
1078:"Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars (Experiment Data Records)"
432:
3070:
2782:
2763:
2635:
2054:
1029:
973:
769:
718:
533:
While accepting the "face" as a subject for scientific study, astronomer
459:
319:
311:
306:
289:
283:
156:
38:
1850:
1098:
Raw data in the IMQ (ImageQ) format can be downloaded from these links:
912:
MacDonald, T. L. (October 1971). "The origins of Martian nomenclature".
2592:
2273:
1822:
Where Darwin Meets the Bible: Creationists and Evolutionists in America
1801:
569:
523:
475:
169:
547:
work by Mark J. Carlotto was used by Sagan in a chapter of his famous
414:
2318:
2072:
1655:
Smukler, H. (1977). "Dramatic Photos of Mars: the Home of the Gods".
1613:
1393:
774:
631:
581:
522:
along with other features they believe are present, such as apparent
405:
228:
1966:
1540:
A Short Course in Intellectual Self Defense: Find Your Inner Chomsky
3143:
277:
Second Viking 1 image of the Cydonia region on Mars. Labeled 070A13
527:
463:
431:
294:
273:
272:
260:
241:
232:
220:
196:
191:
2038:
613: – Tendency to perceive connections between unrelated things
2141:
1972:
1055:
455:
324:
152:
148:
128:
43:
2114:
135:(distinctively coloured area) that was visible from earthbound
1935:
1085:
801:
680:"Digital Imagery Analysis of Unusual Martian Surface Features"
462:". Similar optical illusions can be found in the geology of
625: – Delineation and characterization of Martian regions
518:, believe the "Face on Mars" to be evidence of a long-lost
119:
116:
110:
101:
84:
81:
75:
2068:, a discussion of the science and pseudoscience of Cydonia
1293:"Pixel Inversion – NASA's Misinformation on the Mars Face"
659:, 2000 film in which the feature plays a role in the plot
66:
1735:
The Demon-Haunted World: Science As a Candle in the Dark
379:
probe and the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) on board NASA's
2110:
634: – Camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
627:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1239:(Press release). Pasadena, CA: NASA/JPL. July 31, 1976
3120:
113:
98:
78:
63:
1763:
McDaniel, Stanley; Paxson, Monica Rix, eds. (1998).
1706:
The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever
1264:
The Monuments of Mars: A City on the Edge of Forever
227:
believe that the northern plains may once have been
107:
72:
3009:
2960:
2942:
2886:
2877:
2857:
2841:
2762:
2714:
2667:
2658:
2616:
2404:
2297:
2199:
2166:
2157:
104:
69:
1764:
1487:"Alien archaeology on Mars?: The 'D&M Pyramid"
151:-like features; Cydonia Colles, a region of small
619: – Region on the Moon which resembles a face
588:or other celebrities. On this latter similarity,
444:, an example of the psychological phenomenon of
2045:The exact position of the Face on Mars on Geody
1985:Astronomy Picture of the Day: 2006 September 26
1979:Astronomy Picture of the Day: 2006 September 25
1485:Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith (August 17, 2007).
36:Small part of the Cydonia region, taken by the
1676:. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. p. 11.
1180:Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars
1178:JPL; NASA; Viking Mars Program (U.S.) (1990).
651: – Pattern observed on the Moon's surface
425:image (MOC camera) of the same feature (2001).
299:Mission to Mars: Viking Orbiter Images of Mars
2126:
1981:, "Mars Express Close-Up of the Face on Mars"
1493:. Keith Fitzpatrick-Matthews and James Doeser
1327:"The Great Stone Face and Other Nonmysteries"
1052:"PIA01141: Geologic 'Face on Mars' Formation"
644:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
8:
1906:Golden, Fred (April 1985). "Skeptical Eye".
1320:
1318:
1249:Caption of JPL Viking Press Release P-17384.
219:regions to the south and relatively smooth
2883:
2664:
2163:
2133:
2119:
2111:
1849:Posner, Gary P. (November–December 2000).
1438:"Cydonia's 'Face on Mars' in 3D animation"
448:. After analysis of the higher resolution
281:Cydonia was first imaged in detail by the
252:. "Face on Mars" is just below the center.
1938:'s overview of features in Cydonia region
1708:(5 ed.). North Atlantic Books, U.S.
1291:Paranormal News Staff (August 25, 1999).
1019:
708:
2004:– Mars Express orbiter data (orbit 3253)
1514:"Scientist attacks alien claims on Mars"
826:
824:
795:Britt, Robert Roy (September 22, 2006).
