296:. Together their applied research focused on issues directed from government agencies, including training and experimental designs. Bartlett became the Director of the Unit after Craik's early death in 1945. Bartlett successfully took charge of this lectureship aimed towards military efforts. Expanding upon Craik's past work on "bodily skills" appealed to Bartlett possibly because of his passion for sports during his childhood years. At this time, institutions in England and the United States bestowed numerous awards to Bartlett for his explanations of the adaptive synthesis of movements that humans create given any new situation.
280:(1932), Bartlett's concerns centred on determining stronger methodologies for social psychology by combining psychology and anthropology. Bartlett, along with colleagues from subjects of psychology, anthropology, and sociology, met twice a year from 1935 to 1938 to collaborate. Bartlett's interest in Applied Experimental Psychology expanded, specifically in regard to the subject of the militia when the Applied Psychology Unit was established at the Cambridge Laboratory of Industrial Research. He and
171:. Bartlett considered most of his own work on cognitive psychology to be a study in social psychology, but he was also interested in anthropology, moral science, philosophy, and sociology. Bartlett proudly referred to himself as "a Cambridge psychologist" because while he was at the University of Cambridge, settling for one type of psychology was not an option.
315:(1932) such as story recollection. Experiments on completion were done, where participants were shown open ended stories and told to finish them realistically. What he found was that "completion appears even unconsciously, and sheds light on how schemas, as a way of organizing past experiences, lead one towards constructive and predictive processes".
259:(1932) was Bartlett's most famous study and demonstrated the reconstructive nature of memory, and how it can be influenced by the subject's own schema. A memory is constructive when a person gives their opinion about what had happened in the memory, along with additional influences such as their experiences, knowledge, and expectations.
267:
of the listener, these elements were omitted from the recollection, or transformed into more familiar forms. Each participant's report of the story mirrored his or her own culture, Edwardian
English culture in this case. An example of this can be demonstrated by some of these participants remembering
262:
In the experiment, Bartlett assigned his
Edwardian English participants to read the Native American Folklore titled "War of the Ghosts". Participants were told to remember the story at extended intervals numerous times. Bartlett found that at longer intervals between reading the story and remembering
374:
and the
Longacre Award of the Aeromedical Association. Between 1952 and 1963, National Psychological Societies of Spain, Sweden, Italy, Turkey, and Switzerland elected him as an honorary member. He was recognised by the International Experimental Psychology Society in 1958 and was selected by The
186:
In 1909, Bartlett graduated First Class
Honours with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy at The University Correspondence College. He continued his education at London University where he achieved his master's degree with a distinction in both ethics and sociology. Continuing his education at
239:
consisted of experimental studies on remembering, imaging, and perceiving, and "remembering as a study in social psychology." His Theory of
Remembering involved social conditions that were influential to remembering, along with comparisons such as "free remembering" to special circumstances of
210:
Bartlett's first book in psychology developed a framework to understand human action in cultural context. In contrast to his most famous experimental work (see below) he here develops his argument through his readings of ethnographic sources. In fact, Bartlett had originally wanted to go into
215:
to train as a psychologist first. In
Psychology and Primitive Culture, he explores in particular what happens when groups come into contact with each other and what factors condition the exchange and adoption of culture between the groups. The book is also noteworthy in its argument against
198:
Bartlett's experimental work at this time focused on perception and imaging which contributed to his appointment as a Fellow in 1917. Soon after the war ended, Myers left his
Cambridge position, leaving a large donation to finance department lectureships. Bartlett became the Director of the
195:, the Director of the Cambridge Psychology Laboratory. The effects of Bartlett's childhood illnesses kept him from participating in World War I. He became deputy head of the Cambridge Psychology Laboratory in 1914 when Myers was drafted into the war as a medical doctor.
235:(1932). The book explored Bartlett's concept of conventionalization in psychology. It was an assemblage of his past works, including experiments testing the ability to remember using figures, photographs, and stories. Specifically,
985:
1181:
327:(1932), Bartlett became a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1944, Bartlett became the Director of the Unit for Research in Applied Psychology. Bartlett's contributions during World War II granted him
1171:
929:
Ogilvie, M. B., & Harvey, J. D. (2000). The biographical dictionary of women in science: Pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-92038-4
1191:
199:
Laboratory and
Lecturer of Experimental Psychology. Bartlett later attained the title of Senior Lecturer of Psychology, a post which he held until his death in 1969 at the age of 82.
1206:
183:
at a young age, causing him to be homeschooled during his secondary years of education. Despite being sick as a youth, he found joy in athletics such as golf, tennis, and cricket.
