Knowledge (XXG)

Foreign relations of Ghana

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The foreign relations of Ghana are controlled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ghana. Ghana is active in the United Nations and many of its specialised agencies, the World Trade Organization, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States. Ghana generally follows the consensus of the Non-aligned Movement and the OAU on economic and political issues not directly affecting its own interests. Ghana has been extremely active in international peacekeeping activities under UN auspices in Lebanon, Afghanistan, Rwanda, and the Balkans, in addition to an eight-year sub-regional initiative with its ECOWAS partners to develop and then enforce a cease-fire in Liberia. Ghana is also a member of the International Criminal Court.

Guiding principles and objectives

Ghana's foreign policy since independence has been characterised by a commitment to the principles and ideals of non-alignment and Pan-Africanism as first enunciated by Kwame Nkrumah in the early 1960s. For Nkrumah, non-alignment meant complete independence from the policies and alliances of both East and West and support for a worldwide union of so-called non-aligned nations as a counter to both East and West power blocs. Pan-Africanism, by contrast, was a specifically African policy that envisioned the independence of Africa from Western colonialism and the eventual economic and political unity of the African continent.

The PNDC, like most of its predecessors, made serious and consistent attempts at the practical application of these ideals and principles, and its successor, the NDC government, promises to follow in the PNDC's footsteps. Under the NDC, Ghana remains committed to the principle of non-alignment in world politics. Ghana is also opposed to interference in the internal affairs of both small and large countries. This is a departure from Nkrumah's foreign policy approach; Nkrumah was frequently accused of subverting African regimes, such as Togo and Ivory Coast, which he considered ideologically conservative. The NDC government, like the PNDC before it, believes in the principle of self-determination, including the right to political independence and the right of people to pursue their economic and social development free from external interference. Another feature of NDC rule carried over from the PNDC era is faithfulness to what a leading scholar of Africa has called "one of the most successful neoclassical economic reform efforts supported by the IMF and the World Bank."

Kwame Nkrumah and his family meeting Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser during the 1965 OAU Summit in Accra.

The broad objectives of Ghana's foreign policy thus include maintaining friendly relations and cooperation with all countries that desire such cooperation, irrespective of ideological considerations, on the basis of mutual respect and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. Africa and its liberation and unity are naturally the cornerstones of Ghana's foreign policy. As a founding member of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), NDC policy is to adhere faithfully to the OAU Charter.

Another important principle of Ghana's foreign policy involves the closest possible cooperation with neighbouring countries with which the people of Ghana share cultural history, ties of blood, and economics. The results have included various bilateral trade and economic agreements and permanent joint commissions involving Ghana and its immediate neighbours, sometimes in the face of latent ideological and political differences and mutual suspicion, as well as numerous reciprocal state visits by high-ranking officials. These measures have contributed significantly to subregional cooperation, development, and the reduction of tension.

Diplomatic missions of Ghana

As an example of Ghana's interest in regional cooperation, the country enthusiastically endorsed formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975. This organisation was created specifically to foster inter-regional economic and political cooperation. It has served as a useful vehicle for contacts with neighbouring West African governments and for channelling increased Ghanaian exports to regional markets. Since 1990 ECOWAS has been engaged in a peacekeeping mission in Liberia to which Ghana has contributed a large contingent of troops. Ghana has participated in other international peacekeeping efforts as well, sending soldiers to operations of the United Nations (UN) in Cambodia in 1992-93 and Rwanda in 1993-94.

In August 1994, Rawlings became ECOWAS chairman, a post that had eluded him since the PNDC came to power. He immediately undertook several initiatives to reduce tensions and conflict in West Africa. Notable among them was the Akosombo Accord of September 12, designed to end civil war in Liberia.


