576:
its diversified nature, although the importance of print media decreased in favour of television and, later, of digital media. Commercial television and radio stations started to proliferate, with an increase of competition in the advertising market. In the same years six national newspapers merged into four, while the inflow of foreign, mainly Nordic, capitals has become more important. Two companies - the
Norvegian Shibsted and the Swedish Bonnier - became the principal owners of the four merged newspapers. The control of large sectors of Estonian media market by foreign companies allowed the media to be free from the influence of local oligarchs that, on the other hand, have been very influential in Latvian and Lithuanian media. Today a small group of local private companies owns most newspapers, though some small publications receive aid from regional or municipal governments. Estonia's most popular medium is television, while print media's popularity has been reducing in favour of online media outlets. Television channels and media portals are both in Estonian and in Russian, because of the Russian ethnic minority of the country which
567:. The free and independent journalism that flourished in the 1920s and 1930s has been increasingly repressed after the Soviet occupation. Between 1945 and 1988 newspapers and other media channels operated as propaganda instrument for the communist party. Since 1988 media have played an important role in the national liberation process, while after the independence Estonia witnessed a rapid development of media business, with a proliferation of media actors. This was followed in the 1990s by an increase in competition between corporations until they merged into bigger companies which were often bought by foreign investors. The same tendency continued in the 2000s, which is why several media in Estonia were owned by foreign companies until recently.
690:, second largest city in Estonia. In 2008 digital TV platforms, including sister channels of ETV, Kanal2 and TV3, started their activities, including stations in Finnish, Swedish, Russian and Latvian. Television is Estonia's most popular medium. In addition, 44% of Estonians also affirm to use the Internet to watch television. In Estonia there are around 35 private radio stations with programmes broadcast both in Estonian and in Russian and radio is the primary source of information for 51% of Estonians.
771:
liability of professional content providers in cases where an individual has suffered severely. Journalists could be imprisoned if they refused to reveal their sources in cases of serious crimes. This is considered a factor that could put pressure on independent journalism. The Public
Broadcasting Council is considered as impartial and professional, although it has a high presence of government representatives. Violence against journalists is rare, and no major incidents were reported in recent years.
479:
52:
790:, were purchased from the Schibsted Group by its Estonian management. The Swedish corporation Bonnier Group was bought out from Ekspress Grupp by Eesti Media in 2001. The small media market in Estonia is concentrated among these companies, with competitors Ekspress Grupp and Eesti Media controlling most of the sector and cross-media ownership also persists.
575:
Between 1991 and 1994 the
Estonian media was characterized by a highly diversified landscape. These were the years of emancipation from both state and political forces for the Estonian mass media, while adapting to market conditions. After mid-1990s the media landscape extended and kept on preserving
698:
Freedom of speech and of the press are guaranteed by the
Constitution. The Broadcasting Act, approved in 1994, regulated broadcasting until it was revised according to the EU Audiovisual Media Services Directive, becoming in 2010 the Media Services Act. These laws, together with the 2007 National
770:
assigned
Estonia’s press freedom a score of 16/100 (with 1 corresponding to the most free status). Media outlets in Estonia are free to express a variety of positions and they are not generally subject to political interference. However, since 2009 the Courts have started to argue more about the
779:
As a result of the country’s 2009 economic crisis, a number of print media stopped publishing, while others dismissed employees and reduced salaries. The crisis also led to significant declines in the advertising market, causing serious financial difficulties to many commercial broadcasters. In
703:
issues technical licences. The principle of access to information is outlined in the
Constitution, and the Public Information Act establishes mechanisms for access and obliges authorities to assist citizens in the process. According to the Council of Europe’s Convention on Access to Official
754:
has been compromised. However, the ECHR on 2 February 2016 acknowledged in the case Magyar
Tartalomszolgáltatók Egyesülete and Index.hu Zrt v. Hungary that publishers cannot be held liable for comments posted on their sites if they have a notice-and-take-down system operating effectively.
546:
assigned
Estonia’s press freedom a score of 16/100 (with 1 corresponding to the most free status). A cross-media landscape that embraces traditional media (press, radio and television) as well as the Internet and digital media characterises the contemporary media system in Estonia.
