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Christian codices employ the word κυριος. It differs from P. Fuadd 266 in that it writes the
Tetragram not in Aramaic letters, but in paleo-Hebrew letters. In 1962 B. Lifshitz published nine fragments of a Greek scroll which he believed to belong to Barthelemy's MS. According to Lifshitz's reconstructions they include: (1) Hos 2:8; (2) Amos 1:5; (3) Joel 1:14; (4) Jonah 3:2- 5; (5) Nah 1:9; (6) Nah 2:8-9; (7) Zech 3:1-2; (8) Zech 4:8-9; (9) Zech 8:21. Barthelemy accepted the fragments as belonging to his scroll but he did not agree with all of Lifshitz's identifications. In our judgment Lifshitz's identifications fit quite well with our LXX MSS with only few alterations in the direction of MT. If Lifshitz is correct, some of these fragments must not come from Barthelemy's scroll, but from another MS of the Twelve Prophets in Greek, since Lifshitz's fragments overlap twice with the fragments published by Barthelemy: viz., Nah 2:8 and Zech 8:21. Furthermore, if Lifshitz's restorations are correct, the text represented by his fragments differs in character from Barthelemy's in that the word θεος appears at least once (Zech 4:9) and possibly twice (Joel 1:14), where the MT has the Tetragram. In Jonah 3:3, on the other hand, it preserves the Tetragram in a similar fashion to Barthelemy's scroll. The one (or two) place(s) where θεος appears instead of יהוה possibly represents a textual variation to the MT. If this is the case, θεος must not be considered a substitute for the Tetragram. However, it is possible that this MS represents a later transitional period in which the Tetragram was being replaced by θεος. The date of these fragments, therefore, may need reevaluating in the light of this.
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written larger, and therefore the columns contain only 33 lines. The columns therefore had a height of about 27 cm. The column width, however, varies between 7.5 and 9 cm or 29 and 43 letters, in the back even only 22-24 letters. This is apparently related to the width of the individual leather sheets sewn together into a roll. While the sheets themselves were different in width, the columns appear to have been drawn relatively evenly on a sheet. The height of the roll can finally be determined with about 35 cm. Calculations on the number of columns depend very much on what content the roll had. Assuming an originally complete twelve-prophecy book, the roll should have included between 80 and 94 columns, which would correspond to about 9.6 – 10 m. The roll would be longer than any surviving scrolls from Qumran. However, only parts of the books
473:
first started by a writer and later ended by a second, or else the leather sheets with the second manuscript were inserted for repair. Several lines have been left between the individual books, but possible book titles are not attested. The continuous text is divided into larger and smaller sections, and it is even possible to observe a division into verses. The division into units of meaning agrees largely with the division of the
Masoretic text in Setumot and Petuchot. To mark such sections, either draw a horizontal line between the lines - an paragraph - or the new line starts slightly to the left and with a slightly larger initial letter. Between individual words of a verse, however, at first hand there is usually no gap left.
25:
551:, "extant Greek manuscripts from Qumran and elsewhere that are unambiguously Jewish (because of the date) also include several ways of representing the Divine Name, none of which was with κύριος, the term used everywhere in our Christian manuscripts". He concludes that there is no certainty about whether it was a Jew or a Christian who transcribed the Cairo Genizah manuscripts of the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible by
375:
90:
155:. After accepting their death, unable to leave because of the presence of Roman camps outside the caves, who besieged the inmates as a military camp located above the cave shows, the refugees decided to make a large bonfire and burn all their belongings, but buried the Greek Minor Prophets Scroll and other important documents between the rocks of the end chamber. Inside the caves, a
311:
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244:. It also became apparent relatively quickly that the fragments were parts of the same scroll that had been purchased ten years earlier. The locality of this role - as well as most of the other scrolls of the Seiyâl Collection - was therefore contrary to the specification of the Bedouin of the Nachal Hever determined previously.
