799:(HIFU) is still in investigatory phases in many places around the world. In China it has CFDA approval and over 180 treatment centres have been established in China, Hong Kong, and Korea. HIFU has been successfully used to treat cancer to destroy tumours of the bone, brain, breast, liver, pancreas, rectum, kidney, testes, and prostate. Several thousand patients have been treated with various types of tumours. HIFU has CE approval for palliative care for bone metastasis. Experimentally, palliative care has been provided for cases of advanced pancreatic cancer. High-energy therapeutic ultrasound could increase higher-density anti-cancer drug load and nanomedicines to target tumor sites by 20x fold higher than traditional target cancer therapy.
735:, including gold-coated nanoshells and nanorods that exhibit certain degrees of 'tunability' of the absorption properties of the nanoparticles to the wavelength of light for irradiation. The success of this approach to cancer treatment rests on the existence of an 'optical window' in which biological tissue (i.e., healthy cells) are completely transparent at the wavelength of the laser light, while nanoparticles are highly absorbing at the same wavelength. Such a 'window' exists in the so-called near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this way, the laser light can pass through the system without harming healthy tissue, and only diseased cells, where the nanoparticles reside, get hot and are killed.
708:. The purpose of overheating the tumor cells is to create a lack of oxygen so that the heated cells become overacidified, which leads to a lack of nutrients in the tumor. This in turn disrupts the metabolism of the cells so that cell death (apoptosis) can set in. In certain cases chemotherapy or radiation that has previously not had any effect can be made effective. Hyperthermia alters the cell walls by means of so-called heat shock proteins. The cancer cells then react very much more effectively to the cytostatics and radiation. If hyperthermia is used conscientiously it has no serious side effects.
241:. The dose given in these trials may be far too small to produce any useful effect. In most research, these early trials may involve healthy people, but cancer studies normally enroll only people with relatively severe forms of the disease in this stage of testing. On average, 95% of the participants in these early trials receive no benefit, but all are exposed to the risk of adverse effects. Most participants show signs of
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35:
288:, to consume the interior of oxygen-poor tumours. These should then die when they come in contact with the tumor's oxygenated sides, meaning they would be harmless to the rest of the body. A major problem has been that bacteria do not consume all parts of the malignant tissue. However, combining the therapy with chemotherapeutic treatments can help to solve this problem.
593:, or could enhance the effects of these current treatments. It has been shown that the epigenetic control of the proto-onco regions and the tumor suppressor sequences by conformational changes in histones directly affects the formation and progression of cancer. Epigenetics also has the factor of reversibility, a characteristic that other cancer treatments do not offer.
127:
731:, and direct application of heat through the use of heated saline pumped through catheters. Experiments with carbon nanotubes that selectively bind to cancer cells have been performed. Lasers are then used that pass harmlessly through the body, but heat the nanotubes, causing the death of the cancer cells. Similar results have also been achieved with other types of
749:, as well as of developing new types of nanoparticles that make them particularly efficient absorbers while offering little or no concerns about toxicity to the circulation system. Clinicians also hope to use advanced imaging techniques to monitor heat treatments in real time—heat-induced changes in
544:
destruction of noncancerous cells infected with the vector. However, new studies focus on adenoviruses that can be permitted to reproduce, and destroy cancerous cells in the process, since the adenoviruses' ability to infect normal cells is substantially impaired, potentially resulting in a far more
807:
Cold atmospheric plasma or CAP for short is an emerging modality for the treatment of solid tumors
Recently, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) indicated promising anti-neoplastic effects on several tumors, e.g. melanoma, glioma, and pancreatic cancer cells , and therefore could be an efficient method
367:
that protects the cell in response to damage and stress. It is analogous to deciding what to do with a damaged car: p53 brings everything to a halt, and then decides whether to fix the cell or, if the cell is beyond repair, to destroy the cell. This protective function of p53 is disabled in most
792:
through a tumour region using electrodes external to the body. Successful trials have shown the process effectiveness to be greater than chemotherapy and there are no side-effects and only negligible time spent away from normal daily activities. This treatment is still in very early development
220:
of drugs, devices, and techniques begins in laboratories, either with isolated cells or in small animals, most commonly rats or mice. In other cases, the proposed treatment for cancer is already in use for some other medical condition, in which case more is known about its safety and potential
744:
One of the challenges in thermal therapy is delivering the appropriate amount of heat to the correct part of the patient's body. A great deal of current research focuses on precisely positioning heat delivery devices (catheters, microwave, and ultrasound applicators, etc.) using ultrasound or
612:
for their immortality, it has been proposed that a drug that inactivates telomerase might be effective against a broad spectrum of malignancies. At the same time, most healthy tissues in the body express little if any telomerase, and would function normally in its absence. Currently,
2144:
Gannon CJ, Cherukuri P, Yakobson BI, Cognet L, Kanzius JS, Kittrell C, Weisman RB, Pasquali M, Schmidt HK, Smalley RE, Curley SA (December 2007). "Carbon nanotube-enhanced thermal destruction of cancer cells in a noninvasive radiofrequency field".
