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first stage is referred to as "bulk absorption"; the charging current is held high and constant and is limited by the capacity of the charger. When the voltage on the battery reaches its outgassing voltage (2.22 volts per cell) the charger switches to the second stage, and the voltage is held constant (2.40 volts per cell). The delivered current declines at the maintained voltage, and when the current reaches less than 0.005C the charger enters its third stage and the charger output is held constant at 2.25 volts per cell. In the third stage, the charging current is very small, 0.005C, and at this voltage the battery can be maintained at full charge and compensate for self-discharge.
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1133:. This decreases the efficiency of the battery, resulting in less net current available to be drawn from the battery. However, if Li-ion cells are discharged below a certain voltage a chemical reaction occurs that make them dangerous if recharged, which is why many such batteries in consumer goods now have an "electronic fuse" that permanently disables them if the voltage falls below a set level. The electronic fuse circuitry draws a small amount of current from the battery, which means that if a laptop battery is left for a long time without charging it, and with a very low initial
54:
1126:. These batteries last longest if the battery is frequently charged; fully discharging the cells will degrade their capacity relatively quickly, but most such batteries are used in equipment which can sense the approach of full discharge and discontinue equipment use. When stored after charging, lithium battery cells degrade more while fully charged than if they are only 40–50% charged. As with all battery types, degradation also occurs faster at higher temperatures.
443:. Some chargers use pulses to check the current battery state when the charger is first connected, then use constant current charging during fast charge, then use pulse mode to trickle charge it. Some chargers use "negative pulse charging", also called "reflex charging" or "burp charging". These chargers use both positive and brief negative current pulses. There is no significant evidence that negative pulse charging is more effective than ordinary pulse charging.
1155:(a chemical reaction in the battery which deposits a layer of sulfates on the lead) will occur over time. Typically sulfated batteries are simply replaced with new batteries, and the old ones recycled. Lead–acid batteries will experience substantially longer life when a maintenance charger is used to "float charge" the battery. This prevents the battery from ever being below 100% charge, preventing sulfate from forming. Proper temperature compensated
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maintenance of automobile batteries or to recharge a vehicle battery that has accidentally discharged. Service stations and commercial garages will have a large charger to fully charge a battery in an hour or two; often these chargers can briefly source the hundreds of amperes required to crank an internal combustion engine starter.
607:
charger is only sufficient to provide trickle current. Depending on the technology of the trickle charger, it can be left connected to the battery indefinitely. Some battery types are not suitable for trickle charging. For instance, most Li-ion batteries cannot be safely trickle charged and can cause a fire or explosion.
736:. They may be fully compliant USB peripheral devices or uncontrolled, simple chargers. Another type of USB charger called "USB (rechargeable) battery" is fitted into the case of standard batteries (1.5 V AA, C, D, and 9 V block) together with a Li-ion rechargeable battery, voltage converter, and USB connector.
153:
For example, for a battery with a capacity of 500 mAh, a discharge rate of 5000 mA (i.e., 5 A) corresponds to a C-rate of 10C, meaning that such a current can discharge 10 such batteries in one hour. Likewise, for the same battery a charge current of 250 mA corresponds to a C-rate
1090:) to maintain critical loads for several hours during interruptions of primary grid power. Such chargers are permanently installed and equipped with temperature compensation, supervisory alarms for various system faults, and often redundant independent power supplies and redundant rectifier systems.
