1722:(PAP) has been mentioned in the context of guided democracy. Proponents of this view point to the party's dominant position in parliament, which they argue limits effective political competition. Additionally, they raise concerns about restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly, which they see as hindering the ability of opposition voices to gain traction. However, supporters of the PAP counter that its sustained electoral success reflects broad public approval for its governance, emphasizing the party's focus on economic development, social stability, and national unity. They further argue that Singapore's specific circumstances, including its diverse ethnic makeup and historical vulnerability, necessitate a strong and stable government, which the PAP's model is said to provide.
1832:
1895:
1446:
809:
1742:
1567:
1851:
has transformed into a managed democracy dominated by corporate power and the interests of the wealthy elite. Lobbying plays a central role in this system, as corporations and wealthy individuals use their financial resources to influence legislation and policy decisions in their favor.
1637:
implemented by
Sanacja centralized most state power in the hands of President, but the Polish guided democracy nevertheless stayed pluralistic, even if authoritarian. The opposition sat in the parliament and local governments, and political parties were allowed to function legally.
1882:
Wolin's concept of managed democracy describes a system that is hiding the rule of a powerful elite behind a democratic facade. This elite uses its influence and financial resources to shape public opinion and manipulate the political system to serve its own agenda.
1661:
stated that even after 1930, "parties survived, the press was fairly free, criticism was allowed", thus maintaining the system of guided democracy. While the actions of the opposition were hampered, repressions were rare and only two parties were banned:
1877:
The excessive influence of money has weakened democratic institutions, with some strategically placed politicians defending the interests of special groups over the interests of the broader public, ultimately undermining the core principles of
1652:
notes that elections under Piłsudski's regime were still organised along the principles of parliamentary democracy, and the
Sanacja regime was genuinely popular as the opposition parties were blamed for failing to prevent the
1624:
from 1926 to 1939 is considered an example of guided democracy, during both its first phase from 1926 to 1930, as well as the final 1930-1939 phase. The regime retained much of the structures and institutions of Polish
837:
2437:
1530:
In a guided democracy, the government controls elections such that the people can exercise democratic rights without truly changing public policy. While they follow basic
2285:
1432:
1427:
1874:, which is characterized by individuals moving back and forth between the private and public sectors, often serving the interests of their former employers.
1474:
2319:
2508:
54:
2229:
268:
1752:
830:
2376:
2268:
2126:
2090:
2027:
1863:
The influence of money in politics has dramatically increased, with corporations and wealthy individuals spending vast sums on lobbying and
2411:
2080:
823:
2153:
2000:
2484:
1384:
1284:
1810:
1467:
708:
2294:
2004:
1782:
1767:
515:
470:
2354:
2349:
1992:
1687:
1239:
341:
2040:
1789:
1634:
1299:
2560:
1699:
1329:
1094:
535:
50:
1831:
1460:
356:
1796:
2550:
2545:
1633:
exercised such large influence on the government that he "assumed some of the postures of a dictator". The 1935
1731:
1364:
1209:
1069:
106:
1719:
1778:
1626:
1369:
1304:
1214:
1189:
1044:
764:
331:
1948:
1923:
1908:
1621:
1194:
1184:
1151:
1079:
1034:
1014:
995:
935:
925:
920:
900:
779:
346:
2233:
1918:
1667:
1642:
1581:
1539:
1249:
1229:
1204:
1199:
1141:
1116:
774:
637:
234:
1630:
1179:
1933:
1663:
1422:
1224:
1126:
1059:
990:
985:
965:
871:
2555:
2191:
1943:
1938:
1417:
1407:
1244:
1219:
1156:
1136:
1106:
1089:
1084:
1074:
1049:
1004:
980:
955:
930:
915:
698:
607:
564:
351:
116:
2045:
1953:
1389:
1319:
1309:
1254:
1029:
1024:
945:
910:
905:
893:
336:
121:
96:
2516:
2386:
2264:
2211:
2122:
2086:
2023:
1996:
1803:
1412:
1339:
1064:
1054:
1000:
881:
854:
769:
490:
321:
273:
101:
34:
1647:
2447:
2442:
2203:
2020:
1928:
1864:
1654:
1535:
1512:
1349:
1344:
1294:
1121:
1009:
960:
940:
602:
525:
495:
369:
111:
91:
1870:
The close relationship between corporations, lobbyists, and government officials creates a
1867:. This creates an uneven playing field, where the voices of ordinary citizens are dampened.