194:
The entries listed below vary between theoretical therapies to unproven controversial therapies. Many of these treatments are alleged to help against only specific forms of cancer. It is not a list of treatments widely available at hospitals.
1632:
Nyquist MD, Ang LS, Corella A, Coleman IM, Meers MP, Christiani AJ, Pierce C, Janssens DH, Meade HE, Bose A, Brady L, Howard T, De Sarkar N, Frank SB, Dumpit RF, Dalton JT, Corey E, Plymate SR, Haffner MC, Mostaghel EA, Nelson PS (2021).
303:
areas of the tumor, the enzyme is expressed solely in the tumor. Thus, a systemically applied prodrug is metabolised to the toxic drug only in the tumor. This has been demonstrated to be effective with the nonpathogenic anaerobe
213:) and whether it is sufficiently safe. Regulatory processes attempt to balance the potential benefits with the potential harms, so that people given the treatment are more likely to benefit from it than to be harmed by it.
371:
As p53 protein levels are usually kept low, one could block its degradation and allow large amounts of p53 to accumulate, thus stimulating p53 activity and its antitumour effects. Drugs that utilize this mechanism include
539:
are a commonly utilized vector for this purpose. Much research has focused on the use of adenoviruses that cannot reproduce, or reproduce only to a limited extent, within the patient to ensure safety via the avoidance of
1942:
Jagadeesh S, Banerjee PP (November 2006). "Inositol hexaphosphate represses telomerase activity and translocates TERT from the nucleus in mouse and human prostate cancer cells via the deactivation of Akt and PKCalpha".
1561:"Efficacy of enobosarm, a selective androgen receptor (AR) targeting agent, correlates with the degree of AR positivity in advanced AR+/estrogen receptor (ER)+ breast cancer in an international phase 2 clinical study"
1183:
Issaeva N, Bozko P, Enge M, Protopopova M, Verhoef LG, Masucci M, Pramanik A, Selivanova G (December 2004). "Small molecule RITA binds to p53, blocks p53-HDM-2 interaction and activates p53 function in tumors".
696:
More prolonged moderate heating to temperatures just a few degrees above normal (39.5 °C) can cause more subtle changes. A mild heat treatment combined with other stresses can cause cell death by
857:
Most complementary and alternative medicines for cancer have not been rigorously studied or tested. Some alternative treatments that have been proven ineffective continue to be marketed and promoted.
473:(AAS) were historically used successfully to treat AR positive breast cancer, but were phased out after the development of anti-estrogen therapies, due to androgenic side effects and concerns about
1048:
Ventura A, Kirsch DG, McLaughlin ME, Tuveson DA, Grimm J, Lintault L, Newman J, Reczek EE, Weissleder R, Jacks T (February 2007). "Restoration of p53 function leads to tumour regression in vivo".
1559:
Palmieri C, Linden HM, Birrell S, Lim E, Schwartzberg LS, Rugo HS, Cobb PW, Jain K, Vogel CL, O'Shaughnessy J, Johnston SR, Getzenberg RH, Barnette KG, Steiner MS, Brufsky A, Overmoyer B (2021).
324:
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whether these treatments are safe and effective treatments. Experimental cancer treatments are normally available only to people who participate in formal research programs, which are called
1262:
Gürtler U, Tontsch-Grunt U, Jarvis M, Zahn SK, Boehmelt G, Quant J, Adolf GR, Solca F (2010). "Effect of BI 811283, a novel inhibitor of Aurora B kinase, on tumor senescence and apoptosis".
966:
Hallgren O, Aits S, Brest P, Gustafsson L, Mossberg AK, Wullt B, Svanborg C (2008). "Apoptosis and Tumor Cell Death in
Response to HAMLET (Human α-Lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumor Cells)".
585:
receptors within the cell. Current research has shown that epigenetic pharmaceuticals could be a putative replacement or adjuvant therapy for currently accepted treatment methods such as
2551:
846:(CAM) treatments are the diverse group of medical and healthcare systems, practices, and products that are not part of conventional medicine and have not been proven to be effective.