Diplomatic relations

List of Countries which Ghana maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  United Kingdom 6 March 1957
2  India 6 March 1957
3  Japan 6 March 1957
4  Philippines 6 March 1957
5  United States 6 March 1957
6  Germany 24 June 1957
7  Liberia June 1957
8  France 7 July 1957
9  Canada 30 October 1957
10  Israel October 1957
11  Russia 15 January 1958
12  Australia 21 February 1958
13  Tunisia 11 June 1958
14  Guinea 1958
15  Turkey 1958
16  Serbia 10 January 1959
17  Lebanon 30 March 1959
18  Ethiopia 10 April 1959
19  Netherlands 9 May 1959
20  Sudan 20 September 1959
21  Belgium 2 October 1959
22  Cuba 23 December 1959
23  Poland 31 December 1959
24  Indonesia 1959
25  Saudi Arabia 1 April 1960
26  Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 July 1960
27  China 5 July 1960
28   Switzerland 19 July 1960
29  Nigeria 1 October 1960
30  Mali 14 October 1960
31  Brazil 1960
32  Libya 1960
33  Morocco 1960
34  Czech Republic 18 January 1961
35  Sri Lanka 6 March 1961
36  Ivory Coast 15 March 1961
37  Argentina 28 March 1961
38  Senegal 21 April 1961
39  Sierra Leone 27 April 1961
40  Burkina Faso 12 June 1961
41  Hungary 29 July 1961
42  Afghanistan 2 August 1961
43  Mexico 8 August 1961
44  Bulgaria 10 August 1961
45  Romania 10 August 1961
46  Niger 24 August 1961
47  Denmark 28 September 1961
48  Chile 6 October 1961
49  Albania 1961
50  Somalia 1961
51  Sweden 27 April 1962
52  Benin 20 June 1962
53  Uganda 1962
54  Togo 21 January 1963
55  Algeria 2 May 1963
56  Cameroon 20 August 1963
57  Kenya 16 December 1963
58  Republic of the Congo 8 February 1964
59  Trinidad and Tobago 1 March 1964
60  Malawi 8 July 1964
61  Burundi 25 August 1964
62  Zambia 30 November 1964
63  North Korea 28 December 1964
64  Venezuela 16 March 1965
65  Vietnam 25 March 1965
66  Norway 19 May 1965
67  Gambia 28 May 1965
68  Mongolia 7 December 1965
69  Tanzania 20 December 1965
70  Lesotho 24 November 1966
71  Central African Republic 14 June 1967
72  Chad 24 July 1967
73  Spain 10 November 1967
74  Jamaica 15 November 1967
75  Madagascar 1967
76  Malaysia 1967
77  Luxembourg 21 February 1968
78  Rwanda 1969
79  Equatorial Guinea 4 June 1971
80  Greece 31 July 1973
81  Malta 27 February 1974
82  Bangladesh 19 July 1974
83  Iran 1974
84  Kuwait 1974
85  Portugal 27 May 1975
—  Holy See 20 November 1975
86  Suriname 24 November 1975
87  Angola 8 October 1976
88  Papua New Guinea 22 August 1977
89  Cape Verde 4 October 1977
90  South Korea 14 November 1977
91  Finland 1 December 1977
92  Iceland 1977
93  Bahrain 9 April 1978
94  Mozambique 27 June 1978
95  Guyana 14 May 1979
96  Botswana 21 May 1979
97  Zimbabwe 1980
98  Qatar 25 July 1981
99  United Arab Emirates 25 August 1981
100  Belize September 1981
101  Uruguay 24 May 1982
102  Thailand 25 October 1985
103  Peru 23 June 1987
104  Bolivia 3 December 1987
105  Colombia 23 June 1988
106  Seychelles 10 October 1988
—  State of Palestine 17 February 1989
107  Panama 24 February 1989
108  Oman 1 March 1989
109  Cyprus 5 May 1989
110  Maldives 10 August 1989
111  Singapore 11 October 1989
112  Namibia 21 March 1990
113  Ireland 1990
114  Brunei 10 December 1991
115  Latvia 3 January 1992
116  Estonia 5 February 1992
117  Belarus 5 May 1992
118  Armenia 29 May 1992
119  Ukraine 17 June 1992
120  Kyrgyzstan 26 June 1992
121  Lithuania 10 July 1992
122  Kazakhstan 14 August 1992
123  Moldova 28 August 1992
124  Azerbaijan 11 September 1992
125  Turkmenistan 17 September 1992
126  Georgia 4 December 1992
127  Slovenia 15 February 1993
128  Croatia 17 February 1993
129  Saint Kitts and Nevis June 1993
130  Slovakia 1 October 1993
131  Uzbekistan 28 October 1993
132  Tajikistan 2 November 1993
133  South Africa 6 May 1994
134  Barbados August 1994
135  Guatemala 26 September 1994
136  Myanmar 13 January 1995
137  Cambodia 24 May 1995
138  Yemen 30 November 1995
139  North Macedonia 7 February 1996
140  Costa Rica 11 July 2000
141  New Zealand 1 March 2001
142  Eritrea 26 August 2004
143  Ecuador 10 May 2007
144  Jordan 5 June 2007
145  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 August 2008
146  San Marino 5 November 2008
147  Bahamas 17 March 2011
148  Andorra 31 March 2011
149  Honduras 29 August 2011
150  Montenegro 20 September 2012
—  Kosovo (suspended) 4 October 2012
151  Fiji 12 October 2012
152  Bosnia and Herzegovina 13 February 2013
153  South Sudan 15 September 2014
154  Comoros 5 July 2015
155  East Timor 15 June 2016
156  Dominica 18 January 2018
157  Dominican Republic 23 September 2019
158    Nepal 25 September 2019
159  Monaco 26 September 2019
160  Laos 27 September 2019
161  Liechtenstein 19 December 2019
162  Samoa 20 December 2019
163  Antigua and Barbuda Before March 2020
164  Paraguay 17 June 2021
165  El Salvador 18 September 2023
—  Cook Islands 8 November 2023
166  Austria Unknown
167  Djibouti Unknown
168  Egypt Unknown
169  Eswatini Unknown
170  Gabon Unknown
171  Grenada Unknown
172  Guinea-Bissau Unknown
173  Haiti Unknown
174  Iraq Unknown
175  Italy Unknown
176  Mauritania Unknown
177  Mauritius Unknown
178  Nicaragua Unknown
179  Pakistan Unknown
—  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Unknown
180  São Tomé and Príncipe Unknown
181  Syria Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria 1962
  • Algeria has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Algiers.
 Burkina Faso 12 June 1961 See Burkina Faso–Ghana relations

