403:
O. Hahn and F. Strassmann Ăśber den
Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehenden Erdalkalimetalle (On the detection and characteristics of the alkaline earth metals formed by irradiation of uranium with neutrons), Naturwissenschaften Volume 27, Number 1,
226:
was invited, but he did not attend. After this, informal work began at Göttingen by Joos, Hanle, and their colleague
Reinhold Mannfopff; the group of physicists was known informally as the first Uranverein (Uranium Club) and formally as Arbeitsgemeinschaft fĂĽr Kernphysik. The group's work was
520:
Jagdish Mehra and Helmut
Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 6. The Completion of Quantum Mechanics 1926-1941. Part 2. The Conceptual Completion and Extension of Quantum Mechanics 1932-1941. Epilogue: Aspects of the Further Development of Quantum Theory 1942-1999.
492:
The
Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 6. The Completion of Quantum Mechanics 1926-1941. Part 2. The Conceptual Completion and Extension of Quantum Mechanics 1932-1941. Epilogue: Aspects of the Further Development of Quantum Theory 1942-1999. (Springer, 2001)
539:
Maria
Osietzki, Maria The ideology of early particle accelerators: an association between knowledge and power pp. 262 and 264-265, in Monika Rennenberg and Mark Walker (editors) Science, Technology and National Socialism (Cambridge, 2002, first paperback edition) pp.
159:, Harteck made contact with the Reichskriegsministerium (RKM, Reich Ministry of War) to alert them to the potential of military applications of nuclear chain reactions. Two days earlier, on 22 April 1939, after hearing a colloquium paper by
623:
429:. The paper is dated 16 January 1939. Meitner is identified as being at the Physical Institute, Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Frisch is identified as being at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Copenhagen.
234:
under military auspices. The second
Uranverein was formed on 1 September 1939, the day World War II began, and it had its first meeting on 16 September 1939. The meeting was organized by
467:
Hentschel and
Hentschel, 1996, 363-364 and Appendix F; see the entries for Esau, Harteck and Joos. See also the entry for the KWIP in Appendix A and the entry for the HWA in Appendix B.
502:
Hentschel and
Hentschel, 1996, 363-364 and Appendix F; see the entries for Diebner and Döpel. See also the entry for the KWIP in Appendix A and the entry for the HWA in Appendix B.
297:
as a nuclear research tool. He was among the first in
Germany to propose and arrange financing for the construction of a cyclotron. His arrangements in 1937 were through the
179:
613:
618:
569:
J. L. Heilbron and Robert W. Seidel
Lawrence and His Laboratory: A History of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Volume I. (University of California Press,
313:, Director of the Institut fĂĽr Physik at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut fĂĽr medizinische Forschung (Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research; today, the
603:
442:
321:, was concurrently a competitor for support and took a different design to Siemens. The construction of their cyclotron at Heidelberg was overseen by
314:
598:
628:
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Lise Meitner and O. R. Frisch Disintegration of Uranium by Neutrons: a New Type of Nuclear Reaction, Nature, Volume 143, Number 3615, 239-240
290:, was placed under HWA authority, with Diebner as the administrative director, and the military control of the nuclear research commenced.
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11-15 (1939). The authors were identified as being at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut fĂĽr Chemie, Berlin-Dahlem. Received 22 December 1938.
608:
438:
O. R. Frisch Physical Evidence for the Division of Heavy Nuclei under Neutron Bombardment, Nature, Volume 143, Number 3616, 276-276
343:
98:
and became ordinarius professor of experimental physics at the University of Leipzig, a position he held until his death in 1945.
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279:
553:
282:. Also at this time, the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut fĂĽr Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, after World War II the
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238:, former student of Hoffmann at the University of Halle and advisor to the HWA, and held in Berlin. The invitees included
231:
134:
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at the REM. On 29 April, a group, organized by Esau, met at the REM to discuss the potential of a sustained
110:
191:
87:
350:
Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project / Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen
148:
129:, who had in July of that year fled to the Netherlands and then went to Sweden. Meitner, and her nephew
43:
593:
588:
511:
Macrakis, Kristie Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 1993) 164-169.
476:
Macrakis, Kristie Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 1993) 164-169.
416:
Lise Meitner’s Escape from Germany, American Journal of Physics Volume 58, Number 3, 263- 267 (1990).
302:
298:
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301:; the cyclotron would eventually be installed at the University of Leipzig. Hoffmann had gone to
230:
The second Uranverein began after the HWA squeezed out the RFR of the REM and started the formal
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with a proposal on the design of a cyclotron; the project was appealing to Desiderius Flir and
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Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator)
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155:(HWA, Army Ordnance Office). On 24 April 1939, along with his teaching assistant
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Volume 28, Numbers 31–32, 513-514 (1940). Institutional citation: Berlin-Dahlem.