368:
cancer cells, allowing them to multiply without check. Restoration of p53 activity in tumours (where possible) has been shown to inhibit tumour growth and can even shrink the tumour.
264:. In some cases, the Phase III trial provides the best available treatment to all participants, in addition to some of the patients receiving the experimental treatment.
45:
2398:
Weiss M, Gümbel D, Hanschmann EM, Mandelkow R, Gelbrich N, Zimmermann U, Walther R, Ekkernkamp A, Sckell A, Kramer A, Burchardt M, Lillig CH, Stope MB (1 July 2015).
3207:
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1839:
Iglesias-Linares A, Yañez-Vico RM, González-Moles MA (May 2010). "Potential role of HDAC inhibitors in cancer therapy: insights into oral squamous cell carcinoma".
2089:
Heydari M, Javidi M, Attar MM, Karimi A, Navidbakhsh M, Haghpanahi M, Amanpour S (2015). "Magnetic Fluid
Hyperthermia in a Cylindrical Gel Contains Water Flow".
581:
is the study of heritable changes in gene activity that are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence, often a result of environmental or dietary damage to the
2091:
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to estrogen. SARMs have some of the same therapeutic effects as AAS, but fewer side effects, and they cannot be aromatized. Although a trial on AR positive
1916:
1606:
497:(ORR) was 48 percent—which was considered promising given that the patients had advanced disease and had been heavily pretreated. In 2022, the FDA granted
2568:, Greisinger A, Singletary SE (July 2000). "Complementary/alternative medicine use in a comprehensive cancer center and the implications for oncology".
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is a novel FDA-approved cancer treatment therapy that uses alternating electric field to disturb the rapid cell division exhibited by cancer cells.
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are the most likely candidate. Promising preclinical trials have been conducted, although clinical trials may not be held for another few years.
682:
Localized and whole-body application of heat has been proposed as a technique for the treatment of malignant tumours. Intense heating will cause
741:
makes use of magnetic nanoparticles, which can be injected into tumours and then generate heat when subjected to an alternating magnetic field.
3327:
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have a hard time penetrating tumors to kill them at their core because these cells may lack a good blood supply. Researchers have been using
808:
for anti-cancer treatment in clinical urology in the future. One example of an experimental technology utilizing Cold
Atmospheric plasma is
231:
studies. Early clinical trials typically enroll a very small number of patients, and the purpose is to identify major safety issues and the
106:
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2400:"Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment Induces Anti-Proliferative Effects in Prostate Cancer Cells by Redox and Apoptotic Signaling Pathways"
3416:
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Babington P, Rajjoub K, Canady J, Siu A, Keidar M, Sherman JH (June 2015). "Use of cold atmospheric plasma in the treatment of cancer".
1227:
Hedström E, Issaeva N, Enge M, Selivanova G (February 2009). "Tumor-specific induction of apoptosis by a p53-reactivating compound".
600:, PhD, of Duke University Medical Center, think epigenetics may ultimately turn out to have a greater role in disease than genetics.
85:
1739:
Kanerva A, Lavilla-Alonso S, Raki M, Kangasniemi L, Bauerschmitz GJ, Takayama K, Ristimäki A, Desmond RA, Hemminki A (August 2008).
796:
465:(AR) positive and SARMs may help treat these cancers, although promising results have only been obtained with cancers that are both
2188:
1635:"Selective androgen receptor modulators activate the canonical prostate cancer androgen receptor program and repress cancer growth"
660:(PDT) is generally a non-invasive treatment using a combination of light and a photosensitive drug, such as 5-ALA, Foscan, Metvix,
2690:
256:
studies, enroll more people, and the goal is to determine whether the treatment actually works. Phase III studies are frequently
92:
216:
Medical research for cancer begins much like research for any disease. In organized studies of new treatments for cancer, the
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or magnetic fluid hyperthermia method, it will be easier to control temperature distribution by controlling the velocity of
617:, which is available over-the-counter, is undergoing testing in cancer research due to its telomerase-inhibiting abilities.
2050:"Evaluation of the effects of injection velocity and different gel concentrations on nanoparticles in hyperthermia therapy"
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1917:"Medicine's New Epicenter? Epigenetics: New field of epigenetics may hold the secret to flipping cancer's "off" switch"
1140:
Brown CJ, Lain S, Verma CS, Fersht AR, Lane DP (December 2009). "Awakening guardian angels: drugging the p53 pathway".