With the coming to power of Thomas Sankara in Burkina Faso in 1983, relations between Ghana and Burkina became both warm and close. Indeed, Rawlings and Sankara began discussions about uniting Ghana and Burkina in the manner of the defunct Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union, which Nkrumah had sought unsuccessfully to promote as a foundation for his dream of unified continental government. Political and economic ties between Ghana and Burkina, a poorer country, were strengthened through joint commissions of cooperation and through border demarcation committee meetings. Frequent high-level consultations and joint military exercises, meant to discourage potential dissidents and to protect young "revolutions" in each country, were fairly regular features of Ghana-Burkina relations.

  • Burkina Faso has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Ouagadougou.
 Egypt 7 November 1957
  • Egypt has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Cairo.
 Guinea 1958
  • Guinea has an embassy in Accra, which was opened in 1958.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Conakry which is also accredited to Guinea-Bissau.
 Ivory Coast 15 March 1961 See Ivory Coast–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1961.

Ghana-Ivory Coast relations suffered from the same ups and downs that characterised Ghana-Togo relations. In early 1984, the PNDC government complained that Ivory Coast was allowing Ghanaian dissidents to use its territory as a base from which to carry out acts of sabotage against Ghana. Ghana also accused Ivory Coast of granting asylum to political agitators wanted for crimes in Ghana. Relations between Ghana and Ivory Coast improved significantly, however, after 1988. In 1989, after fifteen years of no progress, the Ghana-Ivory Coast border re-demarcation commission finally agreed on the definition of the 640-kilometer border between the two countries. The PNDC thereafter worked to improve the transportation and communication links with both Ivory Coast and Togo, despite problems with both countries.

  • Ghana has an embassy in Abidjan.
  • Ivory Coast has an embassy in Accra.
 Kenya 16 December 1963 See Ghana–Kenya relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1963.

