460:) volunteered, and pretended to surrender to the Fengxiang army. Ma then informed Li Maozhen that Zhu Quanzhong had already left, leaving only about 10,000 ill soldiers to pretend to be still putting up a siege, and that even they would depart that night. He suggested that Li Maozhen attack the Xuanwu camp. Li Maozhen agreed and attacked — and his army immediately fell into a trap set by the Xuanwu army, suffering large losses. From this point on, Li Maozhen, while not surrendering immediately, began to negotiate with Zhu Quanzhong for peace, promising to give the emperor to him (which occurred eventually in spring 903). For Zhu Jichang's contributions to this victory, Zhu Quanzhong made him the military prefect (團練使,
991:) set up to defend the Three Gorges. He tried to send soldiers to destroy the chain, but Zhang attacked and defeated him, forcing him to retreat back to Jiangling. However, soon thereafter, Zhang heard news that Li Jiji and Guo had crushed the main Former Shu resistance force, and so send messengers to submit to Li Jiji. When, soon thereafter, Gao heard news that Wang Yan surrendered to Li Jiji, he, who was eating at that time, dropped his chopsticks, stating, "This is the fault of this old man." Liang Zhen instead stated, "You need not worry. The ruler of Tang, after receiving Shu lands, would surely become even more arrogant and soon be destroyed. How do you know that this would not be to our benefit?"
1066:
was also unable to capture
Jiangling, sent emissaries into the city to try to persuade Gao to submit. Gao not only refused to do so, but was rude to Kong's emissaries. Meanwhile, despite Emperor Mingzong's sending much gifts to Ma, Ma found excuses not to attack Jiangling. With the siege unsuccessful, Emperor Mingzong ordered Liu to withdraw. However, Xifang was able to defeat Jingnan forces stationed at Kui, Zhong, and Wan, and recapture those three prefectures for the Later Tang imperial government. Emperor Mingzong created a Ningjiang Circuit (
1130:) to attack Jingnan. Gao himself engaged the Chu forces, but Ma Xizhan was able to lay a trap for him at Liulang Ford (劉郎袱, in modern Jingzhou) and defeat him. The Chu forces then approached Jiangling. In fear, Gao sued for peace and returned Shi to Chu. (When Ma Yin subsequently questioned Wang why the Chu army did not go ahead and try to capture Jiangling, Wang pointed out that Jingnan served as a buffer zone between Chu and Later Tang, Wu, and the Shu region. Ma understood Wang's point and did not question him further.)
935:) on him. On one occasion, the emperor asked him, "We would like to attack Wu and Shu. Which one should be first?" Gao, not actually wanting Emperor Zhuangzong to succeed and believing that Former Shu would be more difficult to conquer due to the geographical barriers, responded, "Wu has infertile lands and poor people; conquering it would do no good. Shu should be attacked first. Its lands are rich; its ruler , and it would be easy to conquer Wu." Emperor Zhuangzong was pleased with his suggestion.
952:), he commented, "This trip contained two mistake: The first mistake was that I came; the second mistake was that he let me leave." When he went through Xiang Prefecture, Kong Qing held a feast for him, but at night, Gao cut open the lock on the city gate and escaped. When he reached Jiangling, he held Liang Zhen's hands and said, "I did not accept your suggestion, and I was almost caught in a tiger's mouth." He further spoke with his staff members and criticized Emperor Zhuangzong:
1034:), an officer that Li Jiji (who committed suicide after his own soldiers refused to follow his orders after Emperor Zhuangzong's death) had sent to escort Former Shu treasures down the Yangtze to Luoyang, went through the Three Gorges, Gao sent an army to surprise and kill Han, and he took over the treasures. When Emperor Mingzong sent an emissary to question Gao about what happened to Han, Gao responded: "Han Gong and the others took ships down the Gorges and had to go thousands of
877:) had married a daughter of Gao's by this point, to oversee a project to repair Jiangling's outer walls. When Gao himself went to review the project, he blamed Ni Kefu for the project's slow pace and publicly caned him. However, he stated to his daughter, "Go back to your home and tell your father-in-law: all I wanted to do was to display my authority in front of the people." He also secretly gave her a large amount of platinum for her to give to Ni Kefu.
454:, however, opposed, pointing out that Li Maozhen was in desperate straits. Zhu Quanzhong, however, was concerned about Li Maozhen's strategy of refusing to engage the Xuanwu troops and putting up a strong defense at Fengxiang. At Zhu Jichang's suggestion, Zhu Quanzhong decided to try trickery — and asked for a volunteer soldier to try to trick Li Maozhen into engaging the Xuanwu army. One Ma Jing (
1014:, whom Liang Zhen had recommended to him to be his scribe, pointed out that Jingnan had barely recovered from the wars, and if it were engaged in a war with Chu, other states might take advantage and attack Jingnan. Gao agreed and stopped his plans to attack Chu. Meanwhile, he requested that Jingnan be given control of Kui, Zhong, and Wan Prefectures; Emperor Mingzong agreed.
664:. When he went through Jiangling, Gao met him and was impressed by him, and so wanted to keep him at Jingnan to be secretary. Because of Gao's low birth, Liang considered it a humiliation to serve on Gao's staff, but did not dare to leave without Gao's permission, as he feared that Gao would kill him if he did. He therefore stated to Gao:
582:(even though that Ma was formally a Later Liang vassal), attacked Jiangling. Gao stationed troops at Gong'an (公安, in modern Jingzhou) to cut off Lei's food supply route, and then defeated him. He withdrew, as did Chu troops. Later, Lei attacked Cenyang (涔陽, also in modern Jingzhou) and Gong'an, but could not capture them.