615:
The most sophisticated chargers are used in critical applications (e.g. military or aviation batteries). These heavy-duty automatic "intelligent charging" systems can be programmed with complex charging cycles specified by the battery manufacturer. The best are universal (i.e. can charge all battery
279:
To accelerate the charging time and provide continuous charging, an intelligent charger attempts to detect the state of charge and condition of the battery and applies a three-stage charging scheme. The following description assumes a sealed lead–acid traction battery at 25 °C (77 °F). The
170:
is exothermic) the charging process initially cools the battery, but as it reaches full charge, the cooling effect stops and the cell heats up. Detecting a temperature rise of 10 °C (18 °F) is one way of determining when to stop charging. Battery cells which have been built to allow higher
360:
This can cause even an intelligent charger not to sense that the batteries are already fully charged, and continue charging, the result of which may be overcharging. Many intelligent chargers employ a variety of cut-off systems to prevent overcharging. A typical smart charger fast-charges a battery
125:
cannot handle indefinite trickle charging. Slow battery chargers may take several hours to complete a charge. High-rate chargers may restore most capacity much faster, but high-rate chargers can be more than some battery types can tolerate. Such batteries require active monitoring of the battery to
606:
A trickle charger is typically low-current (usually between 5–1,500 mA). They are generally used to charge small capacity batteries (2–30 Ah). They are also used to maintain larger capacity batteries (> 30 Ah) in cars and boats. In larger applications, the current of the battery
591:
cells in the late 1990s to charge low-capacity consumer Ni–Cd cells. Often a timer charger and set of batteries could be bought as a bundle and the charger time is set for those batteries specifically. If batteries of lower capacity are charged, then they would be overcharged, and if batteries of
220:
battery because it is set to use a lower (i.e., safer) charging rate. Even so, many batteries left on a simple charger for too long will be weakened or destroyed due to over-charging. These chargers also vary in that they can supply either a constant voltage or a constant current, to the battery.
219:
source to a battery being charged. A simple charger typically does not alter its output based on charging time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive, but there are tradeoffs. Typically, a carefully designed simple charger takes longer to charge a
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and the batteries being charged. These typically employ some form of inductive connection between the grid and a charging vehicle. Some isolated chargers may be used in parallel. This allows for an increased charge current and reduced charging times. The battery has a maximum current rating that
799:
Chargers for car batteries come in varying ratings. Chargers that are rated up to two amperes may be used to maintain charge on parked vehicle batteries or for small batteries on garden tractors or similar equipment. A motorist may keep a charger rated a few amperes to ten or fifteen amperes for
389:
Several companies have begun making devices that charge batteries using energy from human motion, such as walking. An example, made by
Tremont Electric, consists of a magnet held between two springs that can charge a battery as the device is moved up and down. Such products have not yet achieved
818:
provide 6 kW (host power of 208 to 240 V AC off a 40-ampere circuit). 6 kW will recharge an EV roughly six times faster than 1 kW overnight charging. Rapid charging results in even faster recharge times and is limited only by available AC power, battery type, and the type of
813:
port, some have dials for maximum voltage and amperage, some are preset to specified battery pack voltage, ampere-hour and chemistry. Prices range from $ 400 to $ 4,500. A 10-ampere-hour battery could take 15 hours to reach a fully charged state from a fully discharged condition with a 1-ampere
174:
But high C-ratings are attractive to end users because such batteries can be charged more quickly, and produce higher current output in use. High C-rates typically require the charger to carefully monitor battery parameters such as terminal voltage and temperature to prevent overcharging and so
108:
Simple chargers of this type must be manually disconnected at the end of the charge cycle. Other battery types use a timer to cut off when charging should be complete. Other battery types cannot withstand over-charging, becoming damaged (reduced capacity, reduced lifetime), over heating or even
808:
Electric vehicle battery chargers (ECS) come in a variety of brands and characteristics. These chargers vary from 1 kW to 7.5 kW maximum charge rate. Some use algorithm charge curves, others use constant voltage, constant current. Some are programmable by the end user through a
259:
Fast chargers make use of control circuitry to rapidly charge the batteries without damaging any of the cells in the battery. The control circuitry can be built into the battery (generally for each cell) or in the external charging unit, or split between both. Most such chargers have a
227:
than other kinds of battery chargers because they are inexpensively designed and built. Generally, when the ripple current is within a battery's manufacturer recommended level, the ripple voltage will also be well within the recommended level. The maximum ripple current for a typical
146:, which is a measure of the rate at which a battery is charged or discharged relative to its capacity. The C-rate is defined as the charge or discharge current divided by the battery's capacity to store an electrical charge. While rarely stated explicitly, the unit of the C-rate is
1707:"Battery conditioner, battery car, battery charger car, charging a car battery, change a car battery, best car battery, electric car battery, charge a car battery, car with dead battery, car battery problem, car battery uk, car battery maintenance, car battery troubleshooting"
97:, current, for how long and what to do when charging is complete—depends on the size and type of the battery being charged. Some battery types have high tolerance for overcharging after the battery has been fully charged and can be recharged by connection to a constant
175:
damage to the cells. Such high-charging rates are possible only with some battery types. Others will be damaged or possibly overheat or catch fire. Some batteries may even explode. For example, an automobile SLI (starting, lighting, ignition) lead–acid battery carries
150:, equivalent to stating the battery's capacity to store an electrical charge in unit hour times current in the same unit as the charge or discharge current. The C-rate is never negative, so whether it describes a charging or discharging process depends on the context.