586:
In 1952 fragments of a scroll of the Twelve
Prophets in Greek were found in a cave in Nahal Hever in the Judean Desert. The first announcement, along with a brief analysis of the fragments, came from D. Barthelemy in 1953. Ten years later he published most of the fragments with a full analysis of the
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8 contains parts of all four edges, from most other columns usually only the lower one as well, parts of the right or left edge. Reconstruction attempts show that the average number of lines per column is about 42. In contrast, in the back part, which can be assigned to another hand, the letters are
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In this manuscript the tetragrammaton in Old Hebrew script appears in Jon 3:3; Jon 4:2; Mic 1:1, 3; Mic 4:4, 5, 7; Mic 5:4, 4; Hab 2:14, 16, 20; Hab 3:9; Zep 1:3, 14; Zep 2:10; Zec 1:3, 3, 4; Zec 3:5, 6, 7; Zec 8:20; 9:1, 1, 4. The scribe himself seems to have inserted the paleo-Hebrew characters
281:
In 1990, Emanuel Tov published the textual edition of the Greek Minor
Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever. Throughout studies of the fragments, and in reference works, acronyms such as Se2grXII, LXXIEJ12, LXXVTS10a, Rahlfs 493a, 8HevXIIa, LXXVTS10b, Rahlfs 493b, 8HevXIIa, Rahlfs 493 and 8HevXII have
175:. Since 1948, Nahal Hever has been part of Israel, but the Bedouins reported that the manuscripts came from Wadi Seiyal to legitimize their possession. Due to the excavations of the Bedouins, the archaeological context could no longer be determined. The Bedouins sold their finds to researchers in
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As differences in letter form and size show, the manuscript was written by two different scribes. On the other hand, the assumption that instead the fragments should be divided into two different roles is less likely. The cause of the various clerk hands, however, is unclear. Either the role was
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called "the first edition, still substandard". Tov wrote that "these small fragments were published by B. Lifshitz, "The Greek
Documents from th Cave of Horror," IEJ 12 (1962) 201-7 as well as in a Hebrew Version." Lifshitz thinks that there are two apart manuscripts of the Greek Minor Prophets
595:
has preferred an earlier date, ascribing it to the century 50 B.C.-A.D. 50. Sometime around the beginning of the first
Christian century is probably correct. The MS is distinguished for its closeness to MT against the Christian MSS of the LXX and for its preservation of the Tetragram where the
159:
was found which suggests that the last inhabitants of the cave had burned all their possessions. The scroll had been buried, and other documents that would have provided information about other insurgents that wanted to destroy them so as not to let them fall into the hands of the Romans. This
323:
Since its discovery, the editors agree that this is an early revision of the
Septuagint in alignment with the Hebrew text. Dominique Barthélemy established that text found "is neither a new translation nor an independent one, but rather a recension of the Septuagint text". According to Tuukka
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rendering of the genitive case of Κύριος. Jewish manuscripts, such as those found in Qumran, did not render it into Greek, but instead reproduced it within the Greek text in several different ways. Some gave it in either Hebrew, Aramaic or
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claim that "although 8HevXIIgr was a revision of OG towards the proto-MT, it retained significant continuity with the OG text… was a revision, not a new translation". David L. Washburn wrote that is a direct translation from an
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In 1963, Dominique Barthélemy published his preliminary study in French, and describes in detail the facts of the discovering of the scroll. Here he published the main text, but there are still some unidentified fragments.
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328:, this manuscript is an early Hebraizing revision (i.e. in B-text of books such as Joshua, Judges, and Samuel-Kings), Eugene C. Ulrich wrote "attests the recension commonly referred to as Proto-
800:
Sparks, H. F. D. (1991). "Review of The Greek Minor
Prophets Scroll from Naḥal Ḥever (8 Ḥev XII gr). (Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, VIII.), by E. Tov, R. A. Kraft, & P. J. Parsons]".
1440:
Pearson, Brook W. R. (1997). "The Book of the Twelve, Aqiba's
Messianic Interpretations, and the Refuge Caves of the Second Jewish War". In Stanley E. Porter; Craig A. Evans (eds.).
259:. Lifshitz published the Se2grXII fragments together with the other new fragments found in the Cave of Horror. In 1961 and 1962, Lifshitz published the fragments with photographs in
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996:
206:
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In March 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of a Dead Sea Scroll, this time written in Hebrew, that also wrote the
Tetragrammaton in the paleo-Hebrew script.
555:(not the LXX), in which the Tetragrammaton is generally given in paleo-Hebrew letters but in one instance, where there was insufficient space at the end of a line, by
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1224:
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54:
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2242:
689:
Flint, Peter W.; Alvarez, Andrea E. (1998). "Two Biblical Scrolls from NAḤAL ḤEVER ("XḤev/SeNum b" and "XḤev/SeDeut") (Once Claimed to be from "Wadi Seiyal")".