  • Ghana has a high commission in Nairobi.
  • Kenya has a high commission in Accra.
 Namibia 21 March 1990
  • Ghana has a high commission in Windhoek.
  • Namibia has a high commission in Accra.
 Nigeria 1 October 1960 See Ghana–Nigeria relations

Ghana set up a commission in 1959 when Nigeria was still a dependent territory. This was elevated to High Commission status on the attainment of Nigeria's independence on 1 October 1960

Despite close cultural ties, diplomatic relations between the two countries have in many instances been volatile. After the takeover in November 1993 by General Sani Abacha as the new Nigerian head of state, Ghana and Nigeria continued to consult on economic, political, and security issues affecting the two countries and West Africa as a whole. Between early August 1994 when Rawlings became ECOWAS chairman and the end of the following October, the Ghanaian president visited Nigeria three times to discuss the peace process in Liberia and measures to restore democracy in that country.

  • Ghana has a high commission in Abuja and a consulate-general in Lagos.
  • Nigeria has a high commission in Accra.
 Senegal 21 April 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1961.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Accra.
 South Africa 6 May 1994 See Ghana–South Africa relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 May 1994

High Commission of Ghana in Pretoria
  • Ghana has a high commission in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has a high commission in Accra.
 Togo 21 January 1963 See Ghana–Togo relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1963.

The strains in Ghana-Togo relations stretch back to pre-independence days. After 1918, following the defeat of Germany, the League of Nations divided the German colony of Togoland from north to south, a decision that divided the Ewe people among the Gold Coast, British Togoland, and French Togoland. After 1945, the United Nations took over the Togoland mandates. During the 1950s, when the independence of Ghana was in sight, demands grew for a separate Ewe state, an idea that Kwame Nkrumah, leader of the Gold Coast independence movement, opposed. Following a UN plebiscite in May 1956, in which a majority of the Ewe voted for union with Ghana, British Togoland became part of the Gold Coast. After Togolese independence in 1960, relations between Togo and Ghana deteriorated, aggravated by political differences and incidents such as smuggling across their common border. At times, relations have verged on open aggression. The result of the transfer of Togoland to Ghana has meant that many Togolese keep one foot on either side of the border, living in Ghana by night and working in the markets of the capital, Lomé, by day.

  • Ghana has an embassy in Lomé.
  • Togo has an embassy in Accra.

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 28 March 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1961
  • Argentina is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Ghana is accredited to Argentina from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Brazil 2 January 1961
President of Ghana John Kufuor with President of Brazil Lula da Silva
  • Brazil has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Brasília.
 Canada 17 May 1957
  • Canada has a High Commission in Accra.
  • Ghana has a High Commission in Ottawa.
 Chile 6 October 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1961
  • Chile has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Colombia 23 June 1988

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1988

Ghana and Colombia's diplomatic relations dated back to 1988 but it remained dormant until July 2013 when Colombia opened its embassy in Accra. Colombia helps Ghana by providing assistance on building capacity of the Ghana Police Service, Immigration Service and the Narcotics Control Board on cybersecurity and drug trafficking.

  • Colombia has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
 Cuba 23 December 1959 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1959
  • Cuba has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Havana.
 Jamaica 8 May 1968 See Ghana–Jamaica relations
  • Ghana is accredited to Jamaica from its embassy in Havana, Cuba.
  • Jamaica is accredited to Ghana from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
 Mexico 8 August 1961 See Ghana–Mexico relations

Ghana and Mexico established diplomatic relations on 8 August 1961. Soon afterwards, both nations opened embassies in each other's capitals, respectively. In 1972, Ghana closed its embassy in Mexico City. Mexico closed its embassy in Accra in 1980. Mexico re-opened its embassy in Ghana in 2013.

