601:
472:
72:
45:
435:
693:
31:
670:, but movement occurs through different methods in different members of the group. Chaetonotids only have adhesive glands at the back and, in them, locomotion typically proceeds in a smooth gliding manner; the whole body is propelled forward by the rhythmic action of the cilia on the ventral surface. In the
739:
through the female gonopore. Details of the process and the behaviour involved vary with the species, and there is a range of different accessory reproductive organs. During copulation, the "male" individual uses his copulatory organ to transfer sperm to his partner's gonopore and fertilisation is
614:
in distribution. They inhabit the interstitial spaces between particles in marine and freshwater environments, the surfaces of aquatic plants and other submerged objects and the surface film of water surrounding soil particles on land. They are also found in stagnant pools and anaerobic mud, where
467:
end of the body are two projections with cement glands that serve in adhesion. This is a double-gland system where one gland secretes the glue and another secretes a de-adhesive agent to sever the connection. In the
Macrodasyida, there are additional adhesive glands at the anterior end and on the
680:, however, movement proceeds in jerks as the long, muscle-activated spines are forced rhythmically towards the side of the body. By contrast, with chaetonotids, macrodasyidans typically have multiple adhesive glands and move forward with a creeping action similar to that of a
684:. In response to a threat, the head and trunk can be rapidly pulled backwards, or the creeping movement can be reversed. Muscular action is important when the animal turns sideways and during copulation, when two individuals twine around each other.
499:. The whole ventral surface of the animal may be ciliated or the cilia may be arranged in rows, patches or transverse bands. The cuticle is locally thickened in some gastrotrichs and forms scales, hooks and spines. There is no
580:. From these lead a pair of nerve cords which run along either side of the body beside the longitudinal muscle bands. The primary sensory organs are the bristles and ciliated tufts of the body surface which function as
545:, which open through separate pores on the lateral underside of the animal, usually in the midsection of the body. In the macrodasyidans, there are several pairs of these opening along the side of the body.
777:
or low temperatures; these species, however, are also able to produce regular eggs, which hatch in one to four days, when environmental conditions are more favourable. The eggs of all gastrotrichs undergo
623:
in harsh conditions. In marine sediments they have been known to reach 364 individuals per 10 cm (1.6 sq in) making them the third most common invertebrate in the sediment after
795:, each species having an invariant genetically fixed number of cells as adults. Cell division ceases at the end of embryonic development and further growth is solely due to cell enlargement.
534:
is located on the ventral surface close to the posterior of the body. In some species, there are pores in the pharynx opening to the ventral surface; these contain valves and may allow
765:. In these species, the male portions of the reproductive system are degenerate and non-functional, or, in many cases, entirely absent. Though the eggs have a diameter of less than 50
631:. In freshwater they may reach a density of 158 individuals per 10 cm (1.6 sq in) and are the fifth most abundant group of invertebrates in the sediment.
3987:
2211:
4618:
4644:
572:
As is typical for such small animals, there are no respiratory or circulatory organs. The nervous system is relatively simple. The brain consists of two
4592:
4631:
3693:
2320:
2195:
2074:
463:
are found around the mouth and on the ventral surface of the head and body. The trunk contains the gut and the reproductive organs. At the
2407:
2293:
782:
and hatch into miniature versions of the adult. The young typically reach sexual maturity in about three days. In the laboratory,
4703:
2444:
2016:
804:
2310:
2439:
740:
internal. The fertilised eggs are released by rupture of the body wall which afterwards repairs itself. As is the case in most
2146:
549:
is probably excreted through the body wall, as part of respiration, and the protonephridia are believed to function mainly in
288:
or on other submerged surfaces, but a few species are terrestrial and live on land in the film of water surrounding grains of
4636:
2338:"Marine gastrotrichs from the Tremiti archipelago in the southern Adriatic Sea, with the description of two new species of
2225:
Todaro, M. A.; Dal Zotto, M.; Jondelius, U.; Hochberg, R.; Hummon, W. D.; Kånneby, T.; Rocha, C. E. F. (14 February 2012).
2523:
2513:
2496:
464:
456:
406:. As of 2011, around 790 species have been described. The phylum contains a single class, divided into two orders: the
52:
71:
4540:
4527:
3686:
769:, they are still very large in comparison with the animals' size. Some species are capable of laying eggs that remain
585:
4571:
4649:
4584:
3830:
611:
492:
784:
748:, with each cell destined to become a specific part of the animal's body. At least one species of gastrotrich,
2376:
731:
that open, often temporarily, on the underside of the animal, roughly two-thirds of the way along the body. A
707:
probably most represents that of the ancestral lineage and these more primitive gastrotrichs are simultaneous
619:. When pools dry up they can survive periods of desiccation as eggs, and some species are capable of forming
3915:
2528:
439:
4467:
3679:
2400:
4545:
2336:
Elena, Fregni; Faienza, Maria Grazia; De Zio
Grimaldi, Susanna; Tongiorgi, Paolo; Balsamo, Maria (1999).
1174:
655:
and small protozoa into their mouths by the muscular action of the pharynx. They are themselves eaten by
530:. The pharynx opens into a cylindrical intestine, which is lined with glandular and digestive cells. The
447:
Gastrotrichs vary in size from about 0.06 to 3 mm (0.002 to 0.118 in) in body length. They are
4731:
4680:
4143:
3793:
2491:
1955:
750:
476:
304:, some of which are marine and some freshwater. Nearly 800 species of gastrotrich have been described.