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240:) it found, among other things, fragments of the Greek scroll. Most of which only a few centimeters between large fragments could still be associated with
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From 1952 to 1954 the manuscripts that comprised what was known as the Seiyâl collection was acquired by the Palestine Archaeological Museum (today is
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1942:
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published a "brief analysis of the fragments" in French of the Greek Minor Prophets scroll from the then "unknown provenance" somewhere south of
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1444:. Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha. Supplement Series. Vol. 26. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. pp. 221–239, 232–235.
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1115:"Interlinear Transliteration and Reconstruction of Plate 538 in 3 Fragments of Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever Dead Sea Scrolls"
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591:, recension portions of which appear elsewhere in the Greek Bible. Barthelemy dated the scroll toward the end of the first century A.D. But
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604:) in Zech 3:1-2, 5 and 6. The oldest example of ἄγγελος Κυρίου is in P. Oxy. 1166 from 3rd century, more than two centuries after LXX.
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is in fact difficult to identify as either Christian or Jewish, as on the barely legible recto side (in Gen 2:18) it contains the
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Lower part of col. 18 (according to E. Tov) of the Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever (8HevXII gr). The arrow points at
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The Translation Style of Old Greek Habakkuk: Methodological Advancement in Interpretative Studies of the Septuagint
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It has the tetragrammaton everywhere in the phrase ἄγγελος יהוה (Angel of YHWH) instead of ἄγγελος Κυρίου (
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directly, probably from left to right, contrary to the normal direction for Hebrew, when writing the Greek text.
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text and the place that it holds in the transmission history of the LXX. According to him the text belongs to a
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33:
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New fragments have been found in 2021 and are being studied for the textual reconstruction of the manuscript.
294:, agree that if Lifshitz's identifications are correct, then there are two manuscripts of the Minor Prophets.
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The other fragments found in expedition B of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in cave No. 8 in Nahal Hever (
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1360:(1961). "The Greek Documents from Naḥal Ṣeelim and Naḥal Mishmar / התעודות היווניות מנחל-צאלים ונחל-משמר".
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This manuscript shows the use of the tetragrammaton in the 1st century. Clearly Jewish manuscripts of
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Discoveries in the Judean Desert: VIII. The Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever (8HevXIIgr)
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98:
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New World Translation Committee (1985). "Apendix 1C: The Divine Name in Ancient Greek Versions".
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Les Devanciers d'Aquila. Première publication intégrale du texte des fragments du Dodécaprophéton
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Barthélemy, Dominique (1953). "Redécouverte d'un chainon manquant de l'historie de la Septante".
706:
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Col. B1–2 (according to E. Tov) of the Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever (8HevXII gr).
191:
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recommend that scholars use the acronym 8HevXIIgr, becoming the modern sigla. Tov, as well as
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Amongst other things, in response to rumors that parts of the sold scrolls came from Israel,
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1384:(1962). "The Greek Documents from the "Cave of Horror" / קטעי קלף ופאפירוס ממערת-האימה".
539:(characteristic of Christian manuscripts) and the Tetragrammaton represented as a double
164:), but was also observed in this twelve-prophet scroll apparently from Wadi Murabba'at.
236:, who examined mainly the caves on the southern edge of Nahal Hever, in Cave no. 8 (the
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2005:
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Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society / ידיעות החברה לחקירת ארץ-ישראל ועתיקותיה כה
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358:
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194:), from clandestine excavators. Among the fragments were also parts of a scroll of the
176:
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Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever. Entry in the Manuscript Database of the
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The Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever (8HevXIIgr) (The Seiyal Collection I)
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dated to the 1st century BC and the 1st century CE. The manuscript is kept in the
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841:. Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah. Vol. 99. BRILL. p. 300.
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The roll is only partially preserved, basically better in the lower part. Only
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Scroll because repeated biblical verses appear in his textual identifications.
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In 1953, scarcely a year after the Bedouin had brought these materials to the
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Yediot Bahaqirat Eretz-Israel Weatiqoteha / ידיעות בחקירת ארץ-ישראל ועתיקותיה
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702:
2580:
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1995:
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1281:"The religious provenance of the Aquila manuscripts from the Cairo Genizah"
232:. In the expedition B of the company in spring 1961 under the direction of
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964:
310:
143:
In the 1st century CE, the 8HevXII gr with several documents was taken by
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1144:
Robert James Victor Hiebert, Claude E. Cox, Peter John Gentry (editors),
229:
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1373:
1119:
International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation (IJLLT)
813:
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658:
361:-type manuscript into Greek, i.e. not part of the Septuagint tradition.