763:
Since a battery charger is intended to be connected to a battery, it may not have voltage regulation or filtering of the DC voltage output; it is cheaper to make them that way. Battery chargers equipped with both voltage regulation and filtering are sometimes termed
240:
is 5 amperes. As long as the ripple current is not excessive (more than 3 to 4 times the level recommended by the battery manufacturer), the expected life of a ripple-charged VRLA battery will be within 3% of the life of a constant DC-charged battery.
356:
because of increasing temperature, which indicates to an intelligent charger that the battery is fully charged. Such chargers are often labeled as a ΔV, "delta-V", or sometimes "delta peak" charger, indicating that they monitor voltage change.
393:
A pedal-powered charger for mobile phones fitted into desks has been created for installation in public spaces, such as airports, railway stations and universities. They have been installed in a number of countries on several continents.
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A properly designed charger can allow batteries to reach their full cycle life. Excess charging current, lengthy overcharging, or cell reversal in a multiple cell pack cause damage to cells and limit the life expectancy of a battery.
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343:
The output current of a smart charger depends upon the battery's state. An intelligent charger may monitor the battery's voltage, temperature or charge time to determine the optimum charge current or terminate charging. For
120:
provides a relatively small amount of current, only enough to counteract self-discharge of a battery that is idle for a long time. Some battery types cannot tolerate trickle charging; attempts to do so may result in damage.
264:
to help keep the temperature of the cells at safe levels. Most fast chargers are also capable of acting as standard overnight chargers if used with standard Ni–MH cells that do not have the special control circuitry.
157:
Running current through batteries generates internal heat, roughly proportional to the current involved (a battery's current state of charge, condition / history, etc. are also factors). If the charging process is
1093:
Chargers for stationary battery plants may have adequate voltage regulation and filtration and sufficient current capacity to allow the battery to be disconnected for maintenance, while the charger supplies the
327:
can respond to the condition of a battery and modify its charging parameters accordingly, whereas "dumb" chargers apply a steady voltage, possibly through a fixed resistance. It should not be confused with a
302:
to an electrical device, which stores the energy in the batteries. This is achieved without the need for metal contacts between the charger and the battery. Inductive battery chargers are commonly used in
592:
higher capacity were timer-charged, they would not reach full capacity. Timer based chargers also had the drawback that charging batteries that were not fully discharged would result in over-charging.
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may support input voltages of up to 24 or 32 V DC to ensure compatibility, and are sometimes equipped with a display to monitor current or the voltage of the vehicle's electrical system.
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ideally need high-rate chargers. For public access, installation of such chargers and the distribution support for them is an issue in the proposed adoption of electric cars.
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that provide a power source for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the mobile phone. Older ones are notoriously diverse, having a wide variety of
1098:(DC) system load. The capacity of the charger is specified to maintain the system load and recharge a completely discharged battery within, say, 8 hours or other intervals.
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and other devices used in bathrooms. Because there are no open electrical contacts, there is no risk of electrocution. Nowadays it is being used to charge wireless phones.
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883:
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exploding. The charger may have temperature or voltage sensing circuits and a microprocessor controller to safely adjust the charging current and voltage, determine the
361:
up to about 85% of its maximum capacity in less than an hour, then switches to trickle charging, which takes several hours to top off the battery to its full capacity.