683:
257:
188:
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Another strategy is to use anaerobic bacteria that have been transformed with an enzyme that can convert a non-toxic
1977:
Dr med Peter Wolf, 2008, Innovations in biological cancer therapy, a guide for patients and their relatives, p 31-32
380:. As of 2009, there are also other drugs that are still in the preclinical stage of testing, such as RITA and MITA.
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441:. Recent research works suggest itraconazole (ITZ) could also be used in the treatment of cancer by inhibiting the
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Xue W, Zender L, Miething C, Dickins RA, Hernando E, Krizhanovsky V, Cordon-Cardo C, Lowe SW (February 2007).
1800:"Prostate cancer chemopreventive activity of phenethyl isothiocyanate through epigenetic regulation (review)"
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There are many techniques by which heat may be delivered. Some of the most common involve the use of focused
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Mo S, Coussios CC, Seymour L, Carlisle R (December 2012). "Ultrasound-enhanced drug delivery for cancer".
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260:, with the experimental treatment being compared to the current best available treatment rather than to a
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Heat treatment involves using radio waves to heat up tiny metals that are implanted in cancerous tissue.
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into these cells that make them susceptible to particular chemotherapy agents; studies with introducing
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breast cancer in a phase II study. In patients with more than 40 percent AR positivity as determined by
434:
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Davies AM, Weinberg U, Palti Y (July 2013). "Tumor treating fields: a new frontier in cancer therapy".
854:
refers to compounds used instead of conventional medicine. CAM use is common among people with cancer.
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Mo S, Carlisle R, Laga R, Myers R, Graham S, Cawood R, Ulbrich K, Seymour L, Coussios CC (July 2015).
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HAMLET (human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells) is a molecular complex derived from human
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2001:"Cylindrical agar gel with fluid flow subjected to an alternating magnetic field during hyperthermia"
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are the study of treatments in humans. The first-in-human tests of a potential treatment are called
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142:
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Javidi M, Heydari M, Attar MM, Haghpanahi M, Karimi A, Navidbakhsh M, Amanpour S (February 2015).
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is currently conducting two clinical trials involving telomerase inhibitors. One uses a vaccine (
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was ended early due to lack of efficacy, ostarine showed benefits in some patients with ER+, AR+
279:
2658:
2324:"Increasing the density of nanomedicines improves their ultrasound-mediated delivery to tumours"
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175:. Occasionally, a seriously ill person may be able to access an experimental drug through an
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1607:"FDA Grants Fast Track Designation to Enobosarm in AR+, ER+, HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer"
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1093:"Senescence and tumour clearance is triggered by p53 restoration in murine liver carcinomas"
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Pless M, Weinberg U (August 2011). "Tumor treating fields: concept, evidence and future".
1741:"Systemic therapy for cervical cancer with potentially regulatable oncolytic adenoviruses"
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The twin goals of research are to determine whether the treatment actually works (called
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Javidi M, Heydari M, Karimi A, Haghpanahi M, Navidbakhsh M, Razmkon A (December 2014).
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usually refers to methods and substances used along with conventional medicine, while
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within the cell, including slowed cell division and increased sensitivity to ionizing
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1592:
1350:"Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators: Current Knowledge and Clinical Applications"
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1291:"Inhibition of the hedgehog pathway for the treatment of cancer using Itraconazole"
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has already reached clinical trial stage in many countries. The concept applies an
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into rapidly dividing cells has been thought to slow down or arrest tumor growth.
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2017:
2000:
1986:
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970:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 606. pp. 217–40.
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1876:"Epigenetic changes in prostate cancer: implication for diagnosis and treatment"
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Solomon ZJ, Mirabal JR, Mazur DJ, Kohn TP, Lipshultz LI, Pastuszak AW (2019).
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breast cancer. SARMs have also shown antitumor effects in prostate cancer.
2603:
Vickers A (2004). "Alternative cancer cures: "unproven" or "disproven"?".
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1453:"Selective androgen receptor modulators: the future of androgen therapy?"
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Christiansen AR, Lipshultz LI, Hotaling JM, Pastuszak AW (March 2020).
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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that kills tumor cells by a process resembling programmed cell death (
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2704:
557:
549:
373:
146:
2120:"Research on local man's cancer treatment idea shows it has promise"
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894:"The Use of Therapeutic Peptides to Target and to Kill Cancer Cells"
191:
programs normally refuse to pay for experimental cancer treatments.
1197:
237:, which is the highest dose that does not produce serious or fatal
149:
by improving on, supplementing or replacing conventional methods (
892:
Boohaker RJ, Lee MW, Vishnubhotla P, Perez JL, Khaled AR (2012).