1923:
1898:
1313:
4659:
4553:
4514:
3808:
2380:
2238:
1945:
1356:
1302:
512:
375:
327:
with which they move around. They feed on detritus, sucking up organic particles with their muscular
1933:
1520:
569:, connect to a single outlet cell which passes the excreted material into the protonephridial duct.
4708:
2008:
1887:
1586:
1488:
1141:
1132:
933:
488:
368:
320:
316:
1966:
1855:
1105:
955:
857:
846:
4138:
3820:
2956:
2508:
2486:
2474:
2449:
2205:
1715:
944:
901:
779:
736:
448:
66:
1269:
1073:
4685:
4505:
1844:
1631:
1367:
1280:
1184:
1116:
1062:
868:
788:
has lived for up to forty days, producing four or five eggs during the first ten days of life.
371:
in 1865. The common name "hairyback" apparently arises from a mistranslation of "gastrotrich".
4667:
3930:
3378:
3298:
2648:
2518:
2481:
2469:
2459:
2393:
2316:
2289:
2266:
2191:
2070:
1575:
1498:
1030:
745:
546:
504:
242:
4695:
2064:
426:, are known from fresh water. The Chaetonotida comprises both marine and freshwater species.
4206:
4085:
3977:
3920:
3860:
3855:
3783:
3768:
2433:
2353:
2256:
2246:
2138:
2124:"Animal biodiversity: An introduction to higher-level classification and taxonomic richness"
1641:
1228:
917:
732:
616:
600:
44:
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471:
4623:
4379:
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1914:
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1428:
830:
762:
581:
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434:
340:
293:
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3324:
3120:
3032:
3010:
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1785:
1671:
1597:
1383:
1291:
1239:
1217:
1206:
971:
620:
550:
542:
459:
end is not clearly defined as a head but contains the sense organs, brain and pharynx.
418:
report that the
Macrodasyida are wholly marine, but two rare and poorly known species,
403:
379:
356:
312:
257:
57:
4725:
4519:
4163:
4148:
4110:
4035:
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3900:
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3803:
3798:
3778:
3773:
3748:
3469:
3373:
2872:
1753:
1509:
1479:
1253:
1046:
1003:
724:
708:
703:
Gastrotrich reproduction and reproductive behaviour has been little studied. That of
681:
628:
589:
527:
496:
391:
332:
281:
4532:
2123:
4359:
4354:
4329:
4304:
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3925:
3910:
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3880:
3825:
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3575:
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3314:
3200:
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2745:
2726:
2060:
1828:
1682:
1418:
1340:
1151:
1089:
819:
704:
692:
667:
647:
and are microphagous: they feed by sucking small dead or living organic materials,
411:
407:
301:
297:
208:
203:
2102:
711:, possessing both male and female sex organs. There is generally a single pair of
503:(body cavity) and the interior of the animal is filled with poorly differentiated
2251:
347:. Gastrotrichs mature with great rapidity and have lifespans of only a few days.
4605:
4499:
4414:
4389:
4334:
4309:
4231:
4226:
4191:
4181:
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1608:
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1397:
987:
774:
676:
656:
644:
452:
230:
116:
2036:
557:, but, instead, the excretory cells consist of a skirt surrounding a series of
495:
species, each epidermal cell has a single cilium, a feature shared only by the
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4409:
4339:
4319:
4314:
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1801:
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1704:
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1324:
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1162:
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741:
666:
Like many microscopic animals, gastrotrich locomotion is primarily powered by
660:
577:
554:
344:
265:
253:
246:
152:
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4364:
4344:
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175:
142:
129:
103:
83:
2270:
335:, the marine species producing eggs which develop directly into miniature
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4349:
4324:
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2942:
2831:
2715:
2606:
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2503:
1454:
770:
728:
652:
624:
573:
541:
In the chaetonotidans, the excretory system consists of a single pair of
535:
395:
387:
319:. They have adhesive glands with which they can anchor themselves to the
285:
273:
269:
162:
30:
4424:
4404:
4100:
4075:
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4011:
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3003:
1726:
671:
648:
640:
519:
508:
484:
383:
328:
261:
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518:
The mouth is at the anterior end and opens into an elongated muscular
4264:
4256:
4125:
3628:
3362:
2652:
2562:
2549:
2420:
2417:
792:
639:
In marine and freshwater environments, gastrotrichs form part of the
500:
277:
249:
223:
93:
4461:
4597:
4173:
4045:
809:
Gastrotricha is divided into two orders and a number of families:
766:
716:
712:
691:
599:
470:
460:
433:
336:
324:
308:
735:
on the tail collects the sperm and transfers it to the partner's
4211:
3703:
2186:
Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
720:
531:
307:
Gastrotrichs have a simple body plan with a head region, with a
289:
4465:
3675:
2681:
2389:
761:
Many species of chaetotonid gastrotrichs reproduce entirely by
367:, meaning "hair". The name was coined by the Russian zoologist
491:
and longitudinal and circular bands of muscle fibres. In some
4558:
812:
374:
The relationship of gastrotrichs to other phyla is unclear.