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1808:
Model: YSY-C009 Qualcomm Quick Charge 3.0 Input: 12–32 V Output: 4USB 5 V-7 A ( 35 W Max ) / 1USB 9 V/12 V-1.8 A
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standard. In June 2009, 10 of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed a
Memorandum of Understanding to develop specifications for and support a
340:
about battery condition. A smart battery requires a smart charger. Some smart chargers can also charge "dumb" batteries, which lack any internal electronics.
505:
Although portable solar chargers obtain energy only from the sun, they can charge in low light like at sunset. Portable solar chargers are often used for
1844:
1024:-styles and voltages, most of which are not compatible with other manufacturers' phones or even different models of phones from a single manufacturer.
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838:
Non-isolated: the battery charger has a direct electrical connection to the A/C outlet's wiring. Non-isolated chargers cannot be used in parallel.
113:, and cut off at the end of charge. Chargers may elevate the output voltage proportionally with current to compensate for impedance in the wires.
490:. These are often connected to the electrical grid via control and interface circuits, whereas portable solar chargers are used off-grid (i.e.
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352:, the voltage of the battery increases slowly during the charging process, until the battery is fully charged. After that, the voltage
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charger is terminated after a predetermined time interval. Timer chargers were the most common type for high-capacity
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Degradation in lithium-ion batteries is caused by an increased internal battery resistance often due to the cell
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894:, a power source is placed underneath the road surface and power is wirelessly picked up on the vehicle itself.
845:(PFC) chargers can more closely approach the maximum current the plug can deliver, shortening charging time.
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ones. With pulse charging, high instantaneous voltages are applied without overheating the battery. In a
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of C/2, meaning that this current will increase the state of charge of this battery by 50% in one hour.
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1399:"Battery management strategies: An essential review for battery state of health monitoring techniques"
1398:
1627:"AN913: Switch-Mode, Linear, and Pulse Charging Techniques for Li+ Battery in Mobile Phones and PDAs"
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890:(OLEV), where the vehicles get their power needs from cables underneath the surface of the road via
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Example of a smart charger for AA and AAA batteries with integrated display for status monitoring
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179:. A newer type of charger is known as a solid-state charger. This overcomes the limitations of
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to connect a device to a power supply. Products based on this approach include chargers for
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was deploying a network of charging stations and subsidizing vehicle battery costs through
436:, this breaks down lead-sulfate crystals, thus greatly extending the battery service life.
1757:
1687:"Battery charger with current pulse regulation" patented 1981 United States Patent 4355275
1237:
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1054:, and other countries are making a national standard on mobile phone chargers using the
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and can generally be charged and discharged without exhibiting memory effect, though
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1859:"Universal Chargers are a Good Start: 5 More Things That Need Conformity - PC World"
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Motor vehicles, such as boats, RVs, ATVs, motorcycles, cars, trucks, etc. have used
822:
Onboard EV chargers (change AC power to DC power to recharge the EV's pack) can be:
428:. This technology works with any size and type of battery, including automotive and
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Energy: Sources, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model State
1066:(EPS) for all data-enabled mobile phones sold in the EU. On October 22, 2009, the
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Some higher-end models feature multiple ports are equipped with a display which
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charger as it would require roughly 1.5 times the battery's capacity. Public EV
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486:, but can also be fixed mounted. Fixed mount solar chargers are also known as
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to charge batteries. A charging station sends electromagnetic energy through
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1437:"A Guide to Understanding Battery Specifications MIT Electric Vehicle Team"
1357:
Hassini, Marwan; Redondo-Iglesias, Eduardo; Venet, Pascal (19 July 2023).
1696:"Pulse-charge battery charger" patented 1997 United States Patent 5633574
1059:
711:
1909:
Mansoori, G. Ali; Enayati, Nader; Agyarko, L. Barnie (5 November 2015).
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types), and include automatic capacity testing and analyzing functions.
1495:"A critical review of lithium-ion battery safety testing and standards"
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Used to charge one battery with another battery of the same voltage.