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2494:
2470:
2445:
1990:
1969:
1327:
926:
511:) differ from clearly Christian manuscripts in not using Kύριος or the
508:
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letters. Others transliterated it in Greek characters as ΠΙΠΙ or ΙΑΩ.
151:'s troops, women and children) who were taking refuge in the Caves of
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2010:
1964:
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959:. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements. Vol. 10. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
524:(with a horizontal line above the contracted words) to represent the
184:
180:
161:
144:
2299:
1319:
1280:
997:"New scroll fragments uncovered in the Judean Desert Nature Reserve"
918:
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838:
The Dead Sea Scrolls in Scholarly Perspective: A History of Research
224:
sent two expeditions, in 1960 and 1961, for exploration through the
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1017:
Tuukka Kauhanen (2017). Anneli Aejmelaeus, Tuukka Kauhanen (ed.).
588:
324:
Kauhanen, a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Faculty of Theology at
903:"Review book 8, The Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever"
2605:
2554:
2499:
1689:
1019:
The Legacy of Barthelemy: 50 Years After Les Devanciers D'Aquila
540:
225:
2303:
1565:
1340:"Israel Reveals Newly Discovered Fragments of Dead Sea Scrolls"
1194:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1432:
New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures (with references)
1101:
A Catalog of Biblical Passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls, vol. 2
368:
18:
1867:
The War of the Messiah/The Pierced Messiah Text (4Q285/11Q14)
1048:, Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999, p. 231.
745:. Vol. VIII. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 189–204.
1146:
The Old Greek Psalter: Studies in Honour of Albert Pietersma
1872:
War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness (1QM)
1249:. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum. Vol. 10. Leiden.
884:
882:
735:
Tov, Emanuel; Kraft, Robert A.; Parsons, Peter J. (1990).
160:
practice is mainly known from the later Jewish tradition (
1507:"Aspects of rendering the sacred Tetragrammaton in Greek"
1442:
The Scrolls and the Scriptures. Qumran Fifty Years After
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
643:
Aharoni, Y (1962). "Expedition B — The Cave of Horror".
543:יי (characteristic of Jewish manuscripts). According to
1408:(1962). "The Greek Documents from the Cave of Horror".
938:
936:
764:
762:
1551:
Full text from the fragment of the scroll 8HevXII gr
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1983:
1880:
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1210:Rare ancient scroll found in Israel Cave of Horror
913:(3). The Society of Biblical Literature: 532–535.
1207:BBC News - Retrieved 03-16-2021 (16 March 2021).
1046:The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Origins of the Bible
1314:(1). The Society of Biblical Literature: 63–83.
999:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2021-03-16
835:(2012). Devorah Dimant; Ingo Kottsieper (eds.).
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
584:
1695:4QInstruction (4Q415–418, 4Q418a, 4Q423, 1Q26)
495:, Proto-Masoretic, kaige, the translations of
183:control at the time, while Wadi Seiyal was in
16:First-century Jewish text found at Nahal Hever
2315:
1577:
1547: by Felix Albrecht, published 3 June 2023
115:) is a Greek manuscript of a revision of the
8:
1780:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever
1808:Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll (11QpaleoLev)
1223:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1068:
1066:
1057:
403:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2322:
2308:
2300:
1847:Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (4Q400–407)
1750:The Book of Mysteries (1Q27 and 4Q299–301)
1584:
1570:
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1368:(א/ב). Israel Exploration Society: 73–65.
1267:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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423:Learn how and when to remove this message
207:École biblique et archéologique française
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1182:
888:
309:
88:
1490:. Oxford University Press. p. 14.
671:
628:
489:Greek translations of the Old Testament
1487:The First Edition of the New Testament
1260:
1216:
942:
873:
861:
768:
483:Tetragrammaton § Textual evidence
1755:Community Rule (1QS, 4QS, 5Q11, 5Q13)
1435:. Watchtower Bible and Track Society.
1301:"The Tetragram and the New Testament"
7:
2805:Archaeological discoveries in Israel
1195:New World Translation Committee 1985
955:Barthélemy, Dominique (1963-12-02).