584:. There are also ciliated pits on the head, simple ciliary
507:. In the macrodasyidans, Y-shaped cells, each containing a
455:-shaped body, arched dorsally and flattened ventrally. The
343:, producing unfertilised eggs, and at least one species is
553:. Unusually, the protonephridia do not take the form of
2227:"Gastrotricha: A Marine Sister for a Freshwater Puzzle"
719:-producing cells and the posterior portion producing
576:, one on either side of the pharynx, connected by a
4474:
4437:
4255:
4172:
4124:
4009:
4000:
3947:
3719:
3352:
3233:
3208:
3199:
3175:
3153:
3118:
3077:
3052:
3045:
3030:
2982:
2955:
2940:
2893:
2871:
2851:
2822:
2815:
2788:
2773:
2762:
2725:
2694:
2617:
2578:
2547:
1110:
Todaro, Dal Zotto, Jondelius, Hochberg et al., 2012
1093:
Todaro, Dal Zotto, Jondelius, Hochberg et al., 2012
300:which are marine (except for two species), and the
2288:. Holt-Saunders International. pp. 263–272.
3988:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
284:. The majority live on and between particles of
2312:The Ecology of Soil Decomposition: Gastrotrichs
3687:
2401:
538:of any excess water swallowed while feeding.
252:, and are widely distributed and abundant in
8:
2210:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4462:
4006:
3944:
3716:
3712:
3694:
3680:
3672:
3349:
3205:
3181:
3157:
3126:
3049:
3042:
3038:
2961:
2952:
2948:
2877:
2855:
2848:
2819:
2785:
2781:
2770:
2759:
2731:
2702:
2691:
2678:
2590:
2555:
2544:
2408:
2394:
2386:
2181:
2179:
1361:Todaro, Guidi, Leasi & Tongiorgi, 2006
1344:Todaro, Guidi, Leasi & Tongiorgi, 2006
43:
29:
20:
2357:
2260:
2250:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
715:, the anterior portion of which contains
511:, surround the gut and may function as a
2746:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2066:Hairybacks Gastrotricha: Bugs Britannica
315:, and a trunk with a simple gut and the
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1200:Hummon, 2008 =(Platydasys Remane, 1927)
355:The name "gastrotrich" comes from the
2740:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
2710:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
2203:
2190:. Cengage Learning. pp. 753–757.
1806:Todaro, Kristensen & Balsamo, 2005
38:Darkfield photograph of a gastrotrich
723:. The sperm is sometimes packaged in
451:, with a transparent strap-shaped or
394:place them as close relatives of the
7:
4660:9ee4c2a6-749a-49aa-9877-1ad58657039f
4585:1e3f8779-3be5-4e47-8644-d76a30b8a060
3011:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
960:Hummon, Todaro & Tongiorgi, 1992
615:they thrive even in the presence of
561:rods that in turn enclose a central
378:suggests that they are close to the
292:. Gastrotrichs are divided into two
588:and fleshy appendages which act as
2608:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
14:
2188:Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition
245:(0.06–3.0 mm), cylindrical,
3652:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
2152:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2017:World Register of Marine Species
805:List of bilaterial animal orders
70:
744:, development of the embryo is
2839:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
606:C, D, E & F = Chaetonotida
522:with a triangular or Y-shaped
363:, meaning "stomach", and θρίξ
260:environments. They are mostly
1:
727:and is released through male
339:. The freshwater species are
16:Phylum of microscopic animals
3451:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
2252:10.1371/journal.pone.0031740
2101:Todaro, M. A. (2014-01-03).
2069:. Random House. p. 27.
483:The body wall consists of a
53:Scanning electron micrograph
3508:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
3248:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
3063:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
2974:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
2863:Loricifera (corset animals)
4748:
3398:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
3144:Annelida (segmented worms)
2969:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
2885:Onychophora (velvet worms)
2346:Italian Journal of Zoology
2284:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
802:
3943:
3715:
3711:
3706:phyla/divisions by domain
3648:
3446:Asterozoans inc. starfish
3348:
3341:
3292:
3243:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
3224:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
3184:
3160:
3129:
3069:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
3041:
2964:
2951:
2880:
2858:
2847:
2798:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
2784:
2758:
2734:
2705:
2690:
2677:
2642:
2593:
2570:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
2558:
2543:
2427:
2359:10.1080/11250009909356254
2143:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.3
834:Hummon & Todaro, 2010
791:Gastrotrichs demonstrate
688:Reproduction and lifespan
200:
195:
67:Scientific classification
65:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
3004:Rotifera (wheel animals)
2803:Priapulida (penis worms)
2007:Todaro, Antonio (2013).
1789:Leasi & Todaro, 2008
1307:Evans & Hummon, 1991
785:Lepidodermella squamatum
604:A & B = Macrodasyida
596:Distribution and habitat
3916:Thermodesulfobacteriota
3218:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
3190:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
2911:Tardigrada (waterbears)
2904:Arthropoda (arthropods)
1078:Rao & Clausen, 1970
1050:Rao & Clausen, 1970
449:bilaterally symmetrical
440:Lepidodermella squamata
3393:Anthozoans inc. corals
3092:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
700:
607:
565:. These cells, termed
480:
444:
420:Marinellina flagellata
351:Etymology and taxonomy
280:and the beds of other
4681:Paleobiology Database
4144:Neocallimastigomycota
3523:Hexapods inc. insects
2833:Nematoda (roundworms)
2309:Adl, Sina M. (2003).
2122:Zhang, Z.-Q. (2011).
1402:Ruttner-Kolisko, 1955
695:
635:Behaviour and ecology
629:harpacticoid copepods
603:
474:
437:
390:. On the other hand,
276:that is found on the
4580:Fauna Europaea (new)
3809:Coprothermobacterota
2716:Chordata (chordates)
2381:Encyclopedia of Life
2315:. CABI. p. 52.