568:The "face" is also a common topic among
231:, and that Cydonia may once have been a
31:
3127:
2097:from the original on November 17, 2021.
1809:from the original on November 17, 2021.
670:
2085:from the original on November 6, 2023.
1634:"Badlands Guardian Geological Feature"
1542:, p. 177 (Seven Stories Press, 2007).
1865:from the original on November 6, 2023
7:
2093:. Exposing PseudoAstronomy Vodcast.
2008:Discussion of MOC and "Face on Mars"
1558:Charles M. Wynn, Arthur W. Wiggins,
1512:Britt, Robert Roy (March 18, 2004).
1390:"Popular Landform in Cydonia Region"
1325:Gardner, Martin (Winter 1985–1986).
893:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program
572:groups, who use it as an example of
2106:. Exposing PseudoAstronomy Podcast.
2066:Hoagland debunking at Bad Astronomy
1987:, "Mars Express: Return to Cydonia"
1824:. Oxford University Press. p.
891:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
862:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
2071:Posner, Gary P. (November 2000). "
866:USGS Astrogeology Research Program
763:Whitehouse, David (May 25, 2001).
678:Carlotto, Mark J. (May 15, 1988).
25:
1998:High-resolution images of Cydonia
1797:"Carl Sagan and The Face on Mars"
1670:Grossinger, Richard, ed. (1986).
526:, which they argue are part of a
139:. The area borders the plains of
3178:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3103:
3092:
3091:
2102:Robbins, Stuart (May 31, 2014).
2089:Robbins, Stuart (May 31, 2014).
887:"Planetary Names: Feature Types"
413:
392:
94:
59:
1201:Rayl, A.J.S. (March 16, 2007).
304:In one of the images taken by
195:(city state) on the island of
165:drawn from classical antiquity
1:
2031:Interactive 3D "Face on Mars"
1299:. Jeff Behnke. Archived from
1182:(CD-ROM). Pasadena, CA: JPL.
508:extraterrestrial intelligence
371:High Resolution Stereo Camera
339:More than 20 years after the
2548:Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
1562:(Joseph Henry Press, 2001).
1416:"Cydonia – the face on Mars"
1000:Geophysical Research Letters
953:Geophysical Research Letters
936:10.1016/0019-1035(71)90077-7
832:"Cydonia – the face on Mars"
797:"Face on Mars gets makeover"
580:, which takes the form of a
127:) is a region on the planet
2982:Inspiration Mars Foundation
2012:Malin Space Science Systems
1464:Malin Space Science Systems
1377:Line Resolution 0.048049 km
401:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
352:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
329:Goddard Space Flight Center
3254:
3017:Artificial objects on Mars
1953:February 28, 2021, at the
1942:Viking Project Information
1932:Cydonia – the face on Mars
1704:Hoagland, Richard (2002).
1460:"Cydonia: Two Years Later"
1266:(4th ed.). Berkeley:
318:, had the appearance of a
178:
3238:Mare Acidalium quadrangle
3086:
3034:List of films set on Mars
2849:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
2646:Classical albedo features
2148:
1773:Adventure Unlimited Press
1418:. ESA. September 21, 2006
237:Mare Acidalium quadrangle
2952:List of missions to Mars
2002:Freie Universität Berlin
1584:Image of the Day Gallery
765:"Nasa: No face – honest"
584:, while others resemble
42:orbiter and released by
3233:Albedo features on Mars
3110:Solar System portal
1440:. ESA. October 23, 2006
1164:August 1, 2013, at the
1149:August 1, 2013, at the
1138:August 1, 2013, at the
1127:August 1, 2013, at the
1116:August 1, 2013, at the
1105:August 1, 2013, at the
858:"Planetary Names: Mars"
617:Face on Moon South Pole
540:The Demon-Haunted World
468:Old Man of the Mountain
466:; examples include the
163:, the name Cydonia was
161:albedo features on Mars
2724:Solar eclipses on Mars
2583:"Swiss cheese" feature
2439:Concentric crater fill
1885:"More 'Faces' on Mars"
1820:Witham, Larry (2005).
1586:. NASA. Archived from
561:" as a substitute for
437:
278:
270:
253:
186:
51:
1948:Past Missions: Viking
1538:Normand Baillargeon,
1233:"Viking 1–61 (35A72)"
1207:The Planetary Society
435:
357:European Space Agency
276:
267:salt-and-pepper noise
264:
245:
143:and the highlands of
35:
2924:Permanent settlement
2060:Skeptic's Dictionary
1973:Mars Global Surveyor
1887:. Tampa Bay Skeptics
1260:Hoagland, Richard C.
