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274:. The kidneys extract the soluble wastes from the bloodstream, as well as excess water, sugars, and a variety of other compounds. The resulting urine contains high concentrations of urea and other substances, including toxins. Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureter, bladder, and finally the urethra before passing through the
1348:. Important parameters to consider while fertilizing with urine include salinity tolerance of the plant, soil composition, addition of other fertilizing compounds, and quantity of rainfall or other irrigation. It was reported in 1995 that urine nitrogen gaseous losses were relatively high and plant uptake lower than with labelled
33:
3994:
1309:
Typical design values for nutrients excreted with urine are: 4 kg nitrogen per person per year, 0.36 kg phosphorus per person per year and 1.0 kg potassium per person per year. Based on the quantity of 1.5 L urine per day (or 550 L per year), the concentration values of macronutrients
311:
Average urine production in adult humans is around 1.4 L (0.31 imp gal; 0.37 US gal) of urine per person per day with a normal range of 0.6 to 2.6 L (0.13 to 0.57 imp gal; 0.16 to 0.69 US gal) per person per day, produced in around 6 to 8 urinations
3595:
Minimize odors by adding white vinegar or citric acid to the urine collection container before any urine is added. We use 1-2 cups of white vinegar or 1 tablespoon of citric acid per 5-gallon container. Adding vinegar also helps reduce nitrogen loss (via ammonia volatilization) during short-term
2828:
We did not find evidence that urinary acidification was responsible for the observed effect, since the median pH of urine samples in the cranberry group (6.0) was actually higher than that in the experimental group (5.5). While cranberry juice has been advocated as a urinary acidifier to prevent
1457:
drinking urine for survival. The manual explains that drinking urine tends to worsen rather than relieve dehydration due to the salts in it, and that urine should not be consumed in a survival situation, even when there is no other fluid available. In hot weather survival situations, where other
3137:
Köves, B; Cai, T; Veeratterapillay, R; Pickard, R; Seisen, T; Lam, TB; Yuan, CY; Bruyere, F; Wagenlehner, F; Bartoletti, R; Geerlings, SE; Pilatz, A; Pradere, B; Hofmann, F; Bonkat, G; Wullt, B (25 July 2017). "Benefits and Harms of
Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria: A Systematic Review and
358:
is the largest constituent of the solids, constituting more than 50% of the total. The daily volume and composition of urine varies per person based on the amount of physical exertion, environmental conditions, as well as water, salt, and protein intakes. In healthy persons, urine contains very
1615:('The matter of the differences of urines'). Inside the letter is a picture of a master on bench pointing at a raised flask while lecturing on the "Book on urines" of Theophilus. The right hand page is only shown in part. On its very bottom is an illuminated letter "U" – initial of
1289:
with fresh growing medium each season or a 1:8 ratio for more general use), it can be applied directly to soil as a fertilizer. The fertilization effect of urine has been found to be comparable to that of commercial nitrogen fertilizers. Urine may contain pharmaceutical residues
2454:
Hall, Brantley; Levy, Sophia; Dufault-Thompson, Keith; Arp, Gabriela; Zhong, Aoshu; Ndjite, Glory
Minabou; Weiss, Ashley; Braccia, Domenick; Jenkins, Conor; Grant, Maggie R.; Abeysinghe, Stephenie; Yang, Yiyan; Jermain, Madison D.; Wu, Chih Hao; Ma, Bing (January 2024).
890:. One study conducted in Nigeria isolated a total of 77 distinct bacterial strains from 100 healthy children (ages 5–11) as well as 39 strains from 33 cow urine samples, a considerable amount being pathogens. Pathogens identified and their percentages were:
1284:
the leaves or roots of some plants, causing plant injury, particularly if the soil moisture content is low. The dilution also helps to reduce odor development following application. When diluted with water (at a 1:5 ratio for container-grown
851:
A diet which is high in protein from meat and dairy, as well as alcohol consumption can reduce urine pH, whilst potassium and organic acids, such as from diets high in fruit and vegetables, can increase the pH and make it more alkaline.