180:
1286:"recharge - definition of recharge in English - Oxford Dictionaries"
1086:
facilities may have very large standby battery banks (installed in
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873:
Auxiliary charger designed to fit a variety of proprietary devices
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52:
38:
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specification provides five-volt power, it is possible to use a
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147:
1260:"Recharger definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary"
686:
Australian and New
Zealand power socket with USB charger socket
439:
Several kinds of pulse chargers are patented, while others are
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973:
901:
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516:
499:
171:
C-rates than usual must make provision for increased heating.
1613:"Delayed at the station? Get pedalling to charge your phone"
886:(KAIST) have developed an electric transport system, called
223:
Simple AC-powered battery chargers usually have much higher
1784:"Index of tested and reviewed USB power supplies/chargers"
1359:"Lithium–Ion Battery Data: From Production to Prediction"
377:, charged by shaking along its long axis, causing magnet
776:
There are two main types of chargers used for vehicles:
931:
826:
Isolated: they make no physical connection between the
791:
To recharge an electric vehicle (EV) battery pack; see
647:
412:, in which a series of electrical pulses is fed to the
866:
and credits until filing for bankruptcy in May 2013.
478:
Solar chargers convert light energy into low-voltage
1337:
A Systems
Approach to Lithium-Ion Battery Management
1070:
announced that microUSB would be the standard for a
1549:"Effects of AC Ripple Current on VRLA Battery Life"
884:Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
1082:Telecommunications, electric power, and computer
509:, though some can completely recharge batteries.
1493:Jaguemont, Joris; Bardé, Fanny (1 August 2023).
784:, where a modular charger is used; typically an
1397:Pradhan, S. K.; Chakraborty, B. (1 July 2022).
208:A simple charger works by supplying a constant
1469:"LM2576,LM3420,LP2951,LP2952 Battery Charging"
138:Charge and discharge rates are often given as
1008:MDY-11-EP1 charger with fast charging support
8:
1159:should be used to achieve the best results.
1137:, the battery may be permanently destroyed.
1733:"Fuji Heavy Speeds Up Recharging Of R1e EV"
1600:Motion-powered gadget charger back on track
551:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
416:. The DC pulses have a strictly controlled
93:through it. The charging protocol—how much
1312:"Charger with output voltage compensation"
1374:
954:Learn how and when to remove this message
670:Learn how and when to remove this message
571:Learn how and when to remove this message
368:
204:that outputs 300 mA of 12 V DC
1251:
1016:chargers are not really chargers, only
919:not related to the topic of the article
641:not related to the topic of the article
470:Solar Charger Model 57082 with two 2100
1843:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1836:
1602:." 1 July 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
420:, pulse width, pulse repetition rate (
375:linear induction or "shake" flashlight
1663:""fast pulse battery charger" patent"
1068:International Telecommunication Union
7:
1519:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.121014
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
549:adding citations to reliable sources
30:For other senses of this term, see
1758:"Korean electric vehicle solution"
1045:automobile auxiliary power outlets
984:automobile auxiliary power outlets
611:Universal battery charger–analyzer
336:and communicates digitally with a
27:Device used to provide electricity
25:
1615:. Connexion France. 4 April 2017.
1122:, and most electric vehicles use
225:ripple current and ripple voltage
126:protect it from any abusive use.
1219:– a kiosk-based charging service
1188:– battery charging device in car
1169:
1035:for charging parameters such as
906:
628:
521:
474:mAh Ni–MH rechargeable batteries
390:significant commercial success.
381:to slide through a coil of wire
294:Inductive battery chargers use
1709:. 9 March 2012. Archived from
922: and should be moved to
168:nickel–metal hydride batteries
1:
1645:"Lead–acid battery sulfation"
1467:Chester Simpson (July 2018).
1223:Rechargeable alkaline battery
934:or discuss this issue on the
780:To recharge a fuel vehicle's
650:or discuss this issue on the
105:, depending on battery type.