608:
Because most malignant cells rely on the activity of the protein
295:
into a toxic drug. With the proliferation of the bacteria in the
2736:
1009:"Modeling the therapeutic efficacy of p53 restoration in tumors"
716:
506:
3071:
2672:
1919:. CURE (Cancer Updates, Research and Education). Archived from
1512:"Development of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs)"
1692:"Current developments in adenovirus-based cancer gene therapy"
753:
are sometimes perceptible using these imaging instruments. In
620:
A number of research groups have experimented with the use of
360:
28:
784:
Another method that is entirely non-invasive referred to as
410:. As of 2010, BI 811283 is currently in the early stages of
668:. The drug is triggered by light of a specific wavelength.
325:
HAMLET (human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells)
319:
HAMLET (human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells)
809:
1404:"Revisiting Androgen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer"
414:
and is undergoing first-in-human trials in patients with
2552:
60:
1007:
Martins CP, Brown-Swigart L, Evan GI (December 2006).
337:). As of 2008, it had been tested in humans with skin
245:(the irrational belief that they will beat the odds).
943:
Clostridia: Molecular
Biology in the Post-genomic Era
941:
Mengesha (2009). "Clostridia in Anti-tumor
Therapy".
2510:"Complementary and alternative therapies for cancer"
359:
Several drug therapies are being developed based on
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2910:
2874:
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2722:
2715:
1945:
1690:Rein DT, Breidenbach M, Curiel DT (February 2006).
548:Another use of gene therapy is the introduction of
640:) and the other uses a lipidated oligonucleotide (
700:. There are many biochemical consequences to the
3208:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
2054:Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering
1289:Li K, Fang D, Xiong Z, Luo R (23 August 2019).
59:Please review the contents of the article and
3083:
2684:
8:
2189:"The cure to cancer could be in your radio!"
2092:Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology
1874:Li LC, Carroll PR, Dahiya R (January 2005).
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3068:
2719:
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2459:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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2016:
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917:
693:, rapidly killing cells within a tumour.
628:, and as of 2005 and 2006 phase I and II
1880:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1510:Narayanan R, Coss CC, Dalton JT (2018).
833:Complementary and alternative treatments
2216:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs
865:
3328:Differential technological development
1397:
1395:
1393:
844:Complementary and alternative medicine
664:(Tookad, WST09, WST11), Photofrin, or
453:Selective androgen receptor modulators
376:and MI-219, which are both in phase I
179:program. Some of the treatments have
2005:International Journal of Hyperthermia
1987:Hyperthermia - Cancer therapy hots up
1639:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
7:
3134:Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation
2191:. Winknews.com. 2007. Archived from
1798:Wang LG, Chiao JW (September 2010).
1516:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
3417:Future-oriented technology analysis
2605:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
2118:David Templeton (18 January 2007).
1457:Translational Andrology and Urology
1276:10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.e13632
564:, are in their experimental stage.
433:, sometimes abbreviated ITZ, is an
2258:"Tumour Treating Fields explained"
1853:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.01.009
25:
1804:International Journal of Oncology
1577:10.1200/JCO.2021.39.15_suppl.1020
873:Chen, Pauline W. (3 March 2011).
803:Cold atmospheric plasma treatment
797:High-intensity focused ultrasound
793:stages for many types of cancer.
769:Noninvasive cancer heat treatment
3471:
183:for treating other conditions.
125:
33:
2659:"Questionable Cancer Therapies"
2281:Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
604:Telomerase deactivation therapy
469:(ER) positive and AR positive.
75:"Experimental cancer treatment"
3500:Experimental cancer treatments
875:"When Optimism Is Unrealistic"
199:Studying treatments for cancer
139:Experimental cancer treatments
61:add the appropriate references
1:
3444:Technology in science fiction
3006:Clonally transmissible cancer
2508:Cassileth BR, Deng G (2004).
2341:10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.05.265
2328:Journal of Controlled Release
839:Alternative cancer treatments
560:, making them susceptible to
493:(CBR) was 80 percent and the
479:triple negative breast cancer
165:). However, researchers are
2570:Journal of Clinical Oncology
2554:. retrieved 3 February 2008.
2527:10.1634/theoncologist.9-1-80
2425:10.1371/journal.pone.0130350
2293:10.1517/17425247.2012.739603
2228:10.1517/13543784.2011.583236
2018:10.3109/02656736.2014.988661
1766:10.1371/journal.pone.0002917
1565:Journal of Clinical Oncology
968:Bioactive Components of Milk
471:Anabolic androgenic steroids
258:randomized controlled trials
145:therapies intended to treat
2582:10.1200/JCO.2000.18.13.2505
1270:(15 Suppl e13632): e13632.
