120:, Texas. Initially believed to be related to the Plainview point classification, the new type was termed "Plainview Golondrina" by Johnson, who used a genus-species approach for the naming. This classification method sought to describe the relationship between the two types, placing Plainview as the genus, and Golondrina as the species, to highlight key similarities and differences. But by 1977, the genus-species classification approach had been discarded, and the name Golondrina alone was being used to represent the Devil's Mouth specimens. Subsequent research and technological analysis determined this type to be separate and distinct from the Plainsview point, and the name was shortened to simply "Golondrina" by Thomas C. Kelly in 1982. The type takes its name from a pronounced flaring of the basal corners (stem), which recall the split tail of a
149:. However, collateral flaking—where parallel flakes have been removed equally, resulting in a median ridge on the blade edges—has also been observed in some specimens. The basal edge of the Golondrina presents concave with a deep basal notch that varies from a flattened, inverted, v-shape to recurved. The Golondrina point can range in length from 32–61 mm, with a width ranging from 23–32 mm and a thickness from 6–8 mm. The width of the base ranges from 22–29 mm with a typical basal concavity of 4 mm or more. The Golondrina is
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down large bison, while
Golondrina points may have been used for killing smaller game such as deer, as well as doubling as a butchering knife. Compared to the split-stem hafting style of the Golondrina point without a deep setting, the shape of the Plainview points would necessitate them being set relatively deeply into a socketed haft that once bound would leave less of the cutting edge exposed.
299:
type. Although the two points exhibit similarities, particularly in terms of shape, they are now recognized as separate types. Identification is made from a lack of an auriculated, fishtail base on the
Plainview and a deeper basal concavity on the Golondrina. Plainview points may have served to bring
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area where the width, upward from the stem, increases in size. Analysis suggests that
Golondrina points were attached on split-stem hafts either with or without foreshafts. They may have served a dual function as projectile points as well as butchering knives. By nature of a split-stem haft style,
140:
The
Golondrina point is medium-sized and lanceolate-shaped with a lenticular cross-section that exhibits convex sides. The type displays a distinctive auriculate ("eared") stem with basal corners that flare outward. The blade edges are slightly serrated with a recurved outline—wide at the bottom,
176:
were the major materials utilized by Paleo-Indians in the
Southern Plains for the manufacture of flaked stone implements. Chert was the most important stone for tool making throughout pre-historic central Texas and there were many available sites where it was acquired and
328:, found in the central United States, shares a similar outline and basal corner auriculation with Golondrina, which may imply that they are part of a series. Identification is made by examination of the blade edges—Golondrina exhibits much less serration. The
205:
providing a definitive age. The first dating of
Golondrina points was made after excavations of area C in the Devil's Mouth site which revealed Paleo-Indian projectile points that were radiocarbon assayed to 8700 BP. Later excavations in 1976, at the nearby
20:
280:
88:, where the point is the most prevalent of Paleo-Indian types and defines a distinctive cultural pattern for the region. The Golondrina point is so named for its flared basal corners ("ears"), which resemble a swallow's (
214:
in the
Golondrina stratum containing a wide variety of small game and plant remains left by early hunter gathers. This archaeological assemblage was termed Golondrina Complex, and the materials were attributed to the
254:
are not excavated but rather found on the site's surface. They often appear as part of mixed collections with artifacts of later periods. Several sites have also been found in
Arkansas as well as in the
287:
The
Golondrina can be difficult to type because of its similarity to other point classifications. In particular the distinction between Golondrina and Plainview is not yet completely resolved.
250:. They are particularly prevalent across the South Texas Plains, so much so as to be said to represent the first unique cultural pattern in the area. Most Golondrina specimens from the
283:
Dalton points display a similar auriculated stem as the
Golondrina which can lead to confusion between the two types. Dalton blade edges, however, are characteristically more serrated.
161:
Golondrina points would not need to be deeply set, resulting in a largely exposed cutting edge. The hafting area, as well as the side and basal edges are usually ground dull.
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and may have served to bring down medium-sized animals such as deer, as well as functioning as butchering knives. Distribution is widespread throughout most of
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period. At the same site, Golondrina materials stratified near the base of a rock-shelter deposit were radiocarbon dated at 9000 BP
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in Spanish) split tail. Classification of Golondrina can be difficult because of its similarity to other types, particularly the
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type has also been known to cause confusion, as it is considered a resharpened variant of the Plainview and Golondrina types.
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then narrowing before becoming wide and then thin again at the distal end, a so-called "fish shaped profile". The
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324:, found in Florida and the Southeastern United States, are similar to the Golondrina in shape and age. The
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in southern, central Texas implies that Golondrina may have superseded Plainview on the southern Plains.