423:
485:
1161:
439:
407:
179:
Frederic
Bartlett was born on 20 October 1886 into a middle-class family and raised in Gloucestershire, England. Childhood was not easy for Bartlett. He suffered from
323:
In 1922, Bartlett was chosen as
Director of Psychological Laboratory in Cambridge and awarded a chair in experimental psychology in 1931. The same year he published
431:
263:
it, participants were less accurate and forgot much of the information from the story. Most importantly, where the elements of the story failed to fit into the
359:, on the basis of his wartime work in applied psychology. In 1950, Bartlett was awarded Presidency at the British Psychological Society. He was elected to the
343:
by the University of Athens in 1937, Princeton in 1947, and the University of London and the University of Louvain in 1949. In 1948, Bartlett delivered the
1201:
240:
remembering. The book provided an in depth analysis of Bartlett's schema theory, which has continued to inspire scientists studying schema theories today.
455:
447:
399:
1196:
1176:
1151:
360:
1034:
738:
344:
375:
North American National Academy of Science and the North American Academy of Arts to be a foreign associate member in 1959. Today, the UK
1156:
1106:
904:
289:
710:
380:
188:
231:
Bartlett was the Chair of Experimental Psychology at Cambridge when he published the book he is most famously recognised for:
332:
522:
Wagoner, B. (2017). The Constructive Mind: Bartlett's Psychology in Reconstruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
285:
1166:
336:
1116:
328:
148:
106:
1186:
244:
89:
293:
160:
156:
133:
1010:
20:
311:. He recognised various thinking processes that humans use, relating back to the methods he exercised in
777:
1146:
1141:
664:
217:
192:
164:
688:
828:"The multiple roles of cultural transmission experiments in understanding human cultural evolution"
264:
168:
85:
711:"The thinking person's emotion theorist: A comment on Bartlett's 'Feeling, imaging, and thinking'"
376:
939:
763:
415:
865:
847:
730:
625:
577:
550:
502:
908:
855:
839:
801:
722:
615:
607:
542:
494:
480:
51:
1072:
1046:
356:
1121:
860:
827:
620:
595:
964:
546:
1135:
823:
331:
in 1941 and awarded him medals from The Royal Society in 1943. He was elected to the
281:
212:
1126:
1111:
152:
371:
99:
123:
851:
726:
292:(APU) at Cambridge in 1944, where they worked with experimental psychologist
70:
869:
843:
734:
611:
506:
498:
629:
581:
554:
1101:
180:
890:
Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, And Everyday Experience
832:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
352:
191:, Barlett received a distinction in moral science. Here, he also met
82:
568:
Oldfield, R. C. (1972). "Frederic Charles Bartlett: 1886-1969".
665:"Sir Frederick Bartlett (1886–1969), An Intellectual Biography"
533:"Frederic Charles Bartlett Kt., C.B.E., M. A. Cantab., F.R.S".
802:"Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology"
366:
After his retirement in 1951, Bartlett continued receiving
416:
Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology
247:. Studies based on the method are described in the book.
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
370:
from various universities. In 1952, he was awarded the
1182:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1172:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
486:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
151:(20 October 1886 – 30 September 1969) was a British
129:
119:
95:
78:
59:
37:
30:
518:
516:
1192:Presidents of the British Psychological Society
379:awards a Bartlett medal in his honour, and the
272:Applied experimental psychology and war efforts
19:For the American artist and art collector, see
211:anthropology but was encouraged by his mentor
1207:Members of the American Philosophical Society
435:(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1940)
427:(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1934)
419:(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1932)
411:(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1927)
403:(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1923)
8:
892:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
883:
881:
879:
683:
681:
456:Thinking: An Experimental and Social Study
309:Thinking: An Experimental and Social Study
27:
859:
619:
440:Religion as Experience, Belief and Action
351:. This also marked the year Bartlett was
483:(1970). "Frederic Bartlett. 1886-1969".
255:The "War of the Ghosts" experiment from
1051:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
945:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
940:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B"
469:
1162:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
1107:History of the Applied Psychology Unit
475:
473:
361:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
7:
1035:Royal Institution Christmas Lectures
345:Royal Institution Christmas Lectures
284:were responsible for setting up the
268:"canoes" from the story as "boats".
905:"Recalling 'The War of the Ghosts'"
220:'s notion of the 'primitive mind'.
163:. He was one of the forerunners of
1202:20th-century British psychologists
1112:Full text of The War of the Ghosts
903:Chandler, Daniel (December 1995).