708:, which supervises the public broadcaster ERR, is composed of 4 media professionals and one representative of each political fraction. Their election is made in Parliament. In 2016, in total, there were 10 members of the Council. Under the law, the Council operates independently.
624:. This way national daily print media in Russian has disappeared. All major newspapers have gone online in recent years, and several online-only news portals have extensive readership. Estonia has a reputation for the wide use of information technology. According to the
699:
Broadcasting Law represent the legal framework of media in
Estonia. Cultural norms are highly influential in the country and over-regulation is generally avoided. The Estonian Ministry of Culture is responsible of issuing licenses in relation to content, while the
678:, a Russian-language television station for the Russian-language minority of the country, to provide an alternative to the channels transmitted by the Russian Federation. Kanal2 (owned by the Estonian Eesti Media Group) and TV3 (owned by Swedish
825:, we are told about what and how we should write. It is prescribed to us whom to cover and with what degree of criticism," said the department heads of the daily in a memo sent to the publication’s owner, the Estonian entrepreneur
711:
In 2009 the
Estonian Supreme Court decided that online media are deemed responsible for comments posted by their readers. Estonia’s largest website, Delfi, was fined in 2013 for one of these comments and referred the case to the
636:, more than 60% of the population used the Internet for media and cultural consumption, while among young people (up to 30 years), almost 100% use the Internet. The biggest and most visited online news portal is
950:
Generational Use of News Media in Estonia: Media Access, Spatial Orientations and Discursive Characteristics of the News Media. Media access, spatial orientations and discursive characteristics of the news
616:
that add up to over fifteen local newspapers. In October 2017 the Postimees Group decided to close the print editions of two of the country's last Russian-language national newspapers,
733:
534:, making a rapid transformation in several fields, including the mass media, which is a vibrant and competitive sector. For many years Estonia has been among the top ten in
1160:
1380:
149:
509:
584:. Still, findings show that Estonia has two radically different information fields: one for Estonian speaking audiences and one for Russian speakers.
559:(ESSR) became the first republic within the Soviet sphere of influence to declare state sovereignty from Moscow in 1988. The ESSR was renamed as the
2367:
1274:
821:
journalists accused daily's owner of meddling with the editorial policy of the news outlet. "To our knowledge, for the first time in the history of
431:
1987:
666:(Estonian Public Broadcasting, ERR), which emerged from the merger of Estonian Radio and Television in 2007, operates two television stations
958:
732:
liable for anonymous defamatory comments posted online from its readers, even when they are removed upon request, was not a violation of the
1608:
1468:
1385:
237:
154:
1530:
1402:
809:) and MyHits, the radio stations Kuku, Elmar and Narodnoye Radio, five local newspapers, several internet portals, and the news agency
171:
1429:
1417:
556:
198:
186:
1788:
1940:
1899:
1755:
1287:
1230:
1325:
94:
2113:
1463:
1446:
502:
232:
215:
2043:
1848:
1412:
181:
644:. According to a 2016 Eurobarometer survey 56% of people in Estonia uses the websites as their primary source of information.
2362:
2357:
1308:
713:
77:
1889:
1818:
1694:
740:
663:
523:
739:
The ruling was unexpected, because of potential conflicts with the "actual knowledge" standard of Article 14 of the EU's
1571:
1453:
1390:
1303:
1267:
222:
159:
72:
2250:
2063:
1884:
1718:
1515:
1375:
617:
495:
144:
563:
on May 8, 1990, while the independence of the country was re-established in 1991, when it was also recognized by the
2311:
2088:
1980:
1894:
1520:
1505:
1500:
1355:
1034:
463:
297:
124:
1618:
1525:
1495:
1395:
1073:
535:
164:
2278:
2175:
2170:
1633:
1510:
1174:
250:
2326:
1142:
998:"One Country, Two Polarised Audiences: Estonia and the Deficiency of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive"
829:, and its general manager, Sven Nuutmann, denouncing an unprecedented pressure on their professional freedom.