777:
The odor of normal human urine can reflect what has been consumed or specific diseases. For example, an individual with diabetes mellitus may present a sweetened urine odor. This can be due to kidney diseases as well, such as
1238:
Urine after four months of storage (note the color and turbidity change compared to fresh human urine). During storage, the urea in urine is rapidly hydrolyzed by urease, creating ammonia. Collected urine can be used as a
346:
About 91–96% of urine consists of water. The remainder can be broadly characterized into inorganic salts, urea, organic compounds, and organic ammonium salts. Urine also contains proteins, hormones, and a wide range of
1310:
as follows: 7.3 g/L N; .67 g/L P; 1.8 g/L K. These are design values but the actual values vary with diet. Urine's nutrient content, when expressed with the international fertilizer convention of N:P
1621:('Urine is the filtrate of the blood'). Inside the letter is a picture of a master holding up a flask while explaining the diagnostic significance of urine to a student or a patient. HMD Collection, MS E 78.
2735:
2879:
Hilt, Evann E.; Kathleen McKinley; Meghan M. Pearce; Amy B. Rosenfeld; Michael J. Zilliox; Elizabeth R. Mueller; Linda
Brubaker; Xiaowu Gai; Alan J. Wolfe; Paul C. Schreckenberger (26 December 2013).
1601:(the 'Qualities of Urine'). Opening lines (translated): "Since it is through the qualities of the urine that a person's faults and his dangers and his diseases and his illness can be identified..."
363:
is suggestive of illness, as with sugar. Organic matter, in healthy persons, also is reported to at most 1.7 times more matter than minerals. However, any more than that is suggestive of illness.
515:
found in food, or diseases. Normally, urine is a transparent solution ranging from colorless to amber, but is usually a pale yellow. Usually urination color comes primarily from the presence of
1999:
3838:
821:
can result in telltale scents. Particularly spicy foods can have a similar effect, as their compounds pass through the kidneys without being fully broken down before exiting the body.
2344:
312:
per day depending on state of hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight, and the individual's health. Producing too much or too little urine needs medical attention.
2405:
3511:
Technology review of urine diversion components - Overview on urine diversion components such as waterless urinals, urine diversion toilets, and urine storage and reuse systems.
3364:
3100:
1428:
purposes; urine drinking is still practiced today. In extreme cases, people may drink urine if no other fluids are available, although numerous credible sources (including the
1328:
The general limitations to using urine as fertilizer depend mainly on the potential for buildup of excess nitrogen (due to the high ratio of that macronutrient), and inorganic
530:
Colorless urine indicates over-hydration. Colorless urine in drug tests can suggest an attempt to avoid detection of illicit drugs in the bloodstream through over-hydration.
1401:
were washed from the heap with water, which was evaporated to allow collection of crude saltpeter crystals, that were usually refined before being used in making gunpowder.
3195:
1397:. Urine, a nitrogen source, was used to moisten straw or other organic material, which was kept moist and allowed to rot for several months to over a year. The resulting
1138:
without symptoms does not require treatment. A microscopic examination of the urine may be helpful to identify organic or inorganic substrates and help in the diagnosis.
3678:
3667:
1291:
1141:
The color and volume of urine can be reliable indicators of hydration level. Clear and copious urine is generally a sign of adequate hydration. Dark urine is a sign of
1609:
Image of two facing pages of the illuminated manuscript of "Isagoge", fols. 42b and 43a. On the top of the left hand page is an illuminated letter "D" – initial of
3319:
2937:
2755:
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Medical experts have long connected urine colour with certain medical conditions. A medieval chart showing the medical implications of different urine color
2717:
3697:
4332:
2998:"Microbial evaluation and public health implications of urine as alternative therapy in clinical pediatric cases: health implication of urine therapy"
2829:
urinary tract infections, not all studies have shown a reduction in urine pH with cranberry juice ingestion, even with consumption of 2000 mL per day.