570:The American Journal of Psychology
383:holds an annual Bartlett Lecture.
243:Bartlett is also credited for the
14:
16:British psychologist and academic
400:Psychology and Primitive Culture
290:Applied Psychology Research Unit
204:Psychology and Primitive Culture
1077:Experimental Psychology Society
1073:"Sir Frederic Bartlett Lecture"
451:(Allen and Unwin, London, 1951)
381:Experimental Psychology Society
335:in 1945 and the United States
333:American Philosophical Society
1:
1102:Sir Frederic Bartlett Archive
715:British Journal of Psychology
547:10.1016/s0140-6736(69)92319-8
146:Sir Frederic Charles Bartlett
1197:People from Stow-on-the-Wold
1177:Fellows of the Royal Society
1152:British cognitive scientists
337:National Academy of Sciences
307:In 1958, Bartlett published
189:St John's College, Cambridge
1117:Bartlett in the digital age
1047:"Frederic Charles Bartlett"
443:(Cumberledge, London, 1950)
155:and the first professor of
107:Fellow of the Royal Society
1223:
1157:Experimental psychologists
408:Psychology And The Soldier
339:in 1947. He was appointed
18:
888:Goldstein, Bruce (2011).
448:The Mind at Work and Play
349:The Mind at Work and Play
276:After the publication of
245:transmission chain method
139:
112:
90:Transmission chain method
727:10.1348/000712609X413683
294:Magdalen Dorothea Vernon
286:Medical Research Council
709:Dalgleish, Tim (2009).
606:(5676): 175–179. 1969.
541:(7625): 855–856. 1969.
459:(Allen and Unwin, 1958)
161:University of Cambridge
157:experimental psychology
134:University of Cambridge
844:10.1098/rstb.2008.0129
689:"Bartlett: The Person"
612:10.1136/bmj.4.5676.175
499:10.1098/rsbm.1970.0001
21:Frederic Clay Bartlett
1122:Complete bibliography
764:"Conventionalization"
395:(Clive, London, 1922)
1011:"Frederick Bartlett"
990:search.amphilsoc.org
986:"APS Member History"
826:(12 November 2008).
778:"Memory Distortions"
432:Political Propaganda
424:The Problem of Noise
355:for services to the
193:Charles Samuel Myers
165:cognitive psychology
1167:Royal Medal winners
965:"Bartlett Timeline"
838:(1509): 3489–3501.
251:"War of the Ghosts"
169:cultural psychology
721:(Pt 1A): 199–201.
596:"Obituary Notices"
393:Exercises in logic
377:Ergonomics Society
1079:. 17 October 2017
1053:. 9 February 2023
1015:www.nasonline.org
218:Lucien Lévy-Bruhl
143:
142:
114:Scientific career
63:30 September 1969
32:Frederic Bartlett
1214:
1187:Knights Bachelor
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1043:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
944:
936:
930:
927:
921:
920:
918:
916:
907:. Archived from
900:
894:
893:
885:
874:
873:
863:
819:
813:
812:
810:
808:
798:
792:
791:
789:
787:
782:
774:
768:
767:
760:
754:
753:
751:
749:
744:on 21 March 2013
743:
737:. Archived from
706:
700:
699:
697:
695:
685:
676:
675:
673:
671:
661:
634:
633:
623:
592:
586:
585:
565:
559:
558:
529:
523:
520:
511:
510:
481:Broadbent, D. E.
477:
104:
66:
52:Stow-on-the-Wold
47:
45:
28:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1132:
1131:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
984:
983:
979:
969:
967:
963:
962:
958:
948:
946:
942:
938:
937:
933:
928:
924:
914:
912:
902:
901:
897:
887:
886:
877:
822:Mesoudi, Alex;
821:
820:
816:
806:
804:
800:
799:
795:
785:
783:
780:
776:
775:
771:
762:
761:
757:
747:
745:
741:
708:
707:
703:
693:
691:
687:
686:
679:
669:
667:
663:
662:
637:
594:
593:
589:
567:
566:
562:
532:
530:
526:
521:
514:
479:
478:
471:
466:
389:
357:Royal Air Force
321:
305:
274:
253:
229:
208:
177:
105:
102:
88:
74:
68:
64:
55:
49:
48:20 October 1886
43:
41:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1220:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1096:External links
1094:
1091:
1090:
1064:
1038:
1027:
1002:
977:
956:
931:
922:
895:
875:
824:Whiten, Andrew
814:
793:
769:
755:
701:
677:
635:
587:
576:(1): 133–140.