1030:10.1029/1999GL002342
974:10.1029/1998GL900116
838:. September 21, 2006
719:10.1364/AO.27.001926
520:Martian civilization
512:visitations to Earth
451:Mars Global Surveyor
422:Mars Global Surveyor
382:Mars Global Surveyor
346:Mars Global Surveyor
167:, in this case from
3205: /
3066:Timekeeping on Mars
2743:Planetary transits
2728:Satellite transits
2641:Observation history
2489:Lobate debris apron
2047:, provides link to
1366:Mars Image Explorer
1012:1999GeoRL..26.3049M
966:1998GeoRL..25.4401H
928:1971Icar...15..233M
701:1988ApOpt..27.1926C
516:Richard C. Hoagland
235:zone. It is in the
223:to the north. Some
2078:Skeptical Inquirer
2022:"The Face on Mars"
2016:The "Face on Mars"
1967:Mars Express: Home
1855:Skeptical Inquirer
1657:Ancient Astronauts
1612:(April 22, 2008).
1580:"The Face on Mars"
1335:Skeptical Inquirer
1237:Viking News Center
559:intelligent design
545:shape-from-shading
438:
279:
271:
254:
52:
3118:
3117:
3071:Sol (day on Mars)
3039:Martian scientist
3022:Memorials on Mars
3005:
3004:
2976:The Case for Mars
2873:
2872:
2654:
2653:
2588:Terrain softening
2553:Ring mold craters
2521:North Polar Basin
2444:Dark slope streak
2289:Vastitas Borealis
2186:Dust devil tracks
1835:978-0-19-518281-1
1782:978-0-932813-59-6
1749:978-0-394-53512-8
1715:978-1-58394-054-9
1683:978-0-938190-90-5
1548:978-1-58322-765-7
1277:978-1-883319-30-4
1006:(19): 3049–3052.
996:Malin, Michael C.
960:(24): 4401–4404.
695:(10): 1926–1933.
623:Geography of Mars
496:Badlands Guardian
355:(2006–), and the
141:Acidalia Planitia
16:(Redirected from
3245:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3183:
3182:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3095:
3094:
2969:The Mars Project
2884:
2832:
2822:
2812:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2665:
2526:Ocean hypothesis
2376:Outflow channels
2164:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2107:
2098:
2039:MarsQuest Online
2035:Shockwave Player
1992:Non-Space Agency
1914:
1913:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1771:(1st ed.).
1770:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1590:on July 19, 2013
1576:
1570:
1556:
1550:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1362:"Viking: 035A72"
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1303:on June 12, 2008
1288:
1282:
1281:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1213:on March 4, 2012
1209:. Archived from
1198:
1192:
1191:
1175:
1169:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1082:PDS Imaging Node
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1023:
992:
986:
985:
946:
940:
939:
909:
903:
902:
900:
898:
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
854:
848:
847:
845:
843:
828:
819:
818:
816:
814:
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
760:
754:
753:
751:
749:
743:
737:. Archived from
712:
684:
675:
628:
563:creation science
442:optical illusion
417:
396:
349:(1997–2006) and
180:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
50:on July 25, 1976
21:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3223:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3082:
3076:Darian calendar
3001:
2956:
2938:
2869:
2853:
2837:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2758:
2710:
2704:Voltaire crater
2682:Stickney crater
2650:
2612:
2454:Fretted terrain
2400:
2300:
2293:
2254:Sinus Meridiani
2239:Planum Australe
2214:Cerberus (Mars)
2195:
2153:
2151:Outline of Mars
2144:
2139:
2101:
2088:
2057:, entry in the
2049:NASA World Wind
1955:Wayback Machine
1923:
1918:
1917:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
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1847:
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1814:
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1593:
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1573:
1557:
1553:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1491:Bad Archaeology
1484:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1467:
1466:. April 5, 2000
1458:
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1413:
1409:
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1387:
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1370:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1297:Paranormal News
1290:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1166:Wayback Machine
1151:Wayback Machine
1140:Wayback Machine
1129:Wayback Machine
1118:Wayback Machine
1107:Wayback Machine
1091:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1058:. April 2, 1998
1050:
1049:
1045:
1021:10.1.1.601.7485
994:
993:
989:
948:
947:
943:
911:
910:
906:
896:
894:
885:
884:
880:
870:
868:
856:
855:
851:
841:
839:
830:
829:
822:
812:
810:
794:
793:
789:
779:
777:
762:
761:
757:
747:
745:
744:on May 16, 2013
741:
710:10.1.1.331.2704
682:
677:
676:
672:
667:
662:
656:Mission to Mars
649:Man in the Moon
626:
606:
586:Kermit the Frog
555:Charles Thaxton
504:
470:, the Romanian
430:
429:
428:
427:
426:
418:
410:
409:
397:
337:
314:and 9.46° west
259:
213:
97:
93:
62:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3225:
3224:
3209:40.74°N 9.46°W
3188:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3099:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2987:Mars Institute
2984:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2939:
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2818:
2813:
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2793:
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2656:
2655:
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2649:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Seasonal flows
2560:
2558:Rootless cones
2555:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
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2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2386:Valley network
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:Observed rocks
2368:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2305:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2284:Ultimi Scopuli
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2264:Terra Cimmeria
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2086:
2069:
2063:
2052:
2051:, among others
2042:
2028:
2019:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1945:
1939:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:External links
1919:
1916:
1915:
1898:
1876:
1841:
1834:
1812:
1788:
1781:
1755:
1748:
1721:
1714:
1696:
1682:
1662:
1659:(January): 26.