2254:
2162:
1900:
1658:
1450:
1274:
1234:
1019:
813:
786:
642:
632:
429:
326:
2485:"Opinion: Opposition Victories Force a Crack in Singapore's Carefully Managed Democracy"
1580:
Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
2258:
1871:
1703:
1546:
1524:
1520:
1379:
1269:
1039:
791:
722:
627:
460:
374:
2344:
2320:"Soeharto: the giant of modern Indonesia who left a legacy of violence and corruption"
1894:
1445:
808:
2539:
2082:
Democracy
Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism
2076:
1848:
1844:
1279:
1146:
1099:
975:
678:
573:
475:
465:
306:
2381:
1707:
1679:
727:
654:
648:
622:
617:
593:
583:
520:
409:
229:
153:
2207:
2462:
2260:
Politics in
Independent Poland 1921-1939: The Crisis of Constitutional Government
2410:
Shukla, Sebastian; Chernova, Anna; Sebastian, Clare; Picheta, Rob (2024-02-08).
1913:
1741:
1259:
950:
732:
717:
659:
530:
394:
193:
188:
168:
158:
148:
17:
2116:
1698:
The term "managed democracy" has been used to describe the political system of
2155:
The Clash of Moral
Nations: Cultural Politics in Piłsudski's Poland, 1926–1935
1890:
1505:
1334:
1264:
1131:
737:
693:
688:
683:
669:
510:
301:
183:
178:
42:
27:
Formally democratic governments that actually function as de facto autocracies
2520:
2390:
2215:
1973:
The
Evolution of Democracy through the Ages: Focus on the European Experience
1683:
1531:
1516:
1502:
1359:
1314:
1174:
876:
861:
540:
434:
424:
419:
404:
399:
389:
263:
224:
213:
208:
198:
163:
131:
75:
70:
1566:
1835:
A man holding an
American flag with corporate logos substituting the stars
1759:
1856:
1617:
1354:
1324:
1289:
1111:
612:
173:
143:
86:
2412:"Russian anti-war election candidate barred from running against Putin"
414:
251:
241:
1374:
578:
2509:"Does democracy hurt or help growth in the tiger economies of Asia?"
1542:
prevents the electorate from having a significant impact on policy.
1830:
2463:"All roads lead to Singapore: Asians study Lee Kuan Yew's mantra"
2377:"Vladimir Putin to run for Russian president again in March 2024"
2018:
A World of Ideas: The
Dictionary of Important Ideas and Thinkers.
2284:
Andrzej
Friszke, Henryk Samsonowicz (2010). "Józef Piłsudski".
2192:"European and Polish constitutionalism in the aftermath of WW1"
2416:
1735:
1560:
1855:
Wolin highlights several key points about the influence of
1538:. Under managed democracy, the state's continuous use of
1988:
E. Akıllı, H. Tabak, O. Tufekci, A. Chiriatti. (2017).
1763:
1990:
Eurasian
Politics and Society: Issues and Challenges.
1523:
are legitimized by elections, but do not change the
2345:"Kremlin lobs another shot at marketplace of ideas"
2041:"Democracy: The Political Assault On Civil Society"
1534:principles, there can be major deviations towards
2230:"Kalendarium wydarzeń - Kalendarium - Polska.pl"
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
1979:. p. 38. " is also called Directed Democracy."