960:, but he raised his hands to his contributors and stated, "I gained the empire through my 10 fingers." When he is this arrogant, he is denying the contributions of all others. The morale will fail. Further, he is frivolously spending time on hunting and women. He will not last long, and we should not worry.
938:
Shortly after, Emperor
Zhuangzong set his capital at Luoyang, and Gao followed him there. Gao soon became disenchanted that Emperor Zhuangzong's favorite performers and eunuchs were demanding gifts from him, and wanted to return to Jingnan. Emperor Zhuangzong, however, was considering detaining Gao
441:
were about to slaughter the eunuchs. Cui, an ally of Zhu
Quanzhong's, then summoned Zhu Quanzhong to attack Fengxiang.) As of fall 902, Zhu Quanzhong had had Fengxiang under siege for about a year, but was unable to capture it, with his siege efforts hampered by rain and his soldiers becoming ill.
1181:
commissioned Gao
Conghui as the new military governor of Jingnan. Subsequently, Gao Conghui, who had not been supportive of Gao Jixing's resistance against Later Tang, submitted a petition to Later Tang's Emperor Mingzong, asking to again be a vassal of Later Tang. In spring 929, Emperor Mingzong
1017:
However, soon thereafter Gao began a series of actions that provoked
Emperor Mingzong's administration. He had requested, after Emperor Mingzong gave him Kui, Zhong, and Wan Prefectures, that the imperial government not commission prefects for those prefectures, but allow him to commission his own
782:
the Prince of Jun overthrew Zhu Yougui and took the throne himself (and then changed his name to Zhu Zhen). He tried to placate Gao by creating Gao the Prince of Bohai. However, Gao still began to build a fleet that eventually grew to 500 ships, and further enhanced his defenses and the soldiers'
1065:
Liu quickly put
Jiangling under siege, but as Jiangling was humid, and it happened to be rainy season, the siege was hampered, with many of Liu's soldiers and Liu himself becoming ill. Emperor Mingzong sent Kong Xun, who had become his chief of staff, to Jiangling to oversee the siege. Kong, who
984:
the Prince of Wei the titular commander of the operations, with Guo as Li Jiji's deputy and the one in actual charge of the military operations. As part of the division of responsibilities among Later Tang vassals, Emperor
Zhuangzong gave Gao the title of commander of southeastern operations and
943:
urged against it, pointing out that the other military governors, at most, had only sent sons, brothers, or staff members to pay homage, and that only Gao had come himself; Guo believed that detaining Gao would send the wrong message. Emperor
Zhuangzong therefore allowed him to leave. When Gao
570:
as its
Emperor Taizu. He commissioned Gao Jichang as the full military governor of Jingnan. By this point, Jingnan, which formerly consisted of eight prefectures (counting Jiangling Municipality as a prefecture), had suffered much through warfare, and most of its prefectures had been taken by
571:
warlords ruling other circuits. Even
Jiangling itself had its walls and buildings in disrepair, and its population greatly reduced. When Gao arrived at Jiangling, he comforted the people and encouraged them to return, and it was said that the people's lives began to return to normal.
902:, catching the city defenseless. Zhu Zhen committed suicide, ending Later Liang. The Later Liang-commissioned military governors, including Gao Jichang subsequently all submitted petitions to him pledging loyalty. Gao further changed his name to Gao Jixing to observe
985:
ordered him to attack and take Kui, Zhong, and Wan Prefectures to add to his own territory. Gao left his son Gao Conghui in charge of Jiangling and headed west on the Yangtze. He thereafter was hampered by a large iron chain that the Former Shu general Zhang Wu (
621:, who captured them; Ma subsequently executed them. Subsequently, Yang, apparently again trying to save Lei, sent troops to attack Later Liang's Zhongyi and Jingnan Circuits, but both attacks were repelled, with Gao defeating the Hongnong general Li Hou (
1177:) to attack Jingnan, and he summoned the troops from many circuits to converge at Xiang Prefecture to prepare to attack Jiangling. However, before the Later Tang forces could converge and attack, Gao himself died around the new year 929. The Wu emperor
714:
By 912, it was said that Gao was beginning to contemplate making Jingnan his own personal possession, and therefore, after receiving approval to do so, added a second layer to Jiangling's city walls to add to its defensive capabilities.
1022:(a former Former Shu official) left his post as prefect of Kui, Gao sent an army to Kui, killed the soldiers already stationed there, and took direct control, and when Emperor Mingzong subsequently commissioned the officer Xifang Ye (
914:
Tang is showing its ambition to swallow up all territory under heaven. Even if you set up strong defenses, you should still be fearful of being unable to stop it. Instead, you are throwing yourself at it, going thousands of
1145:) were attacking Chu's Yue Prefecture, and they were set to rendezvous with Jingnan forces. Xu Dexun defeated and captured them, however, and it is not clear whether Jingnan forces actually participated in the battle.
696:), to be acting military governor. Li Hong submitted to and sought aid from Former Shu. He also subsequently attacked Jingnan, but Gao sent Ni to repel him. Emperor Taizu subsequently sent the officer Chen Hui (
668:
I, Liang Zhen, had never wanted glory and honor. If you, Lord, do not consider me foolish and want me to participate in providing suggestions, I can serve you while wearing white . I need not serve you on your
1072:), with its headquarters at Kui, and made Xifang its military governor. Despite Xifang's victory, Emperor Mingzong blamed the approval of Gao's petition to take the three prefectures on the former chancellors
398:. Under both accounts, when Gao managed to meet Zhu, Zhu was impressed by his talent, and had his master adopt him as a son — thus making him Zhu's adoptive grandson and having him take on the surname of Zhu.