1647:
1625:
1610:Dunning, Brian
1601:
1571:
1551:
1531:
1504:
1477:
1451:
1429:
1407:
1381:
1353:
1314:
1283:
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1224:
1193:
1170:
1069:
1043:
987:
941:
922:(2): 233–240.
904:
878:
849:
820:
787:
755:
688:Applied Optics
669:
668:
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660:
652:
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629:
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605:
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484:Old Man of Hoy
480:Pedra da Gávea
419:
412:
411:
398:
391:
390:
389:
388:
387:
373:(HRSC) on the
336:
333:
258:
257:"Face on Mars"
255:
225:planetologists
212:
209:
189:), a historic
133:albedo feature
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3250:
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2922:
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2919:Human mission
2917:
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2914:Sample return
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2777:Mars-crossers
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2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Tharsis bulge
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2531:Ore resources
2529:
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2435:
2432:
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2424:Chaos terrain
2422:
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2414:Brain terrain
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2329:Chaos terrain
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2255:
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2244:Planum Boreum
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Olympia Undae
2232:
2230:
2227:
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2224:Eridania Lake
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1636:. Google Maps
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1270:. p. 5.
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488:Stac Levenish
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335:Later imagery
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175:Ancient Greek
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56:
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19:
3214:40.74; -9.46
3190:
3056:Life on Mars
3051:Flag of Mars
2992:Mars Society
2974:
2967:
2934:Terraforming
2929:Colonization
2699:Swift crater
2541:polar wander
2269:Terra Sabaea
2218:
2209:Arabia Terra
2076:
2058:
2055:Face on Mars
1961:Mars Express
1907:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1861:(6): 20–26.
1858:
1854:
1844:
1821:
1815:
1800:
1791:
1766:
1758:
1740:Random House
1738:. New York:
1734:
1724:
1705:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1672:
1665:
1656:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1628:
1617:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1588:the original
1583:
1574:
1559:
1554:
1539:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1517:
1507:
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1490:
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1454:
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1432:
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1384:
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1369:. Retrieved
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1339:
1333:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1296:
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1254:
1241:. Retrieved
1236:
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1211:the original
1196:
1179:
1173:
1090:. Retrieved
1081:
1072:
1062:February 12,
1060:. Retrieved
1046:
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861:
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800:
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768:
758:
746:. Retrieved
739:the original
692:
686:
673:
654:
638:Libya Montes
595:
590:
578:Galle Crater
567:
548:
538:
532:
505:
492:Sleeping Ute
460:illumination
449:
439:
420:
399:
380:
376:Mars Express
374:
367:Mars Express