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Past hypotheses have suggested mistakenly that the Golondrina was a descendant or variant of the
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Clovis revisited: new perspectives on Paleoindian adaptations from Blackwater Draw, New Mexico
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in 1964, after the discovery of a collection of unrecognized projectile points at the
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35:. Both styles date to Late Paleoindian times and share similar lanceolate shapes.
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Golondrina points are widespread across much of central, southern, and western
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544:. The Walter Geology Library, University of Texas Libraries. Archived from
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style is generally random, with no attention given to alignment of
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Stone Age spear and arrow points of the Southwestern United States
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84:. The concentration of Golondrina specimens is highest across the
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Most Golondrina points have been dated to the Transitional
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A Golondrina projectile point with a mildly serrated edge
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538:"Early Human Populations along the Balcones Escarpment"
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Paleoindian geoarchaeology of the southern High Plains
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96:, to which it was originally thought to be related.
234:, share an overlapping chronology with Golondrina.
104:Classification of the Golondrina point was made by
246:, with distribution extending northward along the
128:in Spanish). The Golondrina is considered to be a
68:. Golondrina points were attached on split-stem
609:Boldurian, Anthony T.; Cotter, John L. (1999).
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60:, of medium size, dated to the transitional
16:Spear or projectile points from 9000–7000 BP
76:, and points have also been discovered in
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153:, without a longitudinal channel flake.
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275:Comparison with other projectile points
615:. University of Pennsylvania Museum.
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467:
720:. Texas A&M University Press.
699:. Texas A&M University Press.
14:
636:(revised ed.). AuthorHouse.
222:Projectile points featuring more
633:North American Projectile Points
1:
758:Archaeological artefact types
693:Perttula, Timothy K. (2004).
657:. University of Texas Press.
630:Hranicky, William J. (2010).
185:Age and cultural affiliations
31:Comparison of Golondrina and
678:. Indiana University Press.
651:Holliday, Vance T. (1997).
512:Boldurian & Cotter 1999
226:characteristics, including
210:in Texas, revealed a large
156:The point has an expanding
106:Texas Historical Commission
774:
672:Justice, Noel D. (2002).
536:Hester, Thomas R (1986).
714:Vere, David L. (2004).
696:The prehistory of Texas
542:The Balcones Escarpment
362:. Texas Beyond History
360:"Golondrina Expansion"
284:
36:
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197:, with excavation of
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753:Primitive technology
306:St. Mary's Hall site
259:Canyonlands and the
193:, between 9000–7000
64:, between 9000–7000
44:Plainview Golondrina
248:Balcones Escarpment
191:Paleo-Indian Period
62:Paleo-Indian Period
358:Hester, Thomas R.
304:evidence from the
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252:South Texas Plains
203:radiocarbon dating
86:South Texas Plains
37:
25:
748:Projectile points
727:978-1-58544-301-7
717:The Texas Indians
706:978-1-58544-194-5
685:978-0-253-33912-6
664:978-0-292-73114-1
643:978-1-4520-2632-9
622:978-0-924171-67-3
201:sites along with
118:Amistad Reservoir
110:LeRoy Johnson Jr.
58:projectile points
40:Golondrina points
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602:Literature cited
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94:Plainview point
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172:, and Tecovas
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100:Classification
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566:Holliday 1997
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548:on 2011-10-12
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532:
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524:Perttula 2004
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500:Perttula 2004
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483:Hranicky 2010
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385:Perttula 2004
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302:Stratigraphic
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114:Devil's Mouth
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108:archeologist
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578:Justice 2002
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550:. Retrieved
546:the original
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440:. Retrieved
436:"Golondrina"
364:. Retrieved
326:Dalton point
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241:
238:Distribution
228:early barbed
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163:
155:
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125:
116:site in the
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257:Lower Pecos
217:Pleistocene
168:, Alibates
147:flake scars
136:Description
130:Plano point
742:Categories
552:2011-05-11
442:2011-04-15
366:2011-04-15
336:References
269:Nuevo LeĂłn
265:Tamaulipas
263:states of
208:Baker Cave
199:stratified
126:golondrina
90:golondrina
48:lanceolate
42:(formerly
468:Vere 2004
341:Citations
297:Plainview
291:Plainview
164:Edwards
151:unfluted
78:Arkansas
330:Meserve
318:Simpson
261:Mexican
224:Archaic
179:knapped
158:hafting
143:flaking
122:swallow
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703:
682:
661:
640:
619:
312:Others
212:hearth
174:jasper
82:Mexico
46:) are
244:Texas
215:post-
170:agate
166:chert
74:Texas
70:hafts
51:spear
722:ISBN
701:ISBN
680:ISBN
659:ISBN
638:ISBN
617:ISBN
320:and
316:The
267:and
230:and
80:and
55:dart
53:or
744::
585:^
540:.
490:^
475:^
407:^
392:^
375:^
348:^
271:.
195:BP
181:.
132:.
66:BP
730:.
709:.
688:.
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646:.
625:.
555:.
445:.
369:.
124:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