1905:
998:, killed, many rebellions started against him. By summer 926, even the army at Luoyang mutinied, and he was killed in the mutiny. When Gao received this news, he became even more respectful of Liang.
2629:
635:. Ma subsequently sent Xu to attack the Jingnan troops stationed there, but before Xu could arrive, Gao sued for peace. Later that year, Emperor Taizu bestowed the honorary chancellor designation of
1090:
believed that it would be ill-advised for Wu to accept Gao as a vassal, pointing out that Jiangling was much closer to the Later Tang capital Luoyang than to Wu's capital Guangling (廣陵, in modern
1038:. If you want to know why their ships overturned and they drowned, you should question the river god." In anger, Emperor Mingzong stripped Gao of his titles and commissioned Liu Xun (
589:. Emperor Taizu therefore ordered that his titles be stripped, and ordered Gao and Ma to attack him. In winter 907, Gao sent Ni Kefu to rendezvous with the Chu general Qin Yanhui (
786:
In 914, Gao launched his fleet and headed west on the Yangtze, trying to capture four prefectures that were previously part of Jingnan but which had become Former Shu territory —
585:
After these attacks by Lei, Emperor Taizu resolved to destroy him, as he was then often pillaging the nearby circuits, and also was a vassal to one of Later Liang's rival states,
1898:
1028:) to be the prefect, Gao refused to allow Xifang to take office. He also launched a surprise attack on Fu Prefecture, but was unable to capture it. Further, when Han Gong (
910:). To show his faithfulness to the new Later Tang emperor, he further wanted to go to Daliang to pay homage to the new emperor. Liang Zhen tried to stop him, stating:
1327:
The start of Gao Jixing's "reign" depends on how one defines "reign." Traditionally, the 924 date is used since that was when he was created the Prince of Nanping by
1152:
now regent, Wu agreed to accept Gao as a vassal and created him the Prince of Qin. Emperor Mingzong thereafter ordered Ma Yin to attack Gao. Ma sent Xu and his son
2593:
1891:
783:
armors and weapons. Further, he began to enter into diplomatic communications with Former Shu and Wu, with the Later Liang imperial government unable to stop him.
627:). By summer 908, Lang Prefecture fell to Qin, and Lei fled to Hongnong. Wuzhen was absorbed into Chu territory. Apparently in response, Gao stationed troops at
775:) the military governor of Shannan East repelled him. It was said that after this battle, Gao stopped submitting tributes to the Later Liang imperial government.
2663:
1098:) and therefore it would be difficult Wu to aid Jingnan if Later Tang attacked again; he therefore accepted Gao's tributes but refused to accept him as a vassal.
1086:), as well as the awards that Emperor Mingzong was sending Ma via Shi. He thereafter submitted a petition requesting to be a Wu vassal. However, the Wu regent
964:
Gao then further built up the city's defenses and food storage, and he welcomed old Later Liang soldiers into his army, preparing for an eventual defensive war.
2625:
1753:
1471:
364:
1168:) instead took the challenge and killed Gao Congsi in the one-on-one combat. Gao Jixing then sued for peace, and Ma Yin agreed, recalling Xu and Ma Xifan.
748:) and captured it. Chen then attacked Jingnan, but could not capture it and so withdrew. Jingnan and Chu troops then converged at the mouth of where
1080:, and ordered them to commit suicide. Around the same time, Gao intercepted and captured Ma's tributary emissary to Emperor Mingzong, Shi Guangxian (
759:
Around the same time, Gao Jixing, announcing that he was joining the campaign of Later Liang forces then fighting against Later Liang's archenemy
2673:
1914:
286:
2609:
994:
Subsequently, after Emperor Zhuangzong, believing in false rumors of their planning to rebel against him, had Guo and another major general,
2581:
2577:
2569:
868:). With Liu heading toward Tan Prefecture, the Chu army attacking Jingnan withdrew, but Li Jian still was able to capture Fu Prefecture.
2693:
749:
543:
Municipality without engaging Lei, Zhu believed He to be fearful. He sent Gao to replace He Gui, while sending the officer Ni Kefu (
1741:
1729:
1719:
1427:
1360:
358:
324:
2573:
2565:
1328:
1182:
agreed and ended the campaign against Jingnan. Emperor Mingzong subsequently posthumously created Gao Jixing the Prince of Chu.
891:
1010:
claimed imperial title (as Emperor Mingzong). Meanwhile, Gao Jixing prepared his fleet and wanted to attack Chu. His official
921:
to pay homage! Further, you, Lord, are an old officer of the Zhus. How do you know that you would not be treated as an enemy?
1149:
833:
In 917, Gao and Kong repaired their relationship, and he resumed submitting tributes to the Later Liang imperial government.