2283:
1808:
1793:
1735:
1603:
1581:
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1424:
1260:
1124:
581:
531:
458:
322:
193:
2135:
1823:
1669:
1659:
1586:
1370:
1365:
404:
139:
134:
2316:
2288:
1973:
1909:
1760:
1576:
1154:
747:
653:
394:
336:
2336:
2321:
2235:
1838:
1740:
1704:
1679:
1613:
1566:
1478:
871:
826:
267:
257:
2306:
2205:
2165:
2145:
2125:
2028:
1843:
1833:
1765:
1689:
1556:
1544:
810:
744:
737:
719:
577:
560:
539:
304:
271:
2140:
1933:
1914:
1874:
1780:
1699:
1647:
1490:
1458:
1439:
1360:
1295:
859:
729:
679:
637:
633:
445:
367:
227:
208:
129:
62:
42:
850:
597:
975:
17:
2268:
2220:
2215:
2190:
2048:
1828:
1803:
1750:
1674:
954:
667:
399:
2245:
2195:
2155:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2053:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
1949:
1904:
1869:
1813:
1770:
1730:
1350:
1320:
1110:
1009:
764:
657:
415:
389:
381:
358:
290:
119:
89:
33:
1086:
2331:
2273:
2240:
2230:
2210:
2200:
2185:
2180:
2160:
2130:
2098:
2083:
2058:
1879:
1798:
1664:
1598:
1315:
855:
781:
453:
344:
84:
1202:
2225:
2150:
2120:
1954:
1684:
1593:
1434:
1407:
1340:
1335:
838:
833:
609:
527:
483:
314:
203:
176:
109:
104:
2351:
1330:
814:
767:
682:) are the primary national commercial television channels. Another local TV station,
543:
99:
605:
1345:
621:
564:
114:
1048:
704:
Documents anyone can request information held by public authorities at no cost.
867:
601:
1855:
279:
51:
1745:
1623:
786:
628:
in 2016 1.2 million Estonians (around 91% of the population) were using the
593:
705:
1014:
997:
875:
863:
858:, which is one of the main subsidiaries of the media group also operates
751:
629:
1283:
844:
798:
725:
613:
683:
1252:
1231:"Estonian Daily Postimees: Journalists Ward off Ownership Meddling"
675:
1965:
895:
866:(book publishing company), AS SL Ă•htuleht (publisher of the daily
806:
802:
687:
671:
1969:
1256:
542:. In 2017 it was ranked 12th out of 180 countries by RSF while
625:
1035:"Standard Eurobarometer 86, Media Use in the European Union"
896:"2017 World Press Freedom Index | Reporters Without Borders"
927:
763:
In 2017 Estonia was ranked 12th out of 180 countries by RSF
592:
Estonia has four main daily Estonian-language newspapers:
674:
and five radio stations. The ERR in autumn 2015 launched
640:, both in Estonian and Russian and it is operated by the
797:
daily, what is now Postimees Group owns the TV channels
641:
878:), are among other subsidiaries of the Ekspress Grupp.
724:(2015) ECtHR 64669/09 case the ECHR ruled that holding
1141:
Loit and Harro-Loit, Urmas, Halliki (December 2016).
734:
Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights
700:
2297:
2259:
2001:
1779:
1717:
1646:
1543:
1477:
1294:
522:Since 1991 Estonia has changed from being a former
862:news portals in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. OĂś
1175:"Offensive Online Comments - New ECtHR Judgment"
953:. Stockholm: Södertörns högskola. p. 29.
836:publishes Estonia’s largest weekly newspapers
1981:
1268:
1143:"Media Pluralism Monitor - Results - Estonia"
503:
8:
1159:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1147:Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom
1988:
1974:
1966:
1723:
1652:
1549:
1483:
1275:
1261:
1253:
746:It also raises anxieties as to the extent
510:
496:
28:
1013:
701:Estonian Technical Surveillance Authority
874:(publisher of several magazines such as
887:
736:'s guarantees of the freedom of speech.
632:. According to Statistics Estonia 2009
414:
303:
296:
289:
256:
249:
40:
1152:
1111:"Public Information Act–Riigi Teataja"
1225:
1223:
1197:
1195:
1136:
1134:
706:The Public Broadcasting Council (RHN)
608:. There are also two major weeklies,
7:
1087:"Estonian National Broadcasting Act"
1029:
1027:
1025:
943:
941:
939:
937:
922:
920:
918:
916:
1203:"Estonia 2017 | Freedom Barometer"
974:Naaber, Meelis (1 December 2011).