2286:Invertebrate Zoology
682:"looper" caterpillar
513:hydrostatic skeleton
268:, the layer of tiny
264:and live within the
3166:Mollusca (molluscs)
2651:of the animal root
2243:2012PLoSO...731740T
2041:The Free Dictionary
1175:Thaumastodermatinae
1133:Thaumastodermatidae
528:myoepithelial cells
468:sides of the body.
424:Redudasys fornerise
317:reproductive organs
4139:Blastocladiomycota
3379:Calcareous sponges
2564:Porifera (sponges)
1956:Heteroxenotrichula
780:direct development
751:Urodasys viviparus
737:seminal receptacle
701:
674:chaetonotid genus
608:
481:
445:
190:Metschnikoff, 1865
4719:
4718:
4668:Open Tree of Life
4468:Taxon identifiers
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4433:
4432:
3996:
3995:
3939:
3938:
3931:Verrucomicrobiota
3669:
3668:
3644:
3643:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2811:
2810:
2754:
2753:
2673:
2672:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2322:978-0-85199-661-5
2197:978-81-315-0104-7
2076:978-0-7011-8180-2
1985:
1984:
1972:
1961:
1950:
1939:
1928:
1919:
1904:
1893:
1876:
1861:
1850:
1833:
1818:
1807:
1790:
1775:
1758:
1743:
1732:
1721:
1710:
1699:
1688:
1677:
1660:
1647:
1636:
1625:
1614:
1603:
1592:
1581:
1576:Heterolepidoderma
1570:
1559:
1548:
1537:
1526:
1515:
1504:
1503:Kisielewski, 1987
1493:
1492:Kisielewski, 1991
1484:
1474:
1460:
1443:
1433:
1424:
1403:
1373:
1362:
1345:
1330:
1319:
1308:
1297:
1286:
1275:
1258:
1245:
1234:
1223:
1212:
1201:
1190:
1179:
1168:
1157:
1146:
1137:
1122:
1121:Kisielewski, 1987
1111:
1094:
1079:
1068:
1051:
1036:
1025:
1008:
993:
976:
961:
950:
939:
922:
907:
896:
885:
874:
863:
852:
835:
825:
699:sp., Macrodasyida
641:benthic community
610:Gastrotrichs are
547:Nitrogenous waste
505:connective tissue
477:Diplodasys rothei
414:. Edward Ruppert
241:, are a group of
216:
215:
191:
4739:
4712:
4711:
4699:
4698:
4689:
4688:
4676:
4675:
4663:
4662:
4653:
4652:
4640:
4639:
4627:
4626:
4614:
4613:
4601:
4600:
4588:
4587:
4575:
4574:
4562:
4561:
4549:
4548:
4536:
4535:
4523:
4522:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4463:
4207:Anthocerotophyta
4086:Hemimastigophora
4007:
3978:Nitrososphaerota
3945:
3921:Thermomicrobiota
3861:Kiritimatiellota
3856:Ignavibacteriota
3821:Deferribacterota
3784:Campylobacterota
3769:Bdellovibrionota
3717:
3713:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3673:
3350:
3306:
3206:
3182:
3158:
3127:
3123:
3050:
3043:
3039:
3035:
2962:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2878:
2856:
2849:
2820:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2732:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2679:
2656:
2591:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2456:
2436:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2387:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2264:
2254:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2201:
2183:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2128:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2098:
2081:
2080:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2004:
1970:
1959:
1948:
1937:
1926:
1924:Draculiciterinae
1917:
1902:
1899:Proichthydioides
1891:
1874:
1859:
1848:
1831:
1816:
1805:
1788:
1774:Lauterborn, 1913
1773:
1756:
1741:
1730:
1720:Kisielewski 1991
1719:
1708:
1697:
1686:
1676:Marcolongo, 1910
1675:
1658:
1646:Kisielewski 1991
1645:
1635:Kisielewski 1991
1634:
1623:
1612:
1601:
1591:Kisielewski 1991
1590:
1579:
1568:
1557:
1546:
1535:
1524:
1513:
1502:
1491:
1482:
1472:
1458:
1441:
1431:
1422:
1401:
1371:
1360:
1343:
1328:
1317:
1314:Pseudoturbanella
1306:
1295:
1284:
1273:
1256:
1243:
1232:
1229:Tetranchyroderma
1221:
1210:
1199:
1188:
1177:
1166:
1155:
1144:
1135:
1120:
1109:
1092:
1077:
1066:
1049:
1034:
1023:
1006:
991:
974:
959:
948:
937:
920:
918:Dactylopodolidae
905:
894:
883:
872:
861:
850:
833:
823:
813:
773:during times of
733:copulatory organ
659:and other small
617:hydrogen sulfide
582:mechanoreceptors
369:Élie Metchnikoff
189:
75:
74:
47:
33:
21:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4707:
4702:
4694:
4692:
4684:
4679:
4671:
4666:
4658:
4656:
4648:
4643:
4635:
4630:
4622:
4617:
4609:
4604:
4596:
4591:
4583:
4578:
4570:
4565:
4557:
4552:
4544:
4539:
4531:
4526:
4518:
4513:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4470:
4460:
4451:
4429:
4380:Gnathostomulida
4285:Xenacoelomorpha
4251:
4247:Flowering plant
4202:Marchantiophyta
4168:
4134:Chytridiomycota
4120:
3992:
3935:
3891:Planctomycetota
3851:Gemmatimonadota
3836:Elusimicrobiota
3729:Acidobacteriota
3707:
3700:
3670:
3665:
3640:
3566:Phylactolaemata
3354:
3344:
3343:
3329:
3320:Xenambulacraria
3296:
3252:
3229:
3195:
3177:Kryptotrochozoa
3171:
3149:
3119:
3106:
3097:Monoblastozoa (
3073:
3031:
3018:
2990:Micrognathozoa
2978:
2941:
2916:
2889:
2867:
2843:
2807:
2774:
2763:
2750:
2721:
2695:
2686:
2669:
2646:
2630:
2613:
2582:
2574:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2454:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2202:
2198:
2185:
2184:
2157:
2149:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2107:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2084:
2077:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2006:
2005:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1946:Xenotrichulinae
1915:Xenotrichulidae
1872:Proichthydiidae
1860:Beauchamp, 1932
1620:Rhomballichthys
1565:Halichaetonotus
1558:Ehrenberg, 1830
1536:Ehrenberg, 1830
1470:Paucitubulatina
1429:Multitubulatina
1411:
1357:Chordodasiopsis
1303:Prostobuccantia
1189:Claparède, 1867
831:Cephalodasyidae
807:
801:
763:parthenogenesis
690:
637:
605:
598:
497:gnathostomulans
432:
396:Platyhelminthes
392:genetic studies
380:Gnathostomulida
353:
341:parthenogenetic
233:referred to as
188:
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4745:
4743:
4735:
4734:
4724:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4700:
4690:
4677:
4664:
4654:
4641:
4628:
4615:
4602:
4589:
4576:
4567:Fauna Europaea
4563:
4550:
4537:
4524:
4511:
4496:
4480:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4440:Incertae sedis
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4385:Micrognathozoa
4382:
4377:
4375:Acanthocephala
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4217:Lycopodiophyta
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4031:Ancyromonadida
4028:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3983:Thermoproteota
3980:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3951:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3896:Pseudomonadota
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3871:Mycoplasmatota
3868:
3866:Lentisphaerota
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3846:Fusobacteriota
3843:
3841:Fibrobacterota
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:Armatimonadota
3741:
3736:
3734:Actinomycetota
3731:
3725:
3723:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3531:Platyhelminths
3527:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3358:
3356:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3325:Centroneuralia
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3130:
3124:
3121:Lophotrochozoa
3116:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3056:
3047:
3036:
3033:Platytrochozoa
3028:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3007:
2995:
2992:(Limnognathia)
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2826:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2779:
2768:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2688:
2687:
2682:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2621:(Triploblasts)
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2602:and relatives)
2594:
2588:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2553:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:Mesomycetozoea
2526:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2465:Diaphoretickes
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2372:
2371:External links
2369:
2366:
2365:
2352:(2): 183–194.
2328:
2321:
2301:
2294:
2276:
2217:
2196:
2155:
2114:
2103:"Gastrotricha"
2082:
2075:
2052:
2028:
2009:"Gastrotricha"
1993:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1962:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1934:Draculiciteria
1910:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1894:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1792:
1791:
1786:Muselliferidae
1781:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1733:
1731:Grünspan, 1908
1722:
1711:
1700:
1689:
1678:
1672:Anacanthoderma
1662:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1615:
1604:
1598:Lepidodermella
1593:
1582:
1571:
1560:
1549:
1538:
1527:
1521:Caudichthydium
1516:
1505:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1445:
1444:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1388:
1387:
1384:Incertae sedis
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1372:Swedmark, 1967
1363:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1329:Schultze, 1853
1320:
1309:
1298:
1292:Paraturbanella
1287:
1276:
1260:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1240:Thaumastoderma
1235:
1224:
1218:Ptychostomella
1213:
1211:Swedmark, 1956
1207:Pseudostomella
1202:
1191:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1158:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1069:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1026:
1010:
1009:
999:
998:
997:
996:
995:
994:
978:
977:
972:Lepidodasyidae
967:
966:
965:
964:
963:
962:
951:
940:
924:
923:
913:
912:
911:
910:
909:
908:
897:
886:
875:
864:
853:
837:
836:
811:
800:
799:Classification
797:
725:spermatophores
709:hermaphrodites
697:Ptychostomella
689:
686:
636:
633:
597:
594:
590:chemoreceptors
586:photoreceptors
551:osmoregulation
543:protonephridia
443:(Chaetonotida)
431:
428:
404:Lophotrochozoa
352:
349:
333:hermaphrodites
313:sensory organs
214:
213:
212:
211:
206:
198:
197:
193:
192:
183:
179:
178:
173:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
133:
132:
127:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
63:
62:
58:Thaumastoderma
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4744:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4464:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4164:Basidiomycota
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4149:Glomeromycota
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4111:Stramenopiles
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:Apusomonadida
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3972:Nanoarchaeota
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:Euryarchaeota
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:Spirochaetota
3904:
3902:
3901:Rhodothermota
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:Dictyoglomota
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3815:Cyanobacteria
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:Chrysiogenota
3802:
3800:
3799:Chloroflexota
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:Calditrichota
3777:
3775:
3774:Caldisericota
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:Atribacterota
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3661:
3660:dubious phyla
3657:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3459:Hemichordates
3456:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3374:Glass sponges
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:Deuterostomia
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:of Bilateria
3300:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3134:Cycliophora (
3132:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3029:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2873:Panarthropoda
2870:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Stramenopiles
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2455:(major groups
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2295:0-03-056747-5
2291:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2237:(2): e31740.