247:
1335:), 913 (when Zhu Zhen created him the Prince of Bohai and briefly brought him back into the Later Liang fold), or 927 (when
2605:
2698:
2688:
1980:
1932:
567:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1734:
1699:
1674:
1655:
1632:
1616:
1600:
1581:
1556:
1531:
1508:
1492:
1453:
1432:
1398:
1315:
2484:
1970:
1746:
1365:
1331:, but one could also use 912 (when Gao temporarily broke off his tributary relationship with the Later Liang emperor
303:
2703:
2106:
2056:
2010:
1990:
818:), and withdrew with heavy losses. In light of Gao's attack, there was suggestions made to the Former Shu emperor
769:), the capital of Zhongyi — which by this time had reverted to its older name of Shannan East Circuit. Kong Qing (
435:
390:
further indicated that also serving as Zhu Yourang's servants then were later prominent military/political figures
2683:
2658:
980:
In fall 925, Emperor Zhuangzong launched a major attack on Former Shu, intending to destroy it. He made his son
843:
740:), a general of Wu — i.e., formerly Hongnong but now known as Wu — attacked Chu's Yue Prefecture (岳州, in modern
2678:
2557:
2444:
2361:
2356:
702:) to rendezvous with Jingnan troops to attack Li Hong. They soon captured Zhongyi's capital Xiang Prefecture (
451:
427:
539:) repeatedly made incursions into Jingnan territory and He Gui reacted by merely defending Jingnan's capital
418:), at Fengxiang's capital Fengxiang Municipality. (Zhu Quanzhong had initiated the siege after the powerful
322:) — although the identity of his master received divergent reports in traditional sources. According to the
2668:
2549:
2417:
2096:
2091:
419:
380:), who later loaned money to Zhu and became an adoptive son of Zhu's, with his name changed to Zhu Yourang (
812:). However, when he attacked Kui first, he was defeated by the Former Shu prefect of Kui, Wang Chengxian (
2621:
2617:
2613:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2553:
2351:
2346:
2219:
2146:
819:
925:
When Gao arrived at Daliang, Emperor Zhuangzong bestowed the greater honorary chancellor title of acting
756:, trying to intercept him, but he went past them during the night and escaped their attempt to stop him.
2585:
2561:
2545:
2422:
1148:
Soon thereafter, Gao again requested to be a Wu vassal. With Xu Wen's having died and his adoptive son
1339:
declared a general campaign against him but was subsequently unable to conquer and reabsorb Jingnan).
647:
350:) of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered at Bian Prefecture) and had his name changed to Zhu Yougong (
2653:
2648:
1976:
1156:
to advance to Shatou (沙頭, in modern Jingzhou). When the armies engaged, Gao's nephew Gao Congsi (
1062:) to attack him from the west, with Xifang as Dong's deputy; and Ma Yin to attack from the south.
1050:) the military governor of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Xuchang) as Liu's deputy;
406:
In 902, Zhu Jichang was serving as an officer under Zhu Quanzhong, who was then sieging his rival
2432:
579:
563:
142:
1883:
1715:
898:(as Emperor Zhuangzong). Shortly after, he made a surprise attack on the Later Liang capital
586:
278:
660:) class in the late Tang years, was returning from Luoyang to his home region, then ruled by
836:
In 919, a Chu army attacked Jingnan. Gao sought aid from Wu. Wu sent the general Liu Xin (
763:
to the north, took his army and advanced north, but instead was attacking Xiang Prefecture (
540:
684:
In 909, the soldiers at Zhongyi mutinied and killed the acting military governor Wang Ban (
1758:
1476:
1291:
270:
204:
126:
1765:
1393:
1006:
In the aftermaths of Emperor Zhuangzong's death, Emperor Zhuangzong's adoptive brother
681:). Gao valued Liang's advice greatly and effectively made Liang his chief strategist.
520:
516:
330:
314:), and, in his youth, became a servant of a rich man at Bian Prefecture (汴州, in modern
826:
to let the water destroy Jiangling, but Wang, listening to the advice of his official
2642:
2525:
2515:
2490:
2404:
2242:
1966:
1044:) the military governor of Shannan East to attack Gao from the north, with Xia Luqi (
1011:
753:
263:
135:
131:
677:" and did not accept title positions offered to him by Gao (and later, by Gao's son
2520:
2449:
2389:
2338:
2224:
2133:
2123:
2082:
2069:
2064:
957:
940:
903:
823:
2151:
967:
In 924, Emperor Zhuangzong bestowed the even greater honorary chancellor title of
727:
the Prince of Ying, who, after blaming the assassination on his adoptive brother
2464:
2459:
2454:
2379:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2188:
2118:
1950:
1849:
1332:
1202:
1162:) challenged Ma Xifan to a one-on-one combat, but the Chu officer Liao Kuangqi (
995:
907:
779:
711:
In 910, Ma sent an army to attack Jingnan, but Gao defeated it and repelled it.
678:
617:) to try to aid him. Ling and Li, however, were intercepted by the Chu general
528:
473:
472:). Zhu Jichang subsequently participated in the Xuanwu army's campaign against
431:
423:
186:
48:
2474:
2469:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2308:
2247:
2211:
2170:
2156:
2037:
2001:
1986:
1945:
1051:
895:
760:
728:
724:
661:
643:
407:
391:
163:
442:
He thus considered withdrawing to Huguo Circuit (護國, headquartered in modern
2280:
2234:
2183:
2141:
2042:
2032:
2016:
1336:
1007:
917:
827:
809:
500:
307:
527:
the acting military governor of Jingnan. However, later in the year, when
673:
Gao agreed. For the rest of Liang's life, he referred himself as "former
434:
to Fengxiang after they became apprehensive that Emperor Zhaozong and the
2530:
2510:
2313:
2027:
1868:
1153:
1091:
1073:
1055:
1019:
847:
618:
508:
499:
In 905, Zhu Quanzhong had conquered Zhongyi (忠義, headquartered in modern
481:
465:
443:
395:
346:
57:
1054:
the military governor of Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern
410:
the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern
2412:
2394:
2384:
2371:
2257:
2178:
1940:
1839:
1178:
1102:
1101:
In spring 928, Xifang captured Jingnan's Gui Prefecture (歸州, in modern
1095:
1077:
1059:
981:
945:
899:
861:
787:
741:
632:
602:
532:
477:
438:
415:
341:
315:
282:
235:
230:
220:
175:
30:
2303:
2295:
1860:
1087:
956:
The new dynasty fought 100 battles to win the territory south of the
708:), taking Li Hong captive and sending him to Luoyang to be executed.