560:
524:
512:
468:
467:
465:
462:
461:
460:
452:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
404:
396:
388:
385:
320:
317:
304:
298:
273:
270:
252:
249:
228:
222:
207:
201:
176:
173:
141:
140:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
110:
109:
97:
93:
92:
80:
79:Known for
76:
75:
69:
67:(aged 82)
61:
57:
56:
50:
39:
35:
34:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1219:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1003:
991:
987:
981:
978:
966:
960:
957:
941:
935:
932:
926:
923:
911:on 4 May 2007
910:
906:
899:
896:
891:
884:
882:
880:
876:
871:
867:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
815:
803:
797:
794:
779:
773:
770:
765:
759:
756:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
702:
690:
684:
682:
678:
666:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
636:
631:
627:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
591:
588:
583:
579:
575:
571:
564:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
528:
525:
519:
517:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
482:
476:
474:
470:
463:
458:
457:
453:
450:
449:
445:
442:
441:
437:
434:
433:
429:
426:
425:
421:
418:
417:
413:
410:
409:
405:
402:
401:
397:
394:
391:
390:
386:
384:
382:
378:
373:
369:
368:honoris causa
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
341:honoris causa
338:
334:
330:
326:
318:
316:
314:
310:
302:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:Kenneth Craik
279:
271:
269:
266:
260:
258:
250:
248:
246:
241:
238:
234:
226:
223:
221:
219:
214:
213:W.H.R. Rivers
205:
202:
200:
196:
194:
190:
184:
182:
174:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
138:
135:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
72:
62:
58:
53:
40:
36:
29:
26:
22:
1081:. Retrieved
1076:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1014:
1005:
993:. Retrieved
989:
980:
968:. Retrieved
959:
947:. Retrieved
934:
925:
913:. Retrieved
909:the original
898:
889:
835:
831:
817:
805:. Retrieved
796:
784:. Retrieved
772:
758:
746:. Retrieved
739:the original
718:
714:
704:
692:. Retrieved
668:. Retrieved
603:
599:
590:
573:
569:
563:
538:
534:
527:
490:
484:
454:
446:
438:
430:
422:
414:
406:
398:
392:
367:
365:
348:
340:
324:
322:
312:
308:
306:
300:
277:
275:
261:
256:
254:
242:
236:
232:
230:
224:
209:
203:
197:
185:
178:
153:psychologist
145:
144:
130:Institutions
113:
65:(1969-09-30)
25:
1147:1969 deaths
1142:1886 births
1127:Photographs
372:Royal Medal
325:Remembering
313:Remembering
278:Remembering
257:Remembering
237:Remembering
233:Remembering
225:Remembering
167:as well as
100:Royal Medal
1136:Categories
807:29 October
786:29 October
694:29 October
464:References
124:Psychology
44:1886-10-20
1083:19 August
970:8 October
915:4 October
852:0962-8436
670:8 October
363:in 1958.
175:Biography
73:, England
71:Cambridge
54:, England
1057:31 March
1020:31 March
995:31 March
870:18801720
735:19351443
507:11615473
493:: 1–13.
353:knighted
301:Thinking
265:schemata
181:pleurisy
861:2607337
748:10 July
630:4898567
621:1629959
582:4553309
555:4186318
319:Honours
159:at the
949:19 May
868:
858:
850:
733:
628:
618:
580:
553:
535:Lancet
505:
303:(1958)
227:(1932)
206:(1923)
120:Fields
103:(1952)
96:Awards
86:schema
83:Memory
943:(PDF)
781:(PDF)
742:(PDF)
387:Books
329:C.B.E
1085:2020
1059:2023
1022:2023
997:2023
972:2013
951:2011
917:2017
866:PMID
848:ISSN
809:2013
788:2013
750:2010
731:PMID
696:2013
672:2013
626:PMID
578:PMID
551:PMID
503:PMID
60:Died
38:Born
856:PMC
840:doi
836:363
723:doi
719:100
616:PMC
608:doi
600:BMJ
543:doi
495:doi
347:on
288:'s
149:FRS
1138::
1075:.
1049:.
1013:.
988:.
878:^
864:.
854:.
846:.
834:.
830:.
729:.
717:.
713:.
680:^
638:^
624:.
614:.
602:.
598:.
574:85
572:.
549:.
537:.
515:^
501:.
491:16
489:.
472:^
1087:.
1061:.
1024:.
999:.
974:.
953:.
919:.
872:.
842::
811:.
790:.
766:.
752:.
725::
698:.
674:.
632:.
610::
604:4
584:.
557:.
545::
539:2
531:*
509:.
497::
46:)
42:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.