1582:"The Great Battery Shootout"
1084:uninterruptible power supply
1064:common external power supply
772:Battery charger for vehicles
1499:Applied Thermal Engineering
1144:. These batteries employ a
1974:
1192:Automated charging machine
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878:Induction-powered charging
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804:Electric vehicle batteries
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177:several risks of explosion
29:
1415:10.1016/j.est.2022.104427
1403:Journal of Energy Storage
1207:Battery management system
1078:Stationary battery plants
1043:. Chargers for 12 V
296:electromagnetic induction
284:Induction-powered charger
1598:Martin LaMonica, CNET. "
1376:10.3390/batteries9070385
1029:indicates output current
698:battery charger and its
1102:Prolonging battery life
1033:communication protocols
888:Online Electric Vehicle
843:Power-factor correction
385:to generate electricity
162:(which in the case for
1953:Rechargeable batteries
1665:. 2003. Archived from
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365:Motion-powered charger
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205:
66:
50:
1339:, Artech House, 2013
1316:Freepatentsonline.com
1197:Electric bus#Charging
1186:Automotive alternator
1124:lithium-ion batteries
1074:for mobile handsets.
1041:MediaTek Pump Express
1037:Qualcomm Quick Charge
1003:
992:
981:
917:may contain material
872:
730:digital audio players
693:
685:
639:may contain material
482:. They are generally
466:
457:Further information:
372:
318:
305:electric toothbrushes
275:IUoU battery charging
255:Fast charging network
200:A simple charger for
199:
123:Lithium-ion batteries
56:
43:Charging a 12 V
42:
1915:. World Scientific.
1737:Greencarcongress.com
1586:Imaging-resource.com
932:improve this section
898:Mobile phone charger
860:Project Better Place
718:Universal Serial Bus
648:improve this section
545:improve this section
441:open source hardware
1669:on 28 February 2011
1511:2023AppTE.23121014J
1474:. Texas Instruments
1266:on 30 November 2016
1142:lead–acid batteries
882:Researchers at the
766:battery eliminators
513:Timer-based charger
404:Battery regenerator
269:Three-stage charger
166:, whereas charging
81:, is a device that
1202:Battery eliminator
1010:
998:
987:
892:inductive charging
875:
835:cannot be exceeded
704:
688:
476:
408:Some chargers use
387:
379:(visible at right)
321:
300:inductive coupling
290:Inductive charging
206:
67:
51:
1958:Energy conversion
1212:Charge controller
1072:universal charger
968:Universal charger
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963:
956:
819:charging system.
816:charging stations
680:
679:
672:
620:USB-based charger
581:
580:
573:
459:Energy harvesting
434:lead–acid battery
128:Electric vehicles
61:plugged in to an
16:(Redirected from
1965:
1948:Battery charging
1943:Battery chargers
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1906:
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1861:. Archived from
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1764:. 20 August 2009
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1747:
1745:
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1723:
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1703:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1651:on 2 April 2007.
1647:. Archived from
1641:
1635:
1634:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1554:. Archived from
1553:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1457:
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1354:
1348:
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1327:
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1324:
1322:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1292:on 25 March 2014
1288:. Archived from
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1262:. Archived from
1256:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1120:tablet computers
995:charging machine
974:USB § Power
959:
952:
948:
945:
939:
910:
909:
902:
855:Charging station
793:Charging station
734:tablet computers
708:USB § Power
675:
668:
664:
661:
655:
632:
631:
624:
602:Trickle charging
583:The output of a
576:
569:
565:
562:
556:
525:
517:
507:trickle charging
473:
410:pulse technology
332:that contains a
235:
231:
87:electric battery
21:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1868:
1866:
1865:on 30 June 2009
1857:
1856:
1852:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1825:on 28 July 2017
1819:"Archived copy"
1817:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1716:
1714:
1713:on 9 March 2012
1705:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1686:
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1672:
1670:
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1656:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1580:Dave Etchells.