631:
to cut off the tributary route between Chu and Later Liang's capital
628:
575:
549:) to Jingnan as well to help defend against Lei. Lei then withdrew.
531:
the military governor of Wuzhen Circuit (武貞, headquartered in modern
524:
489:
476:
the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern
447:
79:
1171:
In fall 928, Emperor Mingzong commissioned the general Fang Zhiwen (
2502:
1106:
949:
865:
851:
745:
536:
512:
504:
493:
469:
411:
319:
311:
1018:
family members; Emperor Mingzong refused. Soon thereafter, when
1294:
1887:
562:
In 907, Zhu Quanzhong had Emperor Zhaozong's son and successor
830:
that doing so would kill innocent civilians, did not do so.
731:
the Prince of Kang and killing Zhu Youwen, took the throne.
450:), which he also possessed. Zhu Jichang and fellow officer
723:
In summer 912, Emperor Taizu was assassinated by his son
426:, an ally of Li Maozhen's, forcibly seized then-reigning
566:
yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new
147:
Initially Jìchāng (季昌), later Jìxīng (季興) (changed 923)
894:
the Prince of Jin declared himself emperor of a new
2501:
2483:
2431:
2403:
2370:
2337:
2294:
2256:
2233:
2210:
2201:
2169:
2132:
2105:
2078:
2055:
2009:
2000:
1959:
1931:
1922:
229:
219:
203:
185:
155:
117:
105:
97:
93:
85:
75:
67:
55:
44:
36:
28:
21:
605:the Prince of Hongnong sent his generals Ling Ye (
302:Gao Jichang was born in 858, during the reign of
977:) on Gao and created him the Prince of Nanping.
523:, respectively. Zhu initially made his officer
374:) also adopted, he became a servant of Li Rang (
334:also adopted, he became a servant of Li Qilang (
954:
912:
666:
595:) to attack Wuzhen's capital Lang Prefecture (
1899:
1714:. Harvard University Press. pp. 11, 16.
1260:
1254:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1081:
1067:
1045:
1039:
1029:
1023:
986:
972:
930:
872:
871:In 921, Gao ordered Ni, whose son Ni Zhijin (
855:
837:
813:
803:
797:
791:
770:
764:
735:
703:
697:
691:
685:
655:
622:
612:
606:
596:
590:
544:
455:
381:
375:
369:
351:
335:
211:Prince Wǔxìn (武信王, "martial and trustworthy")
8:
1754:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
1472:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
388:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
365:Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms
507:) and Jingnan (荊南, headquartered in modern
2437:
2207:
2111:
2006:
1928:
1906:
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1824:
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1540:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1109:), but soon Jingnan forces recaptured it.
939:at Luoyang. The emperor's chief of staff
18:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1133:In summer 928, the Wu generals Miao Lin (
906:(as Emperor Zhuangzong's grandfather was
690:), supporting one of their own, Li Hong (
496:). His surname was changed back to Gao.
1422:
1420:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
860:) attacked Fu Prefecture (復州, in modern
574:In fall 907, Lei Yangong, with aid from
1279:
1112:Also in spring 928, Ma sent Yuan Quan (
430:and took him from the imperial capital
340:), who later became an adoptive son of
1915:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
601:). Lei sought aid from Hongnong, and
306:. He was from Shanshi (陝石, in modern
287:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
199:929 (posthumously): Prince of Chu (楚王)
114:
2664:Later Liang (Five Dynasties) jiedushi
944:reached Xu Prefecture (許州, in modern
822:that Former Shu destroy a dam on the
778:In 913, Zhu Yougui's younger brother
7:
1287:
1285:
1283:
488:) of Ying Prefecture (潁州, in modern
464:) of Song Prefecture (宋州, in modern
515:) Circuits, then ruled by brothers
1295:Chinese-Western Calendar Converter
484:) and was made the defender (防禦使,
14:
1742:New History of the Five Dynasties
1361:New History of the Five Dynasties
1194:Lady Zhang, mother of Gao Conghui
886:During Emperor Zhuangzong's reign
842:) to head toward the Chu capital
637:Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi
359:New History of the Five Dynasties
1329:Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang
195:924–926: Prince of Nanping (南平王)
1259:), son of the general Ni Kefu (
1002:During Emperor Mingzong's reign
40:April 14, 924 – January 28, 929
1337:Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang
1243:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1164:
1158:
1126:
1040:
1030:
987:
838:
736:
698:
456:
370:
258:(高季昌), known for some time as
254:) (858 – January 28, 929), né
251:
193:913–924: Prince of Bohai (渤海王)
1:
2674:10th-century Chinese monarchs
2594:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1730:History of the Five Dynasties
1428:History of the Five Dynasties
1253:Daughter, wife of Ni Zhijin (
854:) while the general Li Jian (
808:), and Fu (涪州, all in modern
325:History of the Five Dynasties
558:During Emperor Taizu's reign
1925:(and other northern states)
719:After Emperor Taizu's reign
402:Service under Zhu Quanzhong
197:926–929: Prince of Qin (秦王)
51:, Prince Wenxian of Nanping
2720:
2694:Politicians from Sanmenxia
1124:), and his son Ma Xizhan (
16:Ruler of Jingnan (Nanping)
2543:
2440:
2204:(other than Northern Han)
2114:
2023:
1865:
1857:
1846:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1712:Imperial China (900-1800)
1261:
1255:
1173:
1141:
1135:
1120:
1114:
1082:
1068:
1046:
1024:
973:
931:
873:
856:
814:
804:
798:
792:
771:
765:
734:In late 912, Chen Zhang (
704:
692:
686:
656:
623:
613:
607:
597:
591:
545:
382:
376:
352:
336:
277:(楚武信王), was the founding
210:
192:
162:Adopted the era names of
160:
122:
113:
1410:924 was the 2nd year of
269:(貽孫), also known by his
174:Adopted the era name of
2097:Emperor Shizong of Liao
2092:Emperor Taizong of Liao
1211:), later Prince Wenxian
344:the military governor (
171:Tiancheng (天成): 926–928
169:Tongguang (同光): 924–926
22:Prince Wuxin of Nanping
962:
923:
671:
181:Qianzhen (乾貞): 928–929
1139:) and Wang Yanzhang (
1001:
885:
718:
648:imperial examinations
646:, who had passed the
557:
356:). According to the
1275:Notes and references
1268:Five other daughters
1186:Personal information
2699:Generals from Henan
2689:Later Tang jiedushi
1960:Concurrent warlords
1710:Mote, F.W. (1999).