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2061:Marren, Peter
2056:
2053:
2042:
2038:
2037:"Gastrotrich"
2032:
2029:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1927:Ruppert, 1979
1925:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1903:Sudzuki, 1971
1901:
1900:
1895:
1892:Cordero, 1918
1890:
1889:
1888:Proichthydium
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1754:Dichaeturidae
1751:
1750:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:Schwank, 1990
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1587:Lepidochaetus
1583:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1547:d'Hondt, 1974
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1525:Schwank, 1990
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:Aspidiophorus
1506:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:Chaetonotinae
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:Chaetonotidae
1477:
1476:
1475:
1473:d'Hondt, 1971
1471:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1432:d'Hondt, 1971
1430:
1425:
1423:Remane, 1925
1421:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1318:d'Hondt, 1968
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1274:Clausen, 1965
1272:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1254:Turbanellidae
1251:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1145:Ruppert, 1978
1143:
1142:Diplodasyinae
1139:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1067:Clausen, 1968
1065:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1047:Planodasyidae
1044:
1043:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1005:
1004:Macrodasyidae
1001:
1000:
990:
989:
984:
983:
982:
981:
980:
979:
973:
969:
968:
958:
957:
952:
947:
946:
941:
936:
935:
934:Dactylopodola
930:
929:
928:
927:
926:
925:
919:
915:
914:
904:
903:
898:
893:
892:
887:
882:
881:
876:
873:Schmidt, 1974
871:
870:
865:
860:
859:
854:
849:
848:
843:
842:
841:
840:
839:
838:
832:
828:
827:
826:
824:Remane, 1925
822:
821:
815:
814:
810:
806:
798:
796:
794:
789:
787:
786:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
752:
747:
743:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
698:
694:
687:
685:
683:
679:
678:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
657:turbellarians
654:
650:
646:
642:
634:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
602:
595:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
479:
478:
473:
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
442:
441:
436:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
199:
194:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
82:
79:
78:
73:
68:
64:
61:
59:
54:
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4732:Gastrotricha
4533:Gastrotricha
4520:Gastrotricha
4506:Gastrotricha
4476:Gastrotricha
4475:
4446:
4438:
4360:Orthonectida
4355:Gastrotricha
4330:Nematomorpha
4305:Chaetognatha
4295:Hemichordate
4222:Pteridophyta
4091:Malawimonada
3965:Korarchaeota
3926:Thermotogota
3911:Synergistota
3886:Nitrospirota
3881:Nitrospinota
3826:Deinococcota
3759:Bacteroidota
3658:Potentially
3653:
3606:
3582:
3576:Gymnolaemata
3571:Stenolaemata
3560:Ectoproctans
3558:
3529:
3500:
3476:
3470:Pterobranchs
3457:
3433:
3409:
3385:
3361:
3355:within phyla
3353:Major groups
3223:
3210:Bryozoa s.l.
3201:Lophophorata
3189:
3165:
3143:
3135:
3098:
3087:Orthonectida
3068:
3062:
3009:
3002:
2991:
2910:
2903:
2832:
2790:Scalidophora
2739:
2727:Ambulacraria
2714:
2627:(see below↓)
2607:
2599:
2563:
2514:Opisthokonta
2377:Gastrotrichs
2349:
2345:
2339:
2331:
2311:
2304:
2285:
2279:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2187:
2134:
2130:
2117:
2106:. Retrieved
2065:
2055:
2044:. Retrieved
2040:
2031:
2020:. Retrieved
2012:
1979:
1971:Remane, 1927
1967:Xenotrichula
1965:
1954:
1949:Remane, 1927
1938:Hummon, 1974
1932:
1918:Remane, 1927
1897:
1886:
1875:Remane, 1927
1856:Kijanebalola
1854:
1849:Remane, 1927
1843:
1832:Remane, 1927
1829:Neogosseidae
1817:Hummon, 1969
1811:
1800:
1768:
1757:Remane, 1927
1736:
1725:
1714:
1703:
1692:
1687:Remane, 1936
1683:Chitonodytes
1681:
1670:
1640:
1618:
1613:Remane, 1927
1607:
1596:
1585:
1580:Remane, 1927
1574:
1569:Remane, 1936
1563:
1552:
1541:
1530:
1519:
1508:
1497:
1467:
1459:Remane, 1927
1453:
1442:Remane, 1929
1426:
1419:Chaetonotida
1416:
1415:
1410:
1396:
1382:
1366:
1355:
1341:Xenodasyidae
1323:
1312:
1301:
1296:Remane, 1927
1290:
1285:Remane, 1927
1279:
1268:
1257:Remane, 1927
1244:Remane, 1926
1238:
1233:Remane, 1926