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discontinued in August 1939, when the three were called to military training.
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26:, he contributed to the German nuclear energy project, also known as the
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118:
22:(4 August 1880 – 18 June 1945) was a German nuclear physicist. During
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Academic staff of the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg
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Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see entry for Hoffmann.
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Hentschel and Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see entry for Hoffmann.
352:, Preprint 203 (Max-Planck Institut fĂĽr Wissenschaftsgeschichte,
336:
Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources
293:
Hoffmann made contributions to the Uranverein in the area of
141:. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on 13 January 1939.
54:. In 1908, he became Kaufmann's teaching assistant at the
266:. A second meeting was held soon thereafter and included
147:
was director of the physical chemistry department at the
125:; simultaneously, they communicated these results to
50:. He received his doctorate at Bonn, in 1906, under
178:, along with Hanle, notified Wilhelm Dames, at the
549:Ulrich Schmidt-Rohr Wolfgang Gentner: 1906-1980 (
180:Reich Ministry of Science, Education and Culture
315:Max-Planck Institut fĂĽr medizinische Forschung
8:
170:in a Uranmaschine (uranium machine, i.e.,
113:reporting they had detected the element
378:
74:and worked on precision measurement of
449:. The paper is dated 17 January 1939.
101:In December 1938, the German chemists
186:, head of the physics section of the
82:. From 1928 to 1937, as successor to
62:in pure and applied physics in 1911.
7:
614:Academic staff of Leipzig University
194:. The group included the physicists
16:German nuclear physicist (1880–1945)
135:correctly interpreted these results
14:
458:Kant, 2002, Reference 8 on p. 3.
284:Max Planck Institute for Physics
619:University of Königsberg alumni
599:Nuclear program of Nazi Germany
629:20th-century German physicists
604:University of Göttingen alumni
92:University of Halle-Wittenberg
1:
280:Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker
232:German nuclear energy project
72:Ausserordentlicher Professor
70:In 1917, Hoffmann became an
521:(Springer, 2001) 1010-1011.
645:
609:Leipzig University alumni
445:January 23, 2009, at the
363:Gerhard Hoffmann 60 Jahre
58:, where he completed his
218:, Gerhard Hoffmann, and
94:. In 1937 he succeeded
56:University of Königsberg
38:Hoffmann studied at the
40:University of Göttingen
551:Universität Heidelberg
192:nuclear chain reaction
151:and an advisor to the
88:Ordentlicher Professor
149:University of Hamburg
109:sent a manuscript to
44:University of Leipzig
303:Siemens & Halske
258:, Gerhard Hoffmann,
367:Naturwissenschaften
338:(Birkhäuser, 1996)
299:Reichsforschungsrat
188:Reichsforschungsrat
111:Naturwissenschaften
556:2007-11-04 at the
440:(18 February 1939)
427:(11 February 1939)
210:(probably sent by
131:Otto Robert Frisch
48:University of Bonn
530:Kant, 2002, 3n13.
490:Helmut Rechenberg
276:Werner Heisenberg
117:after bombarding
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573:321 and 347-348.
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244:Siegfried FlĂĽgge
208:Wolfgang Gentner
107:Fritz Strassmann
78:and research in
20:Gerhard Hoffmann
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172:nuclear reactor
153:Heereswaffenamt
139:nuclear fission
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163:on the use of
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288:Berlin-Dahlem
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268:Klaus Clusius
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264:Georg Stetter
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216:Wilhelm Hanle
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212:Walther Bothe
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196:Walther Bothe
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161:Wilhelm Hanle
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348:Kant, Horst
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329:Bibliography
309:at Siemens.
307:Gustav Hertz
292:
272:Robert Döpel
256:Paul Harteck
236:Kurt Diebner
229:
200:Robert Döpel
184:Abraham Esau
145:Paul Harteck
143:
127:Lise Meitner
100:
84:Gustav Hertz
69:
60:Habilitation
37:
28:Uranium Club
24:World War II
19:
18:
594:1945 deaths
589:1880 births
248:Hans Geiger
224:Peter Debye
204:Hans Geiger
96:Peter Debye
80:cosmic rays
583:Categories
493:1010-1011.
319:Heidelberg
295:cyclotrons
220:Georg Joos
176:Georg Joos
46:, and the
252:Otto Hahn
137:as being
103:Otto Hahn
86:, he was
34:Education
554:Archived
540:255-270.
443:Archived
360:Pose, H.
123:neutrons
168:fission
165:uranium
119:uranium
90:at the
342:
317:), in
286:), in
278:, and
262:, and
115:barium
66:Career
42:, the
374:Notes
121:with
571:1989
488:and
354:2002
340:ISBN
105:and
214:),
174:),
585::
560:).
365:,
325:.
274:,
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254:,
250:,
246:,
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222:;
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133:,
30:.
356:)
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