1468:
831:
8:
1768:introducing citations to additional sources
2147:
2145:
2185:
2183:
1682:, the term "guided democracy" was used in
1475:
1461:
849:
838:
824:
758:
560:
294:
66:
29:
2085:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1859:and the nature of the managed democracy:
1686:for the approach to government under the
55:List of countries by system of government
1758:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1706:, by media, and by Russian intellectual
1964:
860:
707:
668:
592:
563:
486:
443:
365:
297:
250:
207:
130:
69:
40:
2232:. Wiadomosci.polska.pl. Archived from
2478:
2476:
7:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2039:Vanbergen, Graham (March 28, 2024).
2293:. pp. 349–379. Archived from
25:
2161:. pp. 13–14. Archived from
1893:
1751:relies largely or entirely on a
1740:
1565:
1444:
807:
2357:from the original on 2012-07-24
1545:The concept is also related to
1428:Latin America and the Caribbean
2461:Shen, Rujun (March 23, 2015).
2446:. July 8, 2005. Archived from
2343:Weir, Fred (October 1, 2003).
1657:. Writing about late Sanacja,
1527:policies, motives, and goals.
516:Intergovernmental organisation
471:Separation of church and state
1:
2350:The Christian Science Monitor
2208:10.57660/dpceonline.2021.1388
1993:Cambridge Scholars Publishing
1240:Democracy and economic growth
2190:di Gregorio, Angela (2021).
2115:Chojnowski, Andrzej (2009).
1726:United States under lobbyism
1635:April Constitution of Poland
1433:Middle East and North Africa
1300:Peaceful transition of power
313:(socio-political ideologies)
2483:Han, Kirsten (2024-08-07).
2375:Sauer, Pjotr (2023-12-08).
2318:Lindsey, Tim (2021-08-20).
2263:. Oxford University Press.
1700:Russia under Vladimir Putin
1330:Proportional representation
381:(socio-economic ideologies)
51:List of forms of government
2577:
1971:Sultana, Tasneem. (2012).
1729:
1515:or, in some cases, as an
502:(geo-cultural ideologies)
1732:Inverted totalitarianism
1702:by former Putin advisor
1513:authoritarian government
1385:Wars between democracies
1365:Territorial peace theory
1210:Democratic confederalism
2016:Rohmann, Chris (2000).
1674:Indonesia under Sukarno
1627:parliamentary democracy
1370:Tyranny of the majority
1305:Political demonstration
1215:Democratic peace theory
1190:Deliberative referendum
765:Administrative division
709:International relations
1949:Totalitarian democracy
1924:Enlightened absolutism
1909:Conservative democracy
1865:campaign contributions
1841:Democracy Incorporated
1836:
1688:Sukarno administration
1578:about regime examples.
1576:is missing information
1195:Democratic backsliding
1185:Criticism of democracy
1919:Dominant-party system
1834:
1720:People's Action Party
1668:National Radical Camp
1540:propaganda techniques
1517:autocratic government
1250:Electoral competition
1230:Democratic transition
1205:Democratic centralism
1200:Democratic capitalism
775:Democratic transition
638:Self-governing colony
235:Military dictatorship
2515:. December 5, 2019.
1934:Herrenvolk democracy
1764:improve this article
1718:Singapore under the
1664:Camp of Great Poland
1612:Poland under Sanacja
1508:that functions as a
1225:Democratic socialism
2438:"Managed Democracy"
2236:on January 18, 2007
2152:Plach, Eva (2006).
1944:Sovereign democracy
1939:Illiberal democracy
1714:Singapore under PAP
1690:from 1959 to 1966.
1451:Politics portal
1245:Democracy promotion
1220:Democratic republic
814:Politics portal
699:Supranational union
608:Dependent territory
521:National government
2561:Types of democracy
2046:The Economic Times
1954:Types of democracy
1847:contends that the
1837:
1779:"Guided democracy"
1694:Russia under Putin
1643:Andrzej Chojnowski
1602:Laos under Nosavan
1492:directed democracy
1390:Waves of democracy
1350:Right to candidacy
1320:Popular referendum
1310:Political equality
1180:Citizens' assembly
2270:978-0-19-827182-6
2128:978-83-11-11629-0
2092:978-0-691-13566-3
2077:Wolin, Sheldon S.