401:adding citations to reliable sources
342:Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
336:" recension, which is reaffirmed by
282:been used, so in 1990, Emanuel Tov,
802:The Journal of Theological Studies
14:
2273:Discoveries in the Judaean Desert
106:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from
2820:Works based on the Book of Jonah
2790:1st-century biblical manuscripts
1079:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 13–14.
743:Discoveries in the Judean Desert
373:
23:
2800:1961 archaeological discoveries
2795:1952 archaeological discoveries
1842:The Seekers After Smooth Things
1832:Rule of the Congregation (1QSa)
1798:Nahum Commentary (4QpNah/4Q169)
1770:Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen ar)
1505:Vasileiadis, Pavlos D. (2014).
1113:Naudé, Alaric (November 2019).
2707:Triumphal entry into Jerusalem
1308:Journal of Biblical Literature
907:Journal of Biblical Literature
901:Lawrence H. Schiffman (1992).
579:Journal of Biblical Literature
344:. James A.E. Mulroney quoting
340:, a Doctor of Theology at the
222:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1:
2662:Four Horns and Four Craftsmen
1852:Songs of the Sage (4Q510–511)
549:Heritage Christian University
198:book, and were catalogued as
1785:Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab)
1720:11Q5 The Great Psalms Scroll
1557:Images of the Scroll scanned
1148:(A&C Black 2001), p. 129
1103:, Leiden: Brill, 2003, p. 2.
1073:James A.E. Mulroney (2016).
674:, pp. 221–239, 232–235.
127:. It was first published by
1827:Rule of the Blessing (1QSb)
1466:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
202:(Seiyâl Collection No. 2).
2836:
2112:Florentino García Martínez
1410:Israel Exploration Journal
646:Israel Exploration Journal
480:
266:Israel Exploration Journal
167:Between 1946 and 1947 the
2764:American Standard Version
2227:José O'Callaghan Martínez
1740:Barkhi Nafshi (4Q434–438)
1285:Journal of Jewish Studies
242:the twelve minor prophets
2132:Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz
2122:Gerald Lankester Harding
2021:Teacher of Righteousness
1862:Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH)
530:Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1007
209:in Jordanian Jerusalem,
32:This article includes a
1247:Les devanciers d’Aquila
61:more precise citations.
2815:Septuagint manuscripts
2596:Joshua the High Priest
1765:Damascus Document (CD)
1528:10.2478/opth-2014-0006
598:
547:, a faculty member of
501:Symmachus the Ebionite
365:Dimensions and content
326:University of Helsinki
315:
101:
2769:World English Version
2107:Jean-Baptiste Humbert
2067:Sidnie White Crawford
1857:Temple Scroll (11Q19)
1544:Göttinger Septuaginta
1255:10.1163/9789004275331
1243:Barthélemy, Dominique
965:10.1163/9789004275331
338:Pavlos D. Vasileiadis
313:
139:Discovery and history
92:
2252:Aramaic Enoch Scroll
2192:Carsten Peter Thiede
2057:Joseph M. Baumgarten
1803:New Jerusalem Scroll
1790:Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa
1760:Copper Scroll (3Q15)
1690:4QDeuteronomy (4Q41)
1021:. V&r Academic.
397:improve this section
211:Dominique Barthélemy
129:Dominique Barthélemy
2172:Solomon H. Steckoll
2102:David Noel Freedman
2077:André Dupont-Sommer
1735:11Q18 New Jerusalem
1099:David L. Washburn,
255:, were examined by
228:to the west of the
171:were discovered by
99:paleo-Hebrew script
2759:King James Version
2257:Shrine of the Book
2157:Lawrence Schiffman
2052:John Marco Allegro
1817:Horoscopes (4Q186)
1775:Genesis Commentary
1745:The Book of Giants
1344:The New York Times
697:(4(72)): 531–540.
545:Edmon L. Gallagher
316:
298:New discovery 2021
192:Rockefeller Museum
179:, which was under
121:Rockefeller Museum
102:
34:list of references
2777:
2776:
2331:Book of Zechariah
2297:
2296:
2284:Muhammed edh-Dhib
2177:Hartmut Stegemann
2167:Patrick W. Skehan
2127:Yizhar Hirschfeld
2072:Frank Moore Cross
2031:Calendrical texts
1730:11Q13 Melchizedek
1700:4QMMT (4Q394–399)
1173:, pp. 25−26.