293:During Tang Dynasty
275:Prince Wuxin of Chu
553:During Later Liang
61:of Jingnan Circuit
2704:Founding monarchs
2636:
2635:
2539:
2538:
2497:
2496:
2197:
2196:
2165:
2164:
2051:
2050:
1882:
1881:
1847:Succeeded by
1840:Prince of Nanping
1191:Wife?/Concubine?
881:During Later Tang
642:Also in 908, one
241:
240:
215:
214:
31:Jingnan (Nanping)
2711:
2684:Yang Wu jiedushi
2659:Jingnan jiedushi
2438:
2208:
2112:
2007:
1929:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1885:
1867:Ruler of China (
1858:Preceded by
1852:(Prince Wenxian)
1825:
1725:
1703:
1693:
1678:
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1390:
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1176:
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1160:
1144:
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1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1085:
1084:
1071:
1070:
1049:
1048:
1043:
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1033:
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1027:
1026:
990:
989:
976:
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934:
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859:
858:
841:
840:
817:
816:
807:
806:
801:
800:
795:
794:
774:
773:
768:
767:
752:flowed into the
739:
738:
707:
706:
701:
700:
695:
694:
689:
688:
659:
658:
626:
625:
616:
615:
610:
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548:
547:
459:
458:
428:Emperor Zhaozong
385:
384:
379:
378:
373:
372:
355:
354:
339:
338:
304:Emperor Xuānzong
253:
115:
19:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2679:Chinese princes
2639:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2535:
2493:
2479:
2427:
2399:
2366:
2333:
2290:
2252:
2229:
2203:
2193:
2161:
2128:
2101:
2080:
2074:
2047:
2019:
1996:
1955:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1877:
1863:
1853:
1843:
1722:
1709:
1706:
1694:
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1469:
1460:
1448:
1439:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1391:
1372:
1358:
1343:
1326:
1322:
1310:
1301:
1292:Academia Sinica
1290:
1281:
1277:
1250:Four other sons
1188:
1004:
888:
883:
721:
560:
555:
404:
300:
295:
271:posthumous name
205:Posthumous name
198:
196:
194:
180:
172:
170:
168:
151:
148:
139:
109:January 28, 929
62:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2717:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:Jingnan rulers
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2544:
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2540:
2537:
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2513:
2507:
2505:
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2415:
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2400:
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2300:
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2260:
2254:
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2251:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1974:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1923:Five Dynasties
1920:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1828:Regnal titles
1823:
1822:
1766:Zizhi Tongjian
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1720:
1705:
1704:
1696:Zizhi Tongjian
1679:
1671:Zizhi Tongjian
1660:
1652:Zizhi Tongjian
1637:
1629:Zizhi Tongjian
1621:
1613:Zizhi Tongjian
1605:
1597:Zizhi Tongjian
1586:
1578:Zizhi Tongjian
1561:
1553:Zizhi Tongjian
1536:
1528:Zizhi Tongjian
1513:
1505:Zizhi Tongjian
1497:
1489:Zizhi Tongjian
1481:
1458:
1450:Zizhi Tongjian
1437:
1416:
1403:
1394:Zizhi Tongjian
1370:
1341:
1320:
1312:Zizhi Tongjian
1299:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1251:
1248:
1241:Gao Congqian (
1239:
1232:Gao Congrang (
1230:
1223:Gao Congshen (
1221:
1212:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1184:
1118:), Wang Huan (
1003:
1000:
887:
884:
882:
879:
844:Tan Prefecture
720:
717:
611:) and Li Rao (
578:the Prince of
559:
556:
554:
551:
521:Zhao Kuangming
517:Zhao Kuangning
403:
400:
331:Zizhi Tongjian
299:
296:
294:
291:
239:
238:
233:
227:
226:
223:
217:
216:
213:
212:
208:
207:
201:
200:
190:
189:
183:
182:
158:
157:
153:
152:
150:
149:
146:
140:
130:
123:
120:
119:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
53:
52:
46:
42:
41:
38:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2716:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Qian Hongzong
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Qian Yuanguan
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2491:Wang Yanzheng
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2405:Southern Tang
2402:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Meng Zhixiang
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1967:Liu Shouguang
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1897:
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1890:
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1886:
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1856:
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1727:
1723:
1721:0-674-01212-7
1717:
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1708:
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1701:
1697:
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1598:
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1434:
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1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1252:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1169:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1131:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1075:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1037:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1012:Sun Guangxian
1009:
999:
997:
992:
983:
978:
970:
969:Shangshu Ling
965:
961:
959:
953:
951:
947:
942:
936:
928:
927:Zhongshu Ling
922:
920:
919:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
880:
878:
869:
867:
863:
853:
849:
845:
834:
831:
829:
825:
821:
811:
789:
784:
781:
776:
762:
757:
755:
754:Yangtze River
751:
747:
743:
732:
730:
726:
716:
712:
709:
682:
680:
676:
670:
665:
663:
653:
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588:
583:
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569:
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534:
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522:
518:
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510:
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502:
497:
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491:
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479:
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467:
463:
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433:
429:
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417:
413:
409:
401:
399:
397:
393:
389:
367:
366:
361:
360:
349:
348:
343:
342:Zhu Quanzhong
333:
332:
327:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
297:
292:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
265:
264:courtesy name
261:
257:
249:
245:
237:
234:
232:
228:
224:
222:
218:
209:
206:
202:
191:
188:
184:
179:
177:
167:
165:
159:
154:
144:
141:
137:
134:(高), briefly
133:
128:
125:
124:
121:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
35:
32:
27:
20:
2582:N. Dynasties
2578:S. Dynasties
2521:Qian Hongzuo
2450:Wang Shenzhi
2390:Yang Longyan
2339:Southern Han
2265:
2225:Wang Zongyan
2202:Ten Kingdoms
2147:Liu Chengjun
2134:Northern Han
2124:Liu Chengyou
2070:Shi Chonggui
2065:Shi Jingtang
1872:
1866:
1838:
1834:New creation
1833:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1711:
1695:
1670:
1651:
1628:
1624:
1612:
1608:
1596:
1577:
1552:
1527:
1504:
1500:
1488:
1484:
1470:
1449:
1426:
1411:
1406:
1392:
1359:
1323:
1311:
1214:Gao Congxu (
1170:
1147:
1132:
1111:
1100:
1064:
1035:
1016:
1005:
993:
979:
968:
966:
963:
958:Yellow River
955:
941:Guo Chongtao
937:
926:
924:
916:
913:
904:naming taboo
889:
870:
835:
832:
824:Three Gorges
785:
777:
758:
733:
722:
713:
710:
683:
674:
672:
667:
651:
641:
636:
584:
573:
561:
498:
485:
461:
405:
387:
363:
362:, which the
357:
345:
329:
328:, which the
323:
301:
274:
266:
259:
255:
243:
242:
173:
161:
56:
2574:16 Kingdoms
2465:Wang Jipeng
2460:Wang Yanjun
2455:Wang Yanhan
2380:Yang Xingmi
2286:Gao Jichong
2276:Gao Baorong
2271:Gao Conghui
2189:Guo Zongxun
2119:Liu Zhiyuan
2085:occupation)
2079:Interregnum
1951:Zhu Youzhen
1933:Later Liang
1850:Gao Conghui
1203:Gao Conghui
996:Zhu Youqian
908:Li Guochang
846:(in modern
780:Zhu Youzhen
679:Gao Conghui
568:Later Liang
529:Lei Yangong
474:Wang Shifan
462:Tuanlianshi
424:Han Quanhui
285:during the
260:Zhu Jichang
256:Gao Jichang
187:Regnal name
127:Family name
89:Gao Conghui
76:Predecessor
49:Gao Conghui
2654:929 deaths
2649:858 births
2643:Categories
2566:3 Kingdoms
2475:Zhu Wenjin
2470:Wang Yanxi
2329:Ma Xichong
2319:Ma Xiguang
2309:Ma Xisheng
2266:Gao Jixing
2248:Meng Chang
2212:Former Shu
2171:Later Zhou
2157:Liu Jiyuan
2038:Li Conghou
2002:Later Tang
1987:Li Maozhen
1946:Zhu Yougui
1052:Dong Zhang
896:Later Tang
802:), Zhong (
729:Zhu Youwen
725:Zhu Yougui
662:Former Shu
644:Liang Zhen
564:Emperor Ai
452:Liu Zhijun
436:chancellor
408:Li Maozhen
392:Dong Zhang
298:Background
289:of China.
244:Gao Jixing
164:Later Tang
143:Given name
2445:Wang Chao
2362:Liu Chang
2357:Liu Sheng
2281:Gao Baoxu
2235:Later Shu
2220:Wang Jian
2184:Chai Rong
2152:Liu Ji'en
2142:Liu Chong
2107:Later Han
2057:Later Jin
2043:Li Congke
2033:Li Siyuan
2017:Li Keyong
1977:Wang Rong
1871:region) (
1412:Tongguang
1199:Children
1150:Xu Zhigao
1008:Li Siyuan
828:Mao Wenxi
820:Wang Jian
810:Chongqing
750:Han River
541:Jiangling
501:Xiangyang
486:Fangyushi
422:, led by
308:Sanmenxia
156:Era dates
118:Full name
86:Successor
71:906 – 929
45:Successor
29:Ruler of
2531:Qian Chu
2511:Qian Liu
2314:Ma Xifan
2028:Li Cunxu
1878:906–928
1873:de facto
1869:Jingzhou
1844:924–928
1769:, vols.