1227:
1222:Remane, 1926
1216:
1205:
1194:
1183:
1178:Remane, 1927
1167:Remane, 1927
1161:
1156:Remane, 1927
1152:Acanthodasys
1150:
1136:Remane, 1927
1115:
1106:Anandrodasys
1104:
1090:Redudasyidae
1072:
1061:
1035:Remane, 1926
1029:
1024:Remane, 1924
1018:
1007:Remane, 1926
992:Remane, 1926
986:
975:Remane, 1927
956:Dendropodola
954:
943:
938:Strand, 1929
932:
921:Strand, 1929
906:Remane, 1927
900:
895:Remane, 1934
889:
884:Remane, 1951
878:
867:
858:Dolichodasys
856:
851:Remane, 1926
847:Cephalodasys
845:
820:Macrodasyida
817:
816:
808:
790:
783:
760:
749:
705:macrodasiyds
702:
696:
675:
668:hydrostatics
665:
645:detritivores
638:
612:cosmopolitan
609:
571:
566:
540:
517:
482:
475:
446:
438:
423:
419:
415:
412:Chaetonotida
408:Macrodasyida
373:
364:
360:
354:
306:
302:Chaetonotida
298:Macrodasyida
282:water bodies
238:
235:hairybellies
234:
227:Gastrotricha
226:
220:gastrotrichs
219:
217:
209:Macrodasyida
204:Chaetonotida
186:Gastrotricha
185:
169:
159:(unranked):
149:(unranked):
136:
123:
110:
100:Subkingdom:
56:
24:Gastrotrich
18:
4606:iNaturalist
4500:Wikispecies
4415:Brachiopoda
4390:Cycliophora
4335:Onychophora
4310:Kinorhyncha
4232:Ginkgophyta
4227:Cycadophyta
4192:Chlorophyta
4182:Glaucophyta
3876:Myxococcota
3794:Chlorobiota
3789:Chlamydiota
3634:Tusk shells
3619:Cephalopods
3590:Polychaetes
3537:Turbellaria
3518:Crustaceans
3494:Secernentea
3484:Chromadorea
3465:Acorn worms
3435:Echinoderms
3427:Vertebrates
3369:Demosponges
3303:is disputed
2765:Protostomia
2653:is disputed
2580:ParaHoxozoa
1960:Wilke, 1954
1742:Hlava, 1905
1738:Stylochaeta
1716:Ornamentula
1709:Remane 1936
1698:Gosse, 1851
1659:Daday, 1905
1656:Dasydytidae
1609:Polymerurus
1602:Blake, 1933
1532:Chaetonotus
1514:Voigt, 1903
1483:Gosse, 1864
1439:Neodasyidae
1398:Marinellina
988:Lepidodasys
949:Wilke, 1954
945:Dendrodasys
902:Pleurodasys
862:Gagne, 1977
775:desiccation
746:determinate
742:protostomes
677:Stylochaeta
643:. They are
559:cytoplasmic
555:flame cells
526:, lined by
453:bowling pin
331:. They are
243:microscopic
153:Protostomia
117:ParaHoxozoa
60:ramuliferum
4448:Parakaryon
4410:Entoprocta
4345:Arthropoda
4340:Tardigrada
4320:Priapulida
4315:Loricifera
4300:Echinoderm
4270:Ctenophora
4242:Gnetophyta
4197:Charophyta
4187:Rhodophyta
4159:Ascomycota
4154:Zygomycota
4096:Metamonada
4071:Euglenozoa
4056:Ciliophora
3764:Balneolota
3739:Aquificota
3614:Gastropods
3595:Clitellata
3502:Arthropods
3441:Sea lilies
3387:Cnidarians
3305:; see also
3235:Brachiozoa
2998:Syndermata
2957:Gnathifera
2655:; see also
2600:Trichoplax
2598:Placozoa (
2585:Planulozoa
2108:2014-01-23
2046:2014-01-29
2022:2014-01-26
1989:References
1944:Subfamily
1922:Subfamily
1813:Musellifer
1802:Diuronotus
1770:Dichaetura
1705:Haltidytes
1630:Subfamily
1554:Ichthydium
1543:Fluxiderma
1487:Subfamily
1325:Turbanella
1270:Desmodasys
1196:Oregodasys
1173:Subfamily
1163:Diplodasys
1140:Subfamily
1074:Planodasys
1020:Macrodasys
803:See also:
756:viviparous
661:macrofauna
578:commissure
567:cyrtocytes
376:Morphology
345:viviparous
266:periphyton
254:freshwater
247:acoelomate
239:hairybacks
4365:Dicyemida
4237:Pinophyta
4116:Telonemia
4051:Cryptista
4041:Breviatea
4026:Amoebozoa
4021:Alveolata
4002:Eukaryote
3754:Bacillota
3600:Sipuncula
3547:Monogenea
3542:Trematoda
3513:Myriapods
3478:Nematodes
3422:Tunicates
3417:Lancelets
3411:Chordates
3403:Myxozoans
3310:Nephrozoa
3299:phylogeny
3099:Salinella
3054:Rouphozoa
2895:Tactopoda
2824:Nematoida
2776:Ecdysozoa
2697:Bilateria
2684:Bilateria
2665:Benthozoa
2660:Eumetazoa
2649:phylogeny
2619:Bilateria
2509:Amoebozoa
2487:Alveolata
2475:Cryptista
2450:Eukaryota
2206:cite book
1845:Neogossea
1694:Dasydytes
1632:Undulinae
1468:Suborder
1427:Suborder
1368:Xenodasys
1281:Dinodasys
1185:Hemidasys
1117:Redudasys
1063:Crasiella
891:Paradasys
880:Mesodasys
869:Megadasys
729:gonopores
625:nematodes
563:flagellum
493:primitive
489:epidermis
465:posterior
400:Ecdysozoa
386:, or the
321:substrate
270:organisms
176:Rouphozoa
143:Nephrozoa
130:Bilateria
104:Eumetazoa
90:Kingdom:
84:Eukaryota
4726:Category
4485:Wikidata
4425:Annelida
4420:Mollusca
4400:Phoronid
4395:Nemertea
4370:Rotifera
4350:Flatworm
4325:Nematoda
4290:Chordate
4280:Cnidaria
4275:Placozoa
4106:Rhizaria
4081:Haptista
4061:Cercozoa
3721:Bacteria
3624:Bivalves
3608:Molluscs
3584:Annelids
2943:Spiralia
2550:Animalia
2504:Amorphea
2482:Rhizaria
2470:Hacrobia
2460:Excavata
2445:Bacteria
2340:Urodasys
2271:22348127
2231:PLOS ONE
2147:Archived
2137:: 7–12.