974:978-90-04-22201-4
602:Angel of the Lord
433:
432:
425:
87:
86:
79:
2827:
2810:Dead Sea Scrolls
2754:Wycliffe Version
2505:Hananeel (tower)
2324:
2317:
2310:
2301:
2152:James A. Sanders
1593:Dead Sea Scrolls
1586:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1531:
1511:
1501:
1477:
1455:
1436:
1425:
1416:(3/4): 201–207.
1406:Lifshitz, Baruch
1401:
1392:(ג/ד): 183–190.
1377:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1336:Kershner, Isabel
1331:
1305:
1292:
1277:Gallagher, Edmon
1272:
1266:
1258:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1070:
1061:
1058:Vasileiadis 2014
1055:
1049:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
993:
987:
986:
952:
946:
940:
931:
930:
898:
892:
886:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
852:
829:
818:
817:
797:
791:
790:
778:
772:
766:
757:
756:
732:
715:
714:
686:
675:
669:
663:
662:
653:(3/4): 186–199.
640:
558:
538:
523:
519:
497:Aquila of Sinope
464:are identified.
428:
421:
417:
414:
408:
377:
369:
354:Peter J. Parsons
288:Peter J. Parsons
169:Dead Sea Scrolls
135:-Siglum is 943.
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
57:this article by
48:inline citations
27:
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19:
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2716:
2657:Fast of Gedalia
2635:
2559:
2520:Mount of Olives
2419:
2333:
2328:
2298:
2293:
2231:
2187:Eleazar Sukenik
2092:Joseph Fitzmyer
2082:Robert Eisenman
2062:John J. Collins
2047:Martin G. Abegg
2035:
1979:
1975:Wadi Murabba'at
1955:Qumran cemetery
1876:
1595:
1590:
1538:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1482:Trobisch, David
1480:
1474:
1473:978-0-198263272
1458:
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919:10.2307/3267279
900:
899:
895:
891:, pp. 201.
887:
880:
876:, pp. 183.
872:
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799:
798:
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734:
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691:Revue de Qumrân
688:
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670:
666:
642:
641:
630:
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613:
556:
536:
521:
517:
485:
479:
470:
468:Text and scribe
429:
418:
412:
409:
394:
378:
367:
350:Robert A. Kraft
321:
308:
300:
284:Robert A. Kraft
257:Baruch Lifshitz
234:Yohanan Aharoni
215:Wadi Murabba'at
196:Twelve Prophets
141:
95:the divine name
83:
72:
66:
63:
52:
38:related reading
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2295:
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2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2267:École Biblique
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2212:Roland de Vaux
2209:
2204:
2202:John C. Trever
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:John Strugnell
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Hershel Shanks
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:Peter W. Flint
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Yahad Ostracon
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1951:
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1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1822:Pseudo-Ezekiel
1819:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
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1657:
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1649:
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1639:
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1629:
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1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1537:
1536:External links
1534:
1533:
1532:
1502:
1496:
1478:
1472:
1456:
1450:
1437:
1426:
1402:
1378:
1354:
1338:(2021-03-16).
1332:
1297:Howard, George
1293:
1273:
1245:(1963-12-02).
1237:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1199:
1187:
1185:, pp. 14.
1175:
1171:Gallagher 2013
1163:
1161:, pp. 20.
1159:Gallagher 2013
1151:
1136:
1125:(6): 313–318.
1105:
1092:
1085:
1062:
1050:
1034:
1028:978-3525540626
1027:
1009:
988:
973:
947:
945:, pp. 65.
932:
893:
878:
866:
864:, pp. 73.
854:
847:
819:
808:(1): 175–177.
792:
783:Revue Biblique
773:
771:, pp. 64.