1241:10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.11.009
976:10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_8
898:Current Medicinal Chemistry
402:protein being developed by
189:publicly funded health care
46:reliable medical references
3516:
3449:Technology readiness level
3385:Technological unemployment
3037:Index of oncology articles
2564:Richardson MA, Sanders T,
1957:10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.002
1402:Dai C, Ellisen LW (2023).
1366:10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.09.006
1229:Experimental Cell Research
1026:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.007
945:. Caister Academic Press.
910:10.2174/092986712801661004
836:
822:Electromagnetic treatments
747:magnetic resonance imaging
675:
571:
520:
437:used to treat a number of
352:
322:
202:
3467:
3432:Technological singularity
3392:Technological convergence
2627:10.3322/canjclin.54.2.110
2105:10.1142/S0219519415500888
1528:10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.013
596:Some investigators, like
167:still trying to determine
52:or relies too heavily on
3127:Microgravity bioprinting
1708:10.2217/14796694.2.1.137
218:pre-clinical development
3397:Technological evolution
3370:Exploratory engineering
3298:Whole genome sequencing
2959:Prostate cancer staging
2923:Paraneoplastic syndrome
2124:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1470:10.21037/tau.2019.11.02
1354:Sexual Medicine Reviews
1295:OncoTargets and Therapy
672:Hyperthermiatic therapy
495:objective response rate
420:Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
18:Gene therapy for cancer
3407:Technology forecasting
3402:Technological paradigm
3375:Proactionary principle
3259:Robot-assisted surgery
2997:Tumor suppressor genes
2964:Gleason grading system
2918:Precancerous condition
1915:Beil L (Winter 2008).
1463:(Suppl 2): S135–S148.
1420:10.1093/oncolo/oyad049
1142:Nature Reviews. Cancer
848:Complementary medicine
815:23 August 2018 at the
763:magnetic nanoparticles
761:injection and size of
615:inositol hexaphosphate
533:tumor suppressor genes
499:fast track designation
365:tumour suppressor gene
349:p53 activation therapy
307:Clostridium sporogenes
248:Later studies, called
234:maximum tolerated dose
3333:Disruptive innovation
3242:Regenerative medicine
3237:Personalized medicine
3099:Emerging technologies
3016:Carcinogenic bacteria
2756:Malignant progression
827:Tumor Treating Fields
786:Tumor Treating Fields
755:magnetic hyperthermia
739:Magnetic Hyperthermia
729:magnetic hyperthermia
676:Further information:
630:human clinical trials
622:telomerase inhibitors
545:effective treatment.
521:Further information:
501:to ostarine for AR+,
491:clinical benefit rate
435:antifungal medication
3380:Technological change
3323:Collingridge dilemma
2969:Dukes classification
1817:10.3892/ijo_00000702
852:alternative medicine
678:Hyperthermia therapy
658:Photodynamic therapy
653:Photodynamic therapy
487:immunohistochemistry
445:in a similar way to
412:clinical development
404:Boehringer Ingelheim
268:Bacterial treatments
3437:Technology scouting
3412:Accelerating change
3181:Genetic engineering
2788:Sentinel lymph node
2471:2013NYASA1291...86D
2416:2015PLoSO..1030350W
1893:10.1093/jnci/dji010
1757:2008PLoSO...3.2917K
1308:10.2147/OTT.S223119
1109:10.1038/nature05529
1062:10.1038/nature05541
702:heat shock response
686:and coagulation of
648:Radiation therapies
181:regulatory approval
3454:Technology roadmap
3274:Synthetic genomics
3264:Relational biology
3252:Tissue engineering
3176:Generative biology
2836:Respiratory system
2664:clinicaltrials.gov
2479:10.1111/nyas.12112
2195:on 2 November 2007
2159:10.1002/cncr.23155
1571:(15_suppl): 1020.
879:The New York Times
775:Gold nanoparticles
568:Epigenetic options
280:anaerobic bacteria
143:mainstream medical
3487:
3486:
3306:
3305:
3269:Synthetic biology
3247:Stem-cell therapy
3230:engineered uterus
3144:Artificial organs
3065:
3064:
3052:Cancer and nausea
2931:
2930:
2768:Carcinoma in situ
2377:10.1116/1.4915264
1651:10.1172/JCI146777
1613:. 10 January 2022
985:978-0-387-74086-7
952:978-1-904455-38-7
904:(22): 3794–3804.