  • Ghana is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Mexico has an embassy in Accra.
 Peru 23 June 1987

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1987

  • Ghana is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
  • Peru has an embassy in Accra.
 Suriname 1 April 1977 See: Ghana-Suriname relations
  • Accra currently hosts the only Surinamese embassy in Africa.
 United States 6 March 1957 See Ghana–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957

The United States is among Ghana's trading partners. The Office of the President of Ghana worked closely with the U.S. Embassy in Accra to establish an American Chamber of Commerce to continue to develop closer economic ties in the private sector. Major U.S. companies operating in the country include ACS, CMS Energy, Coca-Cola, S.C. Johnson, Ralston Purina, Star-Kist, A.H. Robins, Sterling, Pfizer, IBM, 3M, Motorola, Stewart & Stevenson, PriceWaterhouseCoopers, and National Cash Register (NCR). Several U.S. firms recently made or are considering investments in Ghana, primarily in gold mining, wood products, and petroleum. U.S. mining giant Newmont entered Ghana's mining sector in 2004 and intends to invest up to $1 billion. In late 1997, Nuevo Petroleum concluded an oil exploration agreement accounting for one of Ghana's offshore mineral rights zones. Several other U.S. oil companies also are engaged in offshore exploration.

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Bangladesh 19 July 1974 See Bangladesh–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1974 when Bangladesh High Commissioner to Ghana presented his credentials to the Head of State Colonel I. K. Acheampong.

  • Bangladesh is accredited to Ghana from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
  • Ghana is accredited to Bangladesh from its high commission in New Delhi, India.
 China 5 July 1960 See China–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1960.

Ghana's relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC) date back to 1960 when President Nkrumah became one of Africa's first leaders to recognise the country. Ghana and the PRC have had close and relatively good relations in that time despite a short period of relatively cold relations after Nkrumah was deposed in 1966.

  • China has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Beijing.
 India 6 March 1957 See Ghana–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957.

  • Ghana has a high commission in New Delhi.
  • India has a high commission in Accra.
 Indonesia 1959
  • Ghana is accredited to Indonesia from its high commission in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Indonesia is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
 Israel 6 March 1957, severed 28 October 1973, restored 9 August 1994 See Ghana–Israel relations
  • Ghana has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
  • Israel has an embassy in Accra.
 Japan 12 March 1959
  • Ghana has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Accra.
 Malaysia 5 December 1966 See Ghana–Malaysia relations
  • Ghana has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has a high commission in Accra.
 Pakistan 1958

Pakistan and Ghana enjoy amicable and cordial relations. There has been historical support extended by Pakistan to the African states particularly OIC member states in which Ghana has significant importance. Despite this, there has been a low level of bilateral trade between the two countries. The volume of bilateral trade during 2011 was just $19 million.

  • Ghana is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
  • Pakistan has a high commission in Accra.
 Saudi Arabia 1 April 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1960.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Accra.
 Turkey 1958 See Ghana–Turkey relations
  • Ghana has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Accra.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 353.3 million USD in 2018.

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Denmark 28 September 1961 See Denmark–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1961 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Ghana Mr. Hans Adolf Biering

Denmark has historic relations with Ghana from once possessing Danish Gold Coast.

  • Denmark has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Copenhagen.
 France 1957
  • France has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Paris.
 Germany 24 June 1957 See Germany–Ghana relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1957.

  • Germany has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Berlin.
 Italy
  • Ghana has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy has an embassy in Accra.
 Malta 27 February 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 February 1974
  • Ghana has a high commission in Valletta.
  • Malta has a high commission in Accra.
 Poland 31 December 1959 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1959
  • Ghana is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
 Russia 14 January 1958 See Ghana–Russia relations
 Spain 10 November 1967 See Ghana–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1967

  • Ghana has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Accra.
 United Kingdom 6 March 1957 See Ghana–United Kingdom relations

Ghana established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 6 March 1957.

The UK governed Ghana from 1821 to 1957, when it achieved full independence.

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact, the Commonwealth, the International Criminal Court, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership, an Economic Partnership Agreement, a High Level Prosperity Partnership, and an Investment Agreement.

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia 21 February 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1958
  • Australia has a high commission in Accra.
  • Ghana has a high commission in Canberra.
 New Zealand 1 March 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 2001.
  • Ghana is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia.
Recipient of the 2008 Chatham House Prize and 10th President of Ghana John Kufuor with Prince Philip, the Husband of the Head of the Commonwealth and Queen of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II.

Ghana has been a member state of the Commonwealth since independence in 1957, firstly as a Dominion, then as a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations.

See also

References

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