2028:978-0-345-43706-8
1829:
1828:
1814:
1641:Polish historian
1607:Peru in the 1990s
1599:
1598:
1496:managed democracy
1485:
1484:
1340:Right to petition
848:
847:
799:
798:
770:Democracy indices
745:
744:
548:
547:
357:Semi-presidential
282:
281:
16:(Redirected from
2568:
2551:Mixed government
2546:Guided democracy
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2443:The Moscow Times
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2324:The Conversation
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2292:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2255:Polonsky, Antony
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2160:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2112:
2097:
2096:
2073:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2036:
2030:
2021:Ballantine Books
2014:
2008:
1986:
1980:
1969:
1929:Ethnic democracy
1903:
1898:
1897:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1772:
1749:This subsection
1744:
1736:
1655:Great Depression
1651:
1594:
1591:
1585:
1569:
1561:
1549:, also known as
1536:authoritarianism
1488:Guided democracy
1477:
1470:
1463:
1449:
1448:
1345:Right to protest
1295:Nomination rules
850:
840:
833:
826:
812:
811:
759:
603:Associated state
561:
536:Internationalism
526:World government
503:
382:
314:
295:
269:Free association
256:
217:
136:
79:
67:
30:
21:
18:Guided Democracy
2576:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2525:
2523:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2474:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2422:
2420:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2393:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2114:
2113:
2100:
2093:
2075:
2074:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2015:
2011:
1987:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1901:Politics portal
1899:
1892:
1889:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1773:
1771:
1757:
1745:
1734:
1728:
1716:
1696:
1676:
1659:Antony Polonsky
1645:
1631:Józef Piłsudski
1622:interwar Poland
1614:
1609:
1604:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1579:
1570:
1559:
1481:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1275:Majoritarianism
1235:Democratization
1170:
1162:
1161:
896:
886:
855:Politics series
844:
806:
801:
800:
787:Democratisation
780:Autocratization
756:
748:
747:
746:
703:
664:
643:Tributary state
633:Satellite state
588:
558:
557:Power structure
550:
549:
501:
500:
482:
453:
439:
430:Totalitarianism
380:
379:
361:
312:
311:
292:
284:
283:
278:
254:
246:
211:
203:
134:
126:
73:
64:
63:Source of power
41:Basic forms of
35:Politics series
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2500:
2489:Foreign Policy
2472:
2453:
2450:on 2014-08-15.
2429:
2402:
2367:
2335:
2310:
2276:
2269:
2246:
2221:
2179:
2141:
2127:
2118:Rządy pomajowe
2098:
2091:
2059:
2031:
2009:
1981:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1872:revolving door
1868:
1827:
1826:
1762:. Please help
1748:
1746:
1739:
1727:
1724:
1715:
1712:
1704:Gleb Pavlovsky
1695:
1692:
1675:
1672:
1629:, even though
1620:that governed
1618:Sanacja regime
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1573:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1547:semi-democracy
1521:hybrid regimes
1501:is a formally
1490:, also called
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1380:War referendum
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:Libertarianism
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:Related topics
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1072:
1070:Representative
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
897:
892:
891:
888:
887:
885:
884:
879:
874:
868:
865:
864:
858:
857:
846:
845:
843:
842:
835:
828:
820:
817:
816:
803:
802:
797:
796:
795:
794:
792:Hybrid regimes
789:
784:
783:
782:
772:
767:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
743:
742:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
723:Regional power
720:
712:
711:
705:
704:
702:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
673:
672:
666:
665:
663:
662:
657:
652:
645:
640:
635:
630:
628:Puppet monarch
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
597:
596:
590:
589:
587:
586:
581:
576:
568:
567:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
545:
544:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
505:
504:
499:
498:
493:
487:
484:
483:
481:
480:
479:
478:
473:
463:
461:State religion
455:
454:
452:
451:
448:
444:
441:
440:
438:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
384:
383:
378:
377:
372:
366:
363:
362:
360:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
332:Constitutional
329:
324:
316:
315:
310:
309:
304:
298:
293:
291:Power ideology
290:
289:
286:
285:
280:
279:
277:
276:
271:
266:
258:
257:
255:(rule by none)
248:
247:
245:
244:
239:
238:
237:
227:
219:
218:
205:
204:
202:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
138:
137:
128:
127:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
107:Representative
104:
99:
94:
89:
81:
80:
65:
62:
61:
58:
57:
46:
45:
38:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2573:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2513:The Economist
2510:
2504:
2501:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2300:on 2018-10-07
2296:
2289:
2288:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2168:on 2007-12-12
2164:
2157:
2156:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:9781443891820
1998:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1849:United States
1846:
1845:Sheldon Wolin
1842:
1833:
1823:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781: –
1780:
1776:
1775:Find sources:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1753:single source
1747:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1583:
1577:
1574:This section
1572:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:Right to vote
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1280:Majority rule
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:Supermajority
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Participatory
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
976:Hybrid regime
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
895:
890:
889:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
867:
866:
863:
859:
856:
852:
851:
841:
836:
834:
829:
827:
822:
821:
819:
818:
815:
810:
805:
804:
793:
790:
788:
785:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
761:
760:
752:
751:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
713:
710:
706:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
679:Confederation
677:
676:
675:
674:
671:
667:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
650:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
595:
591:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
574:Unitary state
572:
571:
570:
569:
566:
562:
554:
553:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
506:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
485:
477:
476:State atheism
474:
472:
469:
468:
467:
466:Secular state
464:
462:
459:
458:
457:
456:
449:
446:
445:
442:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
386:
385:
376:
373:
371:
370:Authoritarian
368:
367:
364:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Parliamentary
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
318:
317:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
296:
288:
287:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
260:
259:
253:
249:
243:
240:
236:
233:
232:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
221:
220:
215:
210:
206:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:
135:(rule by few)
133:
129:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
83:
82:
77:
72:
68:
60:
59:
56:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
39:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2524:. Retrieved
2512:
2503:
2492:. Retrieved
2488:
2466:
2456:
2448:the original
2441:
2432:
2421:. Retrieved
2415:
2405:
2394:. Retrieved
2382:The Guardian
2380:
2370:
2359:. Retrieved
2348:
2338:
2327:. Retrieved
2323:
2313:
2302:. Retrieved
2295:the original
2286:
2279:
2259:
2249:
2238:. Retrieved
2234:the original
2224:
2199:
2195:
2170:. Retrieved
2163:the original
2154:
2132:. Retrieved
2117:
2081:
2050:. Retrieved
2044:
2034:
2017:
2012:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1881:
1854:
1840:
1839:In his book
1838:
1817:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1774:
1750:
1717:
1708:Marat Gelman
1697:
1680:World War II
1677:
1640:
1615:
1587:
1575:
1550:
1544:
1529:
1509:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1152:Totalitarian
1035:Non-partisan
1015:Majoritarian
996:Jeffersonian
970:
936:Deliberative
926:Cosmopolitan
921:Conservative
901:Anticipatory
853:Part of the
728:Middle power
655:Vassal state
649:Buffer state
647:
623:Puppet state
618:Protectorate
594:Client state
584:Principality
410:Distributism
352:Presidential
230:Dictatorship
154:Gerontocracy
76:rule by many
49:
33:Part of the
2287:KSAP XX LAT
2196:DPCE Online
1914:Dictablanda
1820:August 2024
1646: [
1590:August 2024
1260:Kleroterion
1142:Substantive
1117:Semi-direct
733:Great power
718:Small power
660:Viceroyalty
531:Nationalism
395:Colonialism
375:Libertarian
337:Directorial
214:rule by one
194:Technocracy
189:Stratocracy
169:Meritocracy
159:Kleptocracy
149:Aristocracy
2556:Propaganda
2540:Categories
2526:2024-08-04
2494:2024-08-04
2423:2024-06-07
2396:2024-06-07
2361:2009-11-10
2329:2024-06-07
2304:2018-10-07
2240:2022-08-24
2172:August 24,
2134:August 24,
2007:. p. 158.