725:induction heating
706:radiation therapy
634:Geron Corporation
467:estrogen receptor
463:androgen receptor
439:fungal infections
408:anti-cancer agent
285:Clostridium novyi
134:
133:
110:
16:(Redirected from
3507:
3475:
3474:
3422:Horizon scanning
3338:Ephemeralization
3166:Brain transplant
3110:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3069:
2866:Endocrine system
2831:Digestive system
2720:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2670:
2647:
2646:
2620:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2561:
2555:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2427:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2020:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1819:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1603:
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1556:
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1539:
1507:
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1500:
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1472:
1448:
1442:
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1431:
1399:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1328:
1310:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1103:(7128): 656–60.
1088:
1082:
1081:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1004:
998:
997:
963:
957:
956:
938:
932:
931:
921:
889:
883:
882:
870:
779:carbon nanotubes
554:thymidine kinase
531:Introduction of
457:The majority of
443:hedgehog pathway
273:Chemotherapeutic
185:Health insurance
129:
128:
120:
117:
111:
109:
68:
37:
36:
29:
21:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3463:
3302:
3291:Oncolytic virus
3193:Head transplant
3101:
3096:
3066:
3061:
3020:
2973:
2927:
2906:
2870:
2792:
2751:
2711:
2697:
2655:
2650:
2618:10.1.1.521.2180
2602:
2601:
2597:
2576:(13): 2505–14.
2563:
2562:
2558:
2547:
2543:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2410:(7): e0130350.
2397:
2396:
2392:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2287:(12): 1525–38.
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2260:. ted.com. 2012
2256:
2255:
2251:
2222:(8): 1099–106.
2213:
2212:
2208:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2153:(12): 2654–65.
2143:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2047:
2046:
2042:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1696:Future Oncology
1689:
1688:
1684:
1645:(10): e146777.
1631:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1186:Nature Medicine
1182:
1181:
1177:
1154:10.1038/nrc2763
1139:
1138:
1134:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1056:(7128): 661–5.
1047:
1046:
1042:
1006:
1005:
1001:
986:
965:
964:
960:
953:
940:
939:
935:
891:
890:
886:
872:
871:
867:
863:
841:
835:
824:
817:Wayback Machine
805:
771:
680:
674:
655:
650:
606:
576:
570:
529:
527:Oncolytic virus
519:
455:
428:
400:aurora B kinase
386:
378:clinical trials
357:
351:
327:
321:
316:
270:
239:adverse effects
225:Clinical trials
207:
201:
177:expanded access
172:clinical trials
130:
126:
121:
115:
112:
69:
58:
54:primary sources
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3513:
3511:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3203:Life extension
3200:
3198:Isolated brain
3195:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Biofabrication
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3149:Organ printing
3141:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3122:3D bioprinting
3118:
3116:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2979:Carcinogenesis
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2861:Nervous system
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2824:nasopharyngeal
2821:
2816:
2811:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2717:
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2712:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2654:
2653:External links
2651:
2649:
2648:
2595:
2556:
2541:
2514:The Oncologist
2500:
2449:
2390:
2365:Biointerphases
2355:
2314:
2271:
2249:
2206:
2180:
2136:
2110:
2099:(5): 1550088.
2081:
2040:
1991:
1989:on physics.org
1979:
1970:
1934:
1923:on 29 May 2009
1907:
1866:
1831:
1790:
1731:
1682:
1624:
1611:Cancer Network
1598:
1551:
1502:
1443:
1414:(5): 383–391.
1408:The Oncologist
1389:
1340:
1281:
1264:J. Clin. Oncol
1254:
1219:
1198:10.1038/nm1146
1192:(12): 1321–8.
1175:
1148:(12): 862–73.
1132:
1083:
1040:
1019:(7): 1323–34.
999:
984:
958:
951:
933:
884:
864:
862:
859:
837:Main article:
834:
831:
823:
820:
804:
801:
790:electric field
770:
767:
673:
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654:
651:
649:
646:
632:are underway.
605:
602:
569:
566:
518:
515:
459:breast cancers
454:
451:
427:
424:
406:for use as an
393:small molecule
385:
382:
350:
347:
343:bladder cancer
323:Main article:
320:
317:
315:
314:Drug therapies
312:
269:
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205:Drug discovery
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3512:
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3498:
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3479:
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3466:
3460:
3459:Transhumanism
3457:
3455:
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3450:
3447:
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3442:
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3238:
3235:
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3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:Organ culture
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3171:De-extinction
3169:
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2839:
2837:
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2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:oropharyngeal
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2804:Head and neck
2802:
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2799:
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2789:
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2784:
2783:Primary tumor
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2779:
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2729:
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2725:
2724:Benign tumors
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42:This article
40:
31:
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3363:Robot ethics
3215:Nanomedicine
3186:Gene therapy
2699:Overview of
2611:(2): 110–8.