1579:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1561:on 22 July 2011
1558:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1448:. December 2008
1439:
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1434:
1430:
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1395:
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1267:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:State of charge
1175:
1168:
1165:
1135:state of charge
1104:
1080:
1031:. Some support
976:
970:
960:
949:
943:
940:
929:
911:
907:
900:
880:
857:
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849:Charge stations
806:
786:3-stage charger
782:starter battery
774:
761:
756:
750:
742:
726:cellular phones
714:
676:
665:
659:
656:
645:
633:
629:
622:
613:
604:
598:
596:Trickle charger
577:
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560:
557:
542:
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515:
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430:valve-regulated
406:
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350:Ni–MH batteries
313:
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286:
277:
271:
257:
247:
233:
229:
202:Ni–Cd batteries
194:
189:
164:Ni–Cd batteries
136:
118:trickle charger
111:state of charge
71:battery charger
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1971:
1969:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1935:
1934:
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1928:
1921:
1901:
1885:"Media Centre"
1876:
1850:
1810:
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1775:
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1680:
1654:
1636:
1618:
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1572:
1540:
1485:
1459:
1428:
1382:
1349:
1335:Phil Weicker,
1328:
1303:
1277:
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1182:
1181:
1180:
1164:
1161:
1103:
1100:
1096:direct current
1079:
1076:
1052:European Union
1018:power adapters
966:Main article:
962:
961:
914:
912:
905:
899:
896:
879:
876:
853:Main article:
850:
847:
840:
839:
836:
805:
802:
797:
796:
789:
773:
770:
760:
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752:Main article:
749:
746:
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678:
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636:
634:
627:
621:
618:
612:
609:
600:Main article:
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594:
579:
578:
529:
527:
520:
514:
511:
451:Main article:
448:
445:
402:Main article:
399:
396:
366:
363:
312:
309:
288:Main article:
285:
282:
270:
267:
246:
243:
193:
192:Simple charger
190:
188:
185:
135:
132:
103:current source
101:or a constant
99:voltage source
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1970:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1924:
1922:9789814704021
1918:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1805:
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1789:
1788:lygte-info.dk
1785:
1779:
1776:
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1753:
1750:
1738:
1734:
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1725:
1712:
1708:
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1592:
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1532:
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1500:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1424:
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1416:
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1400:
1393:
1391:
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1387:
1383:
1377:
1372:
1368:
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1360:
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1338:
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1307:
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1291:
1287:
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1239:
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1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1213:
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1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1177:Energy portal
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1157:float voltage
1154:
1150:
1147:
1146:sulfuric acid
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1088:battery rooms
1085:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
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1019:
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1002:
996:
993:Mobile phone
991:
985:
980:
975:
969:
958:
955:
947:
937:
933:
927:
926:
921:
920:
915:This section
913:
904:
903:
897:
895:
893:
889:
885:
877:
871:
867:
865:
861:
856:
848:
846:
844:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:
823:
820:
817:
812:
803:
801:
794:
790:
787:
783:
779:
778:
777:
771:
769:
767:
758:
755:
748:Solar charger
747:
745:
740:DC–DC charger
739:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
713:
709:
701:
697:
692:
684:
674:
671:
663:
653:
649:
643:
642:
637:This section
635:
626:
625:
619:
617:
610:
608:
603:
595:
593:
590:
586:
575:
572:
564:
554:
550:
546:
540:
539:
535:
530:This section
528:
524:
519:
518:
512:
510:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
469:
465:
460:
454:
453:Solar charger
447:Solar charger
446:
444:
442:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
405:
398:Pulse charger
397:
395:
391:
384:
380:
376:
371:
364:
362:
358:
355:
351:
347:
341:
339:
338:smart charger
335:
334:computer chip
331:
330:smart battery
326:
325:smart charger
317:
311:Smart charger
310:
308:
306:
301:
297:
291:
283:
281:
276:
268:
266:
263:
256:
252:
244:
242:
239:
226:
221:
218:
215:
211:
203:
198:
191:
186:
184:
182:
178:
172:
169:
165:
161:
155:
151:
149:
145:
141:
133:
131:
129:
124:
119:
114:
112:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
83:stores energy
80:
76:
72:
64:
60:
55:
49:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1911:
1904:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:
1879:
1867:. Retrieved
1863:the original
1853:
1827:. Retrieved
1823:the original
1813:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1790:. lygte-info
1787:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:Newatlas.com
1761:
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:the original
1701:
1692:
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:the original
1657:
1649:the original
1639:
1631:Maxim-ic.com
1630:
1621:
1607:
1594:
1585:
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1556:the original
1543:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1443:
1431:
1406:
1402:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1336:
1331:
1319:. Retrieved
1315:
1306:
1294:. Retrieved
1290:the original
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1264:the original
1254:
1228:Solar energy
1139:
1128:
1110:Most modern
1109:
1105:
1092:
1081:
1049:
1026:
1022:DC connector
1014:mobile phone
1011:
982:Charger for
950:
941:
930:Please help
923:
916:
881:
858:
841:
821:
807:
798:
775:
762:
759:Applications
743:
715:
666:
657:
646:Please help
638:
614:
605:
582:
567:
558:
543:Please help
531:
504:
488:solar panels
477:
438:
409:
407:
392:
388:
382:
378:
359:
353:
342:
322:
293:
278:
258:
251:Quick Charge
245:Fast charger
238:VRLA battery
222:
207:
173:
156:
152:
143:
139:
137:
115:
107:
78:
77:, or simply
74:
70:
68:
65:for charging
59:mobile phone
36:
18:Fast charger
1829:12 December
1445:web.mit.edu
1240:(batteries)
1149:electrolyte
1112:cell phones
1050:China, the
830:electrical
728:, portable
700:power cable
694:1.5 V
262:cooling fan
183:batteries.
160:endothermic
89:by running
48:car battery
1937:Categories
1673:21 January
1505:: 121014.
1409:: 104427.
1369:(7): 385.
1345:1608076598
1246:References
1233:Solar lamp
1062:-equipped
972:See also:
925:AC adapter
716:Since the
706:See also:
480:DC current
273:See also:
249:See also:
63:AC adapter
32:AC adapter
1794:22 August
1535:259416326
1527:1359-4311
1423:2352-152X
1363:Batteries
1153:sulfation
1131:oxidation
944:July 2019
936:talk page
722:USB cable
660:July 2019
652:talk page
561:June 2010
532:does not
426:amplitude
422:frequency
418:rise time
354:decreases
214:pulsed DC
75:recharger
45:lead–acid
1839:cite web
1296:26 March
1270:26 March
1163:See also
1060:microUSB
928:instead.
712:ISO 4165
484:portable
383:(center)
1889:Itu.int
1869:30 June
1633:. 2001.
1507:Bibcode
1478:29 July
1347:page 26
1217:FuelRod
696:lithium
553:removed
538:sources
414:battery
95:voltage
91:current
79:charger
1919:
1894:6 July
1768:6 July
1742:6 July
1717:6 July
1565:6 July
1533:
1525:
1452:10 May
1421:
1343:
1321:6 July
1116:laptop
1006:Xiaomi
864:leases
732:, and
710:, and
472:
424:) and
234:
230:
181:liquid
144:C-rate
134:C-rate
85:in an
1559:(PDF)
1552:(PDF)
1531:S2CID
1472:(PDF)
1440:(PDF)
1012:Most
832:mains
589:Ni–Cd
585:timer
498:, or
496:boats
468:Varta
346:Ni–Cd
232:V 100
217:power
1917:ISBN
1896:2023
1871:2009
1845:link
1831:2006
1796:2021
1770:2023
1744:2023
1719:2023
1675:2008
1567:2023
1523:ISSN
1480:2018
1454:2017
1419:ISSN
1341:ISBN
1323:2023
1298:2017
1272:2017
1118:and
754:MPPT
536:any
534:cite
492:cars
348:and
253:and
187:Type
1515:doi
1503:231
1411:doi
1371:doi
1056:USB
1039:or
828:A/C
811:CAN
547:by
502:).
500:RVs
236:Ah
212:or
142:or
1939::
1887:.
1841:}}
1837:{{
1786:.
1760:.
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1529:.
1521:.
1513:.
1501:.
1497:.
1442:.
1417:.
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1405:.
1401:.
1385:^
1365:.
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494:,
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210:DC
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667:(
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568:(
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559:(
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541:.
148:h
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