1759:vol. 100
1735:vol. 133
1700:vol. 275
1675:vol. 274
1656:vol. 272
1633:vol. 271
1617:vol. 270
1601:vol. 269
1582:vol. 268
1557:vol. 267
1532:vol. 266
1509:vol. 265
1493:vol. 262
1477:vol. 100
1475:(十國春秋),
1454:vol. 263
1433:vol. 133
1399:vol. 276
1333:Zhu Zhen
1316:vol. 273
1154:Ma Xifan
1092:Yangzhou
1074:Doulu Ge
1056:Mianyang
1020:Pan Kang
892:Li Cunxu
890:In 923,
848:Changsha
796:), Wan (
639:on Gao.
619:Xu Dexun
587:Hongnong
509:Jingzhou
482:Shandong
466:Shangqiu
444:Yuncheng
432:Chang'an
396:Kong Xun
347:Jiedushi
58:Jiedushi
2418:Li Jing
2413:Li Bian
2395:Yang Pu
2385:Yang Wo
2352:Liu Bin
2347:Liu Yan
2324:Ma Xi'e
2258:Jingnan
2179:Guo Wei
1941:Zhu Wen
1747:vol. 69
1366:vol. 69
1179:Yang Pu
1103:Yichang
1096:Jiangsu
1078:Wei Yue
1060:Sichuan
982:Li Jiji
946:Xuchang
900:Daliang
862:Tianmen
742:Yueyang
650:in the
633:Luoyang
603:Yang Wo
533:Changde
478:Weifang
439:Cui Yin
420:eunuchs
416:Shaanxi
386:); the
316:Kaifeng
283:Jingnan
273:as the
262:(朱季昌),
248:Chinese
236:Jingnan
231:Dynasty
176:Yang Wu
63:(荊南節度使)
2606:W. Xia
2304:Ma Yin
1917:rulers
1861:He Gui
1718:
1088:Xu Wen
675:Jinshi
669:staff.
652:Jinshi
629:Hankou
576:Ma Yin
525:He Gui
490:Fuyang
448:Shanxi
279:prince
250::
80:He Gui
68:Tenure
2550:Shang
2503:Wuyue
2423:Li Yu
1107:Hubei
950:Henan
866:Hubei
852:Hunan
746:Hunan
537:Hunan
513:Hubei
505:Hubei
494:Anhui
470:Henan
412:Baoji
320:Henan
312:Henan
267:Yisun
221:House
37:Reign
24:南平武信王
2622:Qing
2618:Ming
2614:Yuan
2602:Song
2598:Liao
2590:Tang
2554:Zhou
2083:Liao
1981:Zhao
1716:ISBN
1076:and
519:and
394:and
371:十國春秋
106:Died
98:Born
2630:PRC
2626:ROC
2610:Jīn
2586:Sui
2570:Jìn
2562:Han
2558:Qin
2546:Xia
2485:Yin
2433:Min
2296:Chu
2011:Jin
1971:Yan
1819:276
1815:275
1811:274
1807:273
1803:272
1799:271
1795:270
1791:269
1787:268
1783:267
1779:266
1775:265
1771:263
1262:倪可福
1256:倪知進
1244:高從謙
1235:高從讓
1226:高從詵
1217:高從诩
1208:高從誨
1174:房知溫
1165:廖匡齊
1159:高從嗣
1142:王彥章
1127:馬希瞻
1083:史光憲
1047:夏魯奇
1025:西方鄴
974:尚書令
932:中書令
874:倪知進
815:王成先
788:Kui
761:Jin
592:秦彥暉
580:Chu
546:倪可福
383:朱友讓
353:朱友恭
337:李七郎
281:of
252:高季興
225:Gao
138:(朱)
136:Zhū
132:Gāo
101:858
2645::
2628:/
2624:→
2620:→
2616:→
2612:→
2608:/
2604:/
2600:/
2596:→
2592:→
2588:→
2584:→
2580:/
2576:→
2572:/
2568:→
2564:→
2560:→
2556:→
2552:→
2548:→
2372:Wu
1991:Qi
1875:)
1817:,
1813:,
1809:,
1805:,
1801:,
1797:,
1793:,
1789:,
1785:,
1781:,
1777:,
1773:,
1757:,
1745:,
1733:,
1698:,
1682:^
1673:,
1663:^
1654:,
1640:^
1631:,
1615:,
1599:,
1589:^
1580:,
1564:^
1555:,
1539:^
1530:,
1516:^
1507:,
1491:,
1461:^
1452:,
1440:^
1431:,
1419:^
1397:,
1373:^
1364:,
1344:^
1314:,
1302:^
1282:^
1136:苗璘
1121:王環
1115:袁詮
1105:,
1094:,
1069:寧江
1058:,
1041:劉訓
1036:li
1031:韓珙
988:張武
948:,
918:li
864:,
857:李簡
850:,
839:劉信
805:忠州
799:萬州
793:夔州
772:孔勍
766:襄州
744:,
737:陳璋
705:襄州
699:陳暉
693:李洪
687:王班
657:進士
624:李厚
614:李饒
608:泠業
598:朗州
535:,
511:,
503:,
492:,
480:,
468:,
457:馬景
446:,
414:,
377:李讓
318:,
310:,
145::
129::
2081:(
1993:)
1989:(
1983:)
1979:(
1973:)
1969:(
1907:e
1900:t
1893:v
1821:.
1761:.
1749:.
1737:.
1724:.
1702:.
1677:.
1658:.
1635:.
1619:.
1603:.
1584:.
1559:.
1534:.
1511:.
1495:.
1479:.
1456:.
1435:.
1414:.
1401:.
1368:.
1318:.
1297:.
1265:)
1247:)
1238:)
1229:)
1220:)
1205:(
971:(
929:(
790:(
654:(
368:(
246:(
178::
166::
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