2802:
Avorn J, Monane M, Gurwitz JH, Glynn RJ, Choodnovskiy I, Lipsitz LA (1994). "Reduction of bacteriuria and pyuria after ingestion of cranberry juice".
1046:
Microbial evaluation and public health implications of urine as alternative therapy in clinical pediatric cases: health implication of urine therapy
855:
Cranberries, popularly thought to decrease the pH of urine, have actually been shown not to acidify urine. Drugs that can decrease urine pH include
715:
3052:
Ibn Habib, Abdul Malik d.862CE/283AH "Kitaab Tib Al'Arab" (The Book of
Arabian Medicine), Published by Dar Ibn Hazm, Beirut, Lebanon 2007(Arabic)
2651:
4102:
1180:
Urine contains proteins and other substances that are useful for medical therapy and are ingredients in many prescription drugs (e.g., Ureacin,
667:
4294:
3835:
1365:
Given that urea in urine breaks down into ammonia, urine has been used for cleaning. In pre-industrial times, urine was used – in the form of
766:
Sometime after leaving the body, urine may acquire a strong "fish-like" odor because of contamination with bacteria that break down urea into
3927:
3900:
3347:
2970:
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2550:
2335:
2053:
2026:
1976:
205:
4149:
Binz, Arthur (1936) "Altes und Neues über die technische
Verwendung des Harnes" (Ancient and modern about the technological use of urine),
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1322:
O, is approximately 7:1.5:2.2. Since urine is rather diluted as a fertilizer compared to dry manufactured nitrogen fertilizers such as
4176:(magnesium ammonium phosphate) is thereby precipitated, and the yield of struvite can be increased by then treating the solution with
3708:
2438:
3737:
3251:
3189:
1605:
1458:
sources of water are not available, soaking cloth (a shirt for example) in urine and putting it on the head can help cool the body.
3760:
2513:
1356:
was utilized at a higher rate than soluble phosphate. Urine can also be used safely as a source of nitrogen in carbon-rich compost.
3383:"Use of Human Urine Fertilizer in Cultivation of Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) – Impacts on Chemical, Microbial, and Flavor Quality"
1477:
in the pad neutralized the chlorine. These pads were held over the face until the soldiers could escape from the poisonous fumes.
4085:
3171:
495:
4425:
2881:"Urine Is Not Sterile: Use of Enhanced Urine Culture Techniques To Detect Resident Bacterial Flora in the Adult Female Bladder"
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1507:
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Applying urine as fertilizer has been called "closing the cycle of agricultural nutrient flows" or ecological sanitation or
3249:
Urine
Antibody Tests: New Insights into the Dynamics of HIV-1 Infection – Urnovitz et al. 45 (9): 1602 – Clinical Chemistry
2059:
1473:
gas attacks, Allied troops were supplied with masks of cotton pads that had been soaked in urine. It was believed that the
1163:
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2231:
1344:
with urine or other nitrogen fertilizers can result in too much ammonia for plants to absorb, acidic conditions, or other
290:
species found that nine larger species urinated for 21 ± 13 seconds irrespective of body size. Smaller species, including
4180:, a magnesium-rich solution that is a byproduct of making salt from sea water. Roasting struvite releases ammonia vapors.
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4168:(1) : 179–191. Witty speculates that the Romans obtained ammonia in concentrated form by adding wood ash (impure
3917:
3890:
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1542:
367:
Typical design values for the concentrations of constituents in fresh urine, based on data in Sweden and
Switzerland
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Pradhan, Surendra K.; Nerg, Anne-Marja; Sjöblom, Annalena; Holopainen, Jarmo K.; Heinonen-Tanski, Helvi (2007).
4723:
4617:
4453:
4369:
3799:
Castillo, M. (2017, June 20). Don't Pee On A Jellyfish Sting — It Won't Work | LittleThings.com. Littlethings.