784:) and its largest daily newspaper
578:accounts for around 320.000 people
557:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
25:
983:Adenauer Stiftung Country Reports
976:"The Media Landscape of Estonia"
780:autumn 2013, Eesti Meedia (now
477:
50:
2368:Mass media in Europe by country
18:Freedom of the press in Estonia
813:(BNS), which covers all three
714:European Court of Human Rights
1:
848:, as well as the daily paper
759:Censorship and media freedom
1469:Restoration of independence
1386:Declaration of Independence
618:Postimees na Russkom Yazyke
580:over a total population of
238:Restoration of independence
155:Declaration of Independence
2384:
1464:Declaration of sovereignty
651:
233:Declaration of sovereignty
1927:
1726:
1655:
1552:
1486:
604:, and the business daily
536:Reporters Without Borders
1557:Administrative divisions
996:Jõesaar, Andres (2015).
948:Opermann, Sigme (2014).
1002:Media and Communication
664:Eesti Rahvusringhääling
532:European Monetary Union
2044:Bosnia and Herzegovina
588:Print and online media
2363:Mass media by country
2358:Mass media in Estonia
1413:Occupation of Estonia
1015:10.17645/mac.v3i4.383
748:freedom of expression
654:Television in Estonia
551:Historical background
182:Occupation of Estonia
1179:echrblog.blogspot.ca
872:Ajakirjade Kirjastus
741:E-Commerce Directive
648:Television and radio
432:World Heritage Sites
2260:States with limited
1454:Government-in-exile
1391:War of Independence
832:On the other hand,
811:Baltic News Service
720:Delfi AS v. Estonia
561:Republic of Estonia
540:Press Freedom Index
526:to a member of the
361:and performing arts
223:Government-in-exile
160:War of Independence
1695:Telecommunications
1459:Singing Revolution
1440:Estonian partisans
1361:Great Northern War
680:Modern Times Group
638:Delfi (web portal)
484:Estonia portal
228:Singing Revolution
209:Estonian partisans
130:Great Northern War
43:Culture of Estonia
2345:
2344:
1963:
1962:
1923:
1922:
1751:Estonian language
1713:
1712:
1642:
1641:
1609:Political parties
1572:Foreign relations
1539:
1538:
1381:German occupation
1331:German Bishoprics
1235:MediaPowerMonitor
1207:Freedom Barometer
1049:"Estonia profile"
960:978-91-87843-07-5
805:), Kanal 12 (now
668:Eesti Televisioon
520:
519:
150:German occupation
100:German Bishoprics
16:(Redirected from
2375:
2298:Dependencies and
2002:Sovereign states
1990:
1983:
1976:
1967:
1943:
1936:
1724:
1653:
1629:
1550:
1516:Populated places
1484:
1376:Age of Awakening
1321:Livonian Crusade
1277:
1270:
1263:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1150:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1020:
1019:
1017:
993:
987:
986:
980:
971:
965:
964:
945:
932:
931:
924:
911:
910:
908:
906:
892:
817:. In March 2017
801:, Kanal 11 (now
658:Radio in Estonia
512:
505:
498:
482:
481:
480:
145:Age of Awakening
90:Livonian Crusade
54:
45:
29:
21:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2299:
2293:
2279:Northern Cyprus
2261:
2255:
2176:North Macedonia
1997:
1996:Media of Europe
1994:
1964:
1959:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1919:
1895:Public holidays
1775:
1709:
1638:
1627:
1599:Law enforcement
1535:
1521:Protected areas
1473:
1403:Interwar period
1396:Battle of Võnnu
1371:Russian Livonia
1366:Russian Estonia
1356:Swedish Estonia
1316:Ancient Estonia
1290:
1281:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1151:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1055:. 20 April 2016
1047:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1023:
995:
994:
990:
978:
973:
972:
968:
961:
947:
946:
935:
926:
925:
914:
904:
902:
894:
893:
889:
884:
856:Ekspress Meedia
851:Eesti Päevaleht
827:Margus Linnamäe
793:In addition to
782:Postimees Group
777:
775:Media ownership
761:
716:(ECHR). In the
696:
694:Legal framework
660:
652:Main articles:
650:
598:Eesti Päevaleht
590:
573:
571:Media landscape
553:
524:Soviet republic
516:
478:
476:
469:
468:
464:National anthem
449:
448:
437:
436:
427:
426:
410:
409:
385:
384:
373:
372:
363:
362:
350:
349:
340:
339:
328:
327:
318:
317:
285:
284:
275:
274:
245:
244:
243:
242:
172:Interwar period
165:Battle of Võnnu
140:Russian Livonia
135:Russian Estonia
125:Swedish Estonia
85:Ancient Estonia
66:
65:
41:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2381:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2300:other entities
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2251:United Kingdom
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2064:Czech Republic
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1819:Estonian names
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
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1738:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1685:Stock exchange
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1619:Prime Minister
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1496:Extreme points
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1435:Ants Kaljurand
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1408:Era of Silence
1405:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1351:Polish Livonia
1348:
1343:
1341:Baltic Germans
1338:
1336:Livonian Order
1333:
1328:
1326:Danish Estonia
1323:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1300:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1237:. 20 July 2017
1219:
1191:
1166:
1130:
1116:
1102:
1078:
1066:
1040:
1021:
988:
966:
959:
933:
912:
886:
885:
883:
880:
839:Eesti Ekspress
834:Ekspress Grupp
776:
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1628:(parliament)
1624:
1582:Human rights
1562:Constitution
1447:Deportations
1425:World War II
1418:Estonian SSR
1346:Livonian War
1309:list of wars
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1234:
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194:World War II
187:Estonian SSR
115:Livonian War
78:list of wars
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2327:Isle of Man
2262:recognition
2236:Switzerland
2171:Netherlands
1670:e-Residency
1660:Agriculture
1125:"Full list"
2352:Categories
2206:San Marino
2166:Montenegro
2146:Luxembourg
2126:Kazakhstan
2029:Azerbaijan
1910:Television
1890:Newspapers
1857:Kalevipoeg
1844:Literature
1761:Healthcare
1577:Government
1241:1 February
1212:30 January
1184:1 February
1059:30 January
905:28 January
882:References
728:news site
395:Television
337:Literature
280:Kalevipoeg
2317:Gibraltar
2141:Lithuania
1875:Mythology
1839:Languages
1746:Estonians
1741:Education
1705:Transport
1680:Oil shale
1625:Riigikogu
1614:President
1567:Elections
1479:Geography
928:"Estonia"
823:Postimees
819:Postimees
795:Postimees
787:Postimees
594:Postimees
582:1.318.000
425:Monuments
298:Festivals
268:Mythology
258:Languages
2337:Svalbard
2322:Guernsey
2269:Abkhazia
2221:Slovenia
2216:Slovakia
2191:Portugal
2049:Bulgaria
1950:Category
1834:Internet
1829:Folklore
1766:Religion
1690:Taxation
1604:Military
1545:Politics
1304:Timeline
1288:articles
1053:BBC News
876:Kroonika
868:Ă•htuleht
864:Hea Lugu
752:Internet
726:Estonian
630:Internet
602:Ă•htuleht
538:’ (RSF)
530:and the
305:Religion
272:folklore
73:Timeline
34:a series
32:Part of
2246:Ukraine
2196:Romania
2156:Moldova
2114:Ireland
2109:Iceland
2104:Hungary
2094:Germany
2089:Georgia
2079:Finland
2074:Estonia
2069:Denmark
2054:Croatia
2039:Belgium
2034:Belarus
2024:Austria
2019:Armenia
2014:Andorra
2009:Albania
1934:Outline
1915:Theatre
1885:Symbols
1814:Cuisine
1781:Culture
1719:Society
1700:Tourism
1648:Economy
1506:Islands
1491:Climate
1296:History
1284:Estonia
1095:3 March
1074:Estonia
845:Maaleht
799:Kanal 2
750:on the
670:(ETV),
634:figures
614:Maaleht
606:Äripäev
446:Symbols
368:Theatre
291:Cuisine
63:History
2332:Jersey
2274:Kosovo
2241:Turkey
2231:Sweden
2211:Serbia
2201:Russia
2186:Poland
2181:Norway
2161:Monaco
2131:Latvia
2099:Greece
2084:France
2059:Cyprus
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1905:Sport
1900:Radio
1870:Music
1865:Media
1824:Flags
1771:Women
1731:Crime
1531:Towns
1511:Lakes
1501:Fauna
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1587:LGBT
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