2005:1443891827
1960:References
1878:democracy.
1790:newspapers
1730:See also:
1532:democratic
1506:government
1503:democratic
1423:Historical
1335:Referendum
1290:Ochlocracy
1265:Liberalism
1255:Initiative
1132:Sociocracy
1060:Procedural
1030:Multiparty
991:Jacksonian
986:Industrial
966:Grassroots
951:Electronic
738:Superpower
694:Superstate
689:Federation
684:Devolution
670:Federalism
511:City-state
184:Plutocracy
179:Particracy
43:government
2521:0013-0613
2391:0261-3077
2216:2037-6677
2202:(3): 31.
1760:talk page
1684:Indonesia
1582:talk page
1360:Sortition
1315:Polyarchy
1175:Anarchism
1157:Workplace
1137:Sovereign
1127:Socialist
1107:Sectarian
1085:Christian
1075:Religious
1050:Pluralist
1005:Illiberal
981:Inclusive
956:Empowered
931:Defensive
916:Consensus
862:Democracy
565:Unitarism
541:Globalism
447:Religious
435:Tribalism
425:Socialism
420:Feudalism
405:Despotism
400:Communism
390:Anarchism
327:Communist
274:Stateless
264:Anarchism
225:Despotism
209:Autocracy
199:Theocracy
164:Kritarchy
132:Oligarchy
117:Socialist
71:Democracy
2355:Archived
2257:(1972).
2079:(2008).
2052:July 28,
1887:See also
1857:lobbying
1551:anocracy
1510:de facto
1325:Populism
1080:Buddhist
1025:Monitory
946:Economic
911:Cellular
906:Athenian
613:Dominion
342:Legalist
322:Absolute
307:Republic
302:Monarchy
174:Noocracy
144:Anocracy
97:Economic
87:Demarchy
2467:Reuters
1804:scholar
1557:Regimes
1525:state's
1519:. Such
1090:Islamic
1065:Radical
1055:Popular
1001:Liberal
882:Indices
872:History
755:Related
450:Secular
415:Fascism
252:Anarchy
242:Tyranny
102:Liberal
2519:
2389:
2267:
2214:
2125:
2089:
2026:
1999:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1678:After
1418:Europe
1408:Africa
1402:Region
1375:Voting
1285:Motion
1122:Social
1100:Mormon
1095:Jewish
1010:Liquid
971:Guided
961:Ethnic
941:Direct
877:Theory
579:Empire
491:Global
122:Others
112:Social
92:Direct
2298:(PDF)
2291:(PDF)
2166:(PDF)
2159:(PDF)
1811:JSTOR
1797:books
1650:]
1020:Media
894:Types
496:Local
2517:ISSN
2387:ISSN
2265:ISBN
2212:ISSN
2174:2022
2136:2022
2123:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2054:2024
2024:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1783:news
1666:and
1616:The
1494:and
1413:Asia
1112:Semi
1040:Oral
2417:CNN
2204:doi
1766:by
2542::
2511:.
2487:.
2475:^
2465:.
2440:.
2414:.
2385:.
2379:.
2353:.
2347:.
2322:.
2210:.
2200:48
2198:.
2194:.
2182:^
2144:^
2121:.
2101:^
2062:^
2043:.
2003:,
1995:.
1977:28
1975:.
1843:,
1710:.
1670:.
1648:pl
1553:.
1003:/
2529:.
2497:.
2469:.
2426:.
2399:.
2364:.
2332:.
2307:.
2273:.
2243:.
2218:.
2206::
2176:.
2138:.
2095:.
2056:.
1822:)
1818:(
1808:·
1801:·
1794:·
1787:·
1770:.
1756:.
1592:)
1588:(
1584:.
1498:,
1476:e
1469:t
1462:v
839:e
832:t
825:v
216:)
212:(
78:)
74:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.