2063:(2010).
1499:Arenotus
1455:Neodasys
1031:Urodasys
653:bacteria
536:egestion
457:anterior
410:and the
388:Nematoda
384:Rotifera
286:sediment
274:detritus
231:commonly
182:Phylum:
163:Spiralia
94:Animalia
80:Domain:
4696:4175416
4491:Q190115
4405:Bryozoa
4101:Provora
4076:Jakobea
4066:Discoba
4012:Protist
3949:Archaea
3702:Extant
3629:Chitons
3552:Cestoda
3489:Enoplea
3363:Sponges
3136:Symbion
3079:Mesozoa
2519:Animals
2440:Archaea
2416:Extant
2379:in the
2262:3279426
2239:Bibcode
2131:Zootaxa
1913:Family
1870:Family
1827:Family
1784:Family
1752:Family
1727:Setopus
1654:Family
1478:Family
1437:Family
1339:Family
1252:Family
1131:Family
1088:Family
1045:Family
1002:Family
970:Family
916:Family
829:Family
771:dormant
672:pelagic
649:diatoms
574:ganglia
520:pharynx
509:vacuole
485:cuticle
430:Anatomy
402:or the
359:γαστήρ
329:pharynx
262:benthic
250:animals
196:Orders
4693:uBio:
4657:NZOR:
4611:151829
4546:392665
4265:Sponge
4257:Animal
3654:bolded
2497:Plants
2434:Domain
2418:animal
2319:
2292:
2269:
2259:
2194:
2073:
1980:
1964:Genus
1953:Genus
1931:Genus
1896:Genus
1885:Genus
1853:Genus
1842:Genus
1810:Genus
1799:Genus
1767:Genus
1735:Genus
1724:Genus
1713:Genus
1702:Genus
1691:Genus
1680:Genus
1669:Genus
1642:Undula
1639:Genus
1617:Genus
1606:Genus
1595:Genus
1584:Genus
1573:Genus
1562:Genus
1551:Genus
1540:Genus
1529:Genus
1518:Genus
1507:Genus
1496:Genus
1452:Genus
1417:Order
1395:Genus
1365:Genus
1354:Genus
1322:Genus
1311:Genus
1300:Genus
1289:Genus
1278:Genus
1267:Genus
1237:Genus
1226:Genus
1215:Genus
1204:Genus
1193:Genus
1182:Genus
1160:Genus
1149:Genus
1114:Genus
1103:Genus
1071:Genus
1060:Genus
1028:Genus
1017:Genus
985:Genus
953:Genus
942:Genus
931:Genus
899:Genus
888:Genus
877:Genus
866:Genus
855:Genus
844:Genus
818:Order
793:eutely
713:gonads
501:coelom
416:et al.
398:, the
382:, the
361:gaster
337:adults
296:, the
294:orders
278:seabed
258:marine
224:phylum
4704:WoRMS
4686:67121
4673:29723
4650:33313
4637:57597
4619:IRMNG
4572:11241
4174:Plant
4126:Fungi
4046:CRuMs
2816:N+L+P
2524:Fungi
2421:phyla
2150:(PDF)
2127:(PDF)
2013:WoRMS
754:, is
717:sperm
621:cysts
524:lumen
487:, an
461:Cilia
365:thrix
357:Greek
325:cilia
309:brain
170:Clade
137:Clade
124:Clade
111:Clade
4709:2078
4645:NCBI
4632:ITIS
4593:GBIF
4559:8728
4541:BOLD
4212:Moss
3704:life
3297:The
2647:The
2317:ISBN
2290:ISBN
2267:PMID
2212:link
2192:ISBN
2135:3148
2071:ISBN
627:and
532:anus
422:and
323:and
311:and
290:soil
272:and
256:and
218:The
4624:111
4554:EoL
4528:AFD
4515:ADW
3154:M+K
3046:R+M
2983:M+S
2852:L+P
2354:doi
2257:PMC
2247:doi
2139:doi
721:ova
237:or
229:),
55:of
4728::
4706::
4683::
4670::
4647::
4634::
4621::
4608::
4598:22
4595::
4582::
4569::
4556::
4543::
4530::
4517::
4502::
4487::
2350:66
2348:.
2344:.
2265:.
2255:.
2245:.
2233:.
2229:.
2208:}}
2204:{{
2158:^
2145:.
2133:.
2129:.
2085:^
2039:.
2015:.
2011:.
1997:^
767:μm
758:.
663:.
651:,
592:.
515:.
172::
139::
126::
113::
4014:"
4010:"
3974:"
3970:"
3967:"
3963:"
3960:"
3956:"
3817:"
3813:"
3695:e
3688:t
3681:v
3662:†
3138:)
3103:†
3101:)
2587:)
2583:(
2531:)
2409:e
2402:t
2395:v
2362:.
2356::
2342:"
2325:.
2298:.
2273:.
2249::
2241::
2235:7
2214:)
2200:.
2141::
2111:.
2079:.
2049:.
2025:.
222:(
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