2608:
2604:
2598:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2549:What Is CAM?
2544:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2465:(1): 86–95.
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2262:. Retrieved
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2193:the original
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2004:
1994:
1982:
1973:
1948:
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1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:the original
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1869:
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684:denaturation
681:
662:padeliporfin
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598:Randy Jirtle
595:
591:chemotherapy
577:
547:
537:Adenoviruses
530:
517:Gene therapy
456:
431:Itraconazole
429:
426:Itraconazole
416:solid tumors
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155:chemotherapy
138:
137:
135:
116:October 2021
113:
103:
96:
89:
82:
70:
50:verification
43:
26:
3427:Moore's law
3358:Neuroethics
3353:Cyberethics
3286:Virotherapy
3220:Nanosensors
3047:Cancer pain
2987:Cancer cell
2732:Hyperplasia
2520:(1): 80–9.
2011:(1): 33–9.
1522:: 134–142.
579:Epigenetics
574:Epigenetics
523:Virotherapy
355:Pramlintide
331:breast milk
44:needs more
3318:Automation
3114:Biomedical
2992:Carcinogen
2856:Urogenital
2797:Topography
2778:Metastasis
2742:Pseudocyst
2716:Conditions
2264:31 January
2199:1 November
2129:4 November
1927:20 January
861:References
759:ferrofluid
713:ultrasound
610:telomerase
572:See also:
511:metastatic
483:metastatic
353:See also:
339:papillomas
282:, such as
221:efficacy.
203:See also:
86:newspapers
3348:Bioethics
3281:Tricorder
3011:Oncovirus
3001:oncogenes
2954:Ann Arbor
2897:Papilloma
2882:Carcinoma
2875:Histology
2819:laryngeal
2763:Dysplasia
2747:Hamartoma
2613:CiteSeerX
2566:Palmer JL
1659:0021-9738
1617:27 August
1593:236407030
1585:0732-183X
1479:2223-4683
1317:1178-6930
1170:205468654
723:heating,
721:microwave
698:apoptosis
587:radiation
562:aciclovir
542:cytolytic
447:Sonidegib
396:inhibitor
335:apoptosis
254:Phase III
159:radiation
3494:Category
3139:Ampakine
3032:Research
2892:Blastoma
2709:oncology
2643:35124492
2635:15061600
2590:10893280
2536:14755017
2495:33153055
2487:23659608
2444:26132846
2404:PLOS ONE
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2350:25975831
2309:31178343
2301:23121385
2236:21548832
2175:15680068
2167:17960610
2076:25599061
2027:25523967
1965:16979586
1902:15657340
1861:20207580
1826:20664922
1785:18698374
1745:PLOS ONE
1726:16556080
1677:33998604
1546:28624515
1497:32257854
1438:36972361
1429:10166165
1384:30503797
1335:31692536
1249:19071110
1206:15558054
1162:19935675
1127:17251933
1070:17251932
1035:17182091
994:18183931
928:22725698
813:Archived
810:Theraphi
715:(FUS or
691:proteins
688:cellular
666:Visudyne
389:BI811283
384:BI811283
297:necrotic
250:Phase II
211:efficacy
3042:History
2941:grading
2937:Staging
2902:Adenoma
2887:Sarcoma
2467:Bibcode
2435:4488447
2412:Bibcode
2067:4289522
1776:2500220
1753:Bibcode
1717:1781528
1668:8121509
1537:5896569
1488:7108998
1375:6326857
1326:6711563
1118:4601097
1078:4373520
919:4537071
642:GRN163L
638:GRNVAC1
583:histone
558:gliomas
550:enzymes
398:of the
301:hypoxic
293:prodrug
262:placebo
229:Phase I
151:surgery
100:scholar
65:removed
3343:Ethics
3311:Topics
3106:Fields
2773:Cancer
2705:cancer
2701:tumors
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2031:S2CID
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1210:S2CID
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391:is a
276:drugs
107:JSTOR
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3478:List
3154:Womb
3057:Diet
2846:Skin
2841:Bone
2809:oral
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2631:PMID
2586:PMID
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1961:PMID
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