366:
362:Mars Express
360:
350:
344:
340:
338:
305:
303:
298:
288:
282:
280:
249:Mars Express
247:
214:
190:
168:
145:Arabia Terra
54:
53:
37:
29:
27:Area of Mars
18:Face on mars
3212: /
3173:Outer space
3161:Spaceflight
2879:Exploration
2801:5261 Eureka
2469:Groundwater
2434:Composition
2259:Tempe Terra
2249:Quadrangles
2176:Circulation
2026:Google Mars
1926:NASA or ESA
1730:Sagan, Carl
1524:October 12,
1520:. SPACE.com
1497:December 1,
1470:December 1,
813:November 9,
780:November 9,
528:ruined city
502:Speculation
3227:Categories
2536:Polar caps
2516:Mud cracks
2499:Meteorites
2484:Lava tubes
2419:Carbonates
2354:Labyrinthi
2229:Iani Chaos
2168:Atmosphere
1689:August 12,
1342:(2): 14–18
665:References
535:Carl Sagan
494:, and the
446:pareidolia
229:ocean beds
137:telescopes
3137:Astronomy
3061:Sub-Earth
3044:Mythology
2997:Mars race
2764:Asteroids
2660:Astronomy
2631:Hesperian
2626:Amazonian
2598:Volcanism
2573:Spherules
2494:Marsquake
2449:Dichotomy
2364:by height
2359:Mountains
2159:Geography
1891:April 20,
1869:April 28,
1640:April 26,
1594:April 26,
1444:April 26,
1422:April 26,
1400:April 22,
1346:April 22,
1268:Frog, Ltd
1243:April 19,
1217:April 19,
1188:232381148
1092:April 19,
1016:CiteSeerX
897:April 19,
871:April 19,
842:April 19,
808:SPACE.com
748:April 19,
727:0003-6935
705:CiteSeerX
611:Apophenia
574:credulity
316:longitude
3097:Category
2961:Advocacy
2944:Missions
2887:Concepts
2716:Transits
2687:Monolith
2636:Noachian
2608:Yardangs
2504:on Earth
2464:Glaciers
2309:"Canals"
2301:features
2299:Physical
2095:Archived
2083:Archived
1951:Archived
1909:Discover
1863:Archived
1807:Archived
1732:(1995).
1619:Skeptoid
1262:(1996).
1162:Archived
1147:Archived
1136:Archived
1125:Archived
1114:Archived
1103:Archived
1038:53411196
770:BBC News
735:20531684
604:See also
591:Discover
570:skeptics
524:pyramids
341:Viking 1
320:humanoid
312:latitude
307:Viking 1
290:Viking 2
284:Viking 1
217:cratered
211:Location
39:Viking 1
3197:40°44′N
3185:Science
3123:Portals
3029:Fiction
3010:Related
2904:Landing
2899:Orbiter
2858:General
2827:2007 NS
2817:1999 UJ
2807:1998 VF
2796:Trojans
2783:2007 WD
2772:Impacts
2752:Mercury
2618:History
2578:Surface
2509:on Mars
2474:Gullies
2459:Geysers
2406:Geology
2396:Gravity
2391:Valleys
2344:Gullies
2334:Craters
2324:Catenae
2319:Canyons
2274:Tharsis
2219:Cydonia
2201:Regions
2191:Methane
2181:Climate
2014:(also,
1802:YouTube
1396:website
1371:July 3,
1307:May 29,
1084:. NASA/
1008:Bibcode
982:9137761
962:Bibcode
924:Bibcode
697:Bibcode
476:Giewont
233:coastal
205:Bamberg
201:Arandas
187:Cydonia
179:Κυδωνία
170:Kydonia
55:Cydonia
3200:9°28′W
3101:
3090:
2842:Comets
2737:Deimos
2732:Phobos
2694:Deimos
2677:Phobos
2381:Plains
2349:Mensae
2339:Fossae
1975:, NASA
1969:, NASA
1957:, NASA
1944:, NASA
1832:
1779:
1746:
1712:
1680:
1566:
1546:
1394:HiRISE
1274:
1186:
1159:753A34
1155:753A33
1144:673B56
1133:673B54
1122:561A25
1111:070A13
1100:035A72
1036:
1018:
980:
915:Icarus
775:London
733:
725:
707:
632:HiRISE
582:smiley
550:Cosmos
543:. The
482:, the
478:, the
472:Sphinx
406:HiRISE
221:plains
3149:Stars
2909:Rover
2894:Flyby
2865:Orbit
2747:Earth
2669:Moons
2603:Water
2479:Lakes
2429:Color
2279:Undae
1963:, ESA
1330:(PDF)
1088:/USGS
1034:S2CID
978:S2CID
742:(PDF)
683:(PDF)
464:Earth
454:data
295:pixel
197:Crete
192:polis
183:Latin
157:knobs
153:hills
2568:Soil
2313:list
2142:Mars
1893:2013
1871:2013
1830:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1744:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1691:2008
1678:ISBN
1642:2007
1596:2007
1564:ISBN
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1499:2008
1472:2008
1446:2007
1424:2007
1402:2021
1373:2019
1348:2021
1309:2008
1272:ISBN
1245:2013
1219:2013
1184:OCLC
1094:2013
1064:2011
1056:NASA
899:2013
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844:2013
815:2007
804:.com
782:2007
750:2013
731:PMID
723:ISSN
510:and
456:NASA
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287:and
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149:mesa
129:Mars
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