758:
751:
716:
676:
664:
627:
626:
624:
621:
620:
619:
617:Kaige revision
612:
609:
526:Tetragrammaton
481:Main article:
478:
477:Tetragrammaton
475:
469:
466:
431:
430:
381:
379:
372:
366:
363:
320:
317:
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253:Cave of Horror
238:Cave of Horror
177:East Jerusalem
140:
137:
85:
84:
42:external links
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2431:Arabah-Jordan
2429:
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2240:
2238:
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2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Eugene Ulrich
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
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2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Elisha Qimron
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
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2130:
2128:
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2120:
2118:
2115:
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2110:
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2100:
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2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Wicked Priest
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:Dual messiahs
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Carbon dating
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
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1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Samuel Scroll
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1813:Physiognomies
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
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1516:
1515:Open Theology
1508:
1503:
1499:
1493:
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1479:
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1461:
1457:
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1451:1-85075-844-1
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1235:
1226:
1220:
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1200:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1183:Trobisch 2000
1179:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1088:
1086:9783161543869
1082:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
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1047:
1043:
1042:Eugene Ulrich
1038:
1035:
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989:
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939:
937:
933:
928:
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920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
894:
890:
889:Lifshitz 1962
885:
883:
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867:
863:
858:
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848:9789004208063
844:
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593:C. H. Roberts
590:
583:
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574:George Howard
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531:
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2137:Jodi Magness
1893:Qumran Caves
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561:nomen sacrum
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53:Please help
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2721:Manuscripts
2530:Philistines
2350:Zechariah 1
2217:Géza Vermes
2197:Emanuel Tov
2142:Józef Milik
2117:Norman Golb
2087:Hanan Eshel
1960:Ein Feshkha
1725:11QpaleoLev
1213:. BBC News.
943:Howard 1977
874:ליפשיץ 1962
862:ליפשיץ 1961
833:Emanuel Tov
769:Howard 1977
576:states, in
346:Emanuel Tov
306:Description
271:Emanuel Tov
157:burnt layer
153:Nahal Hever
147:fugitives (
108:Nahal Hever
59:introducing
2784:Categories
2749:Septuagint
2728:8HevXII gr
2712:Yom Kippur
2697:Tisha B'Av
2631:Zerubbabel
2436:Armageddon
2279:Mar Samuel
1553:(pdf file)
1497:0195112407
1349:2021-03-16
1003:2022-01-10
623:References
505:Theodotion
493:Septuagint
330:Theodotion
149:Bar Kokhba
117:Septuagint
113:8HevXII gr
2672:Lampstand
2626:Zechariah
2581:Berechiah
2515:Jerusalem
1996:Sadducees
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1382:ליפשיץ, ב
1358:ליפשיץ, ב
1263:cite book
1219:cite book
1131:2617-0299
909:. No. 3.
703:0035-1725
462:Zechariah
458:Zephaniah
413:June 2021
384:does not
181:Jordanian
125:Jerusalem
67:June 2021
2652:Cheshvan
2510:Jebusite
2461:Dead Sea
2456:Damascus
2446:Ashkelon
2342:chapters
2040:Scholars
1484:(2000).
1462:(1990).
1422:27924908
1398:23732242
1374:23731189
1299:(1977).
1279:(2013).
814:23965162
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711:24609110
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611:See also
582:(1977):
507:and the
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230:Dead Sea
200:Se2grXII
173:Bedouins
2737:Sources
2702:Tishrei
2640:Phrases
2495:Hadrach
2471:Ephraim
1991:Essenes
1970:Secacah
1793:,1QIsa)
1328:3265328
927:3267279
509:Hexapla
405:removed
390:sources
319:Version
263:and in
55:improve
2687:Tammuz
2682:Shevat
2667:Kislev
2616:Shimei
2611:Nathan
2591:Israel
2571:Darius
2564:People
2540:Shinar
2535:Shfela
2500:Hamath
2490:Rimmon
2451:Bethel
2441:Ashdod
2011:Pesher
1984:Issues
1965:Kohlit
1898:cave 1
1888:Qumran
1881:Places
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185:Israel
162:Geniza
145:Jewish
133:Rahlfs
2692:Tevet
2677:Olive
2601:Judah
2576:David
2545:Sidon
2525:Negev
2486:Hadad
2466:Ekron
2424:Place
2339:Bible
2236:Other
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1680:4Q521
1675:4Q448
1670:4Q252
1665:4Q246
1660:4Q240
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1637:4Q122
1632:4Q121
1627:4Q120
1622:4Q119
1617:4Q108
1612:4Q107
1607:4Q106
1600:Texts
1510:(PDF)
1418:JSTOR
1394:JSTOR
1370:JSTOR
1324:JSTOR
1304:(PDF)
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810:JSTOR
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655:JSTOR
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442:Jonah
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2606:Levi
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2550:Tyre
2481:Geba
2476:Gaza
2247:ASOR
2243:AIAR
1492:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1446:ISBN
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1269:link
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1127:ISSN
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