1529:
to help prepare textiles, especially wool, for dyeing. In the
Scottish Highlands and Hebrides, the process of "
1513:
1123:
1114:, although it often refers to the aforementioned prescientific or Proto-scientific forms of urine examination.
1073:
1167:
Urine of pregnant women in the first trimester is collected by a company which purifies the fertility hormone
1072:
Many physicians in ancient history resorted to the inspection and examination of the urine of their patients.
3694:
3528:"The Characterization of Feces and Urine: A Review of the Literature to Inform Advanced Treatment Technology"
2166:"The Characterization of Feces and Urine: A Review of the Literature to Inform Advanced Treatment Technology"
1935:
A formula for adjustment of excreta N and P values based on dietary characteristics is found in Jönsson 2004.
4458:
1803:
1131:
1127:
771:
699:
2016:
1211:
for commercial extraction and purification to produce hCG medication. Pregnant mare urine is the source of
3621:
Kirchmann, H.; Pettersson, S. (1995). "Human urine - Chemical composition and fertilizer use efficiency".
1669:('money does not smell') is attributed to Vespasian – said to have been his reply to a complaint from his
1269:
887:
759:
267:
4073:
Faber, G.A. (pseudonym of: Goldschmidt, Günther) (May 1938) "Dyeing and tanning in classical antiquity,"
1032:
Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) rates recorded in children urinal bacterial species were 37.5–100% (
4660:
4579:
3094:
2566:
1517:(2012). However, at best it is ineffective, and in some cases this treatment may make the injury worse.
1040:), while MAR among the cow urinal bacteria was 12.5–75.0% (Gram-positive) and 25.0–100% (Gram-negative).
797:
Eating asparagus can cause a strong odor reminiscent of the vegetable caused by the body's breakdown of
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Likewise consumption of saffron, alcohol, coffee, tuna fish, and onion can result in telltale scents.
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Harper, D. (n.d.). Etymology of piss. Online
Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved March 17, 2022, from
3442:
Pharmaceutical
Residues in Urine and Potential Risks related to Usage as Fertiliser in Agriculture
770:. This odor is not present in fresh urine of healthy individuals; its presence may be a sign of a
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3420:
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for elimination of soluble toxic wastes. In humans, soluble wastes are excreted primarily by the
166:
111:
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to wash cloth and clothing, to remove hair from hides in preparation for tanning, to serve as a
4192:
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2859:
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are consumed, in which case urine can be clear and copious and the person still be dehydrated.
477:
However, it is important to note that lesser amounts and concentrations of other compounds and
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3759:. Columbia, S.C.: South Carolina Military Department; printer: Charles P. Pelham. p. 14.
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3138:
Meta-analysis by the European Association of Urology Urological Infection Guidelines Panel".
2680:
1326:, the relative transport costs for urine are high as a lot of water needs to be transported.
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3812:
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Ogunshe, Adenike Adedayo O.; Fawole, Abosede Oyeyemi; Ajayi, Victoria Abosede (2010-05-25).
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in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder. Urine pH can be monitored by a physician or at home.
837:
586:
255:
64:
3269:
Some Effects of Ammonia on Plant Metabolism and a Possible Mechanism for Ammonia Toxicity
3248:
3945:"The scent of wolves: Pyrazine analogs induce avoidance and vigilance behaviors in prey"
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wrote about the color and other attributes of urine as indicators of certain diseases.
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275:
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142:
99:
4098:(London, England: John Murray, 1875), article: "Fullo" (i.e., fullers or launderers),
3995:"Aversive responses of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, to predator urines."
4753:
4692:
4530:
4520:
4082:
2815:
2734:
Martín Hernández E, Aparicio López C, Alvarez Calatayud G, García Herrera MA (2001).
1910:
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about the unpleasant nature of the tax. Vespasian's name is still attached to public
1546:
1372:
1345:
1280:. Urine fertilizer is usually applied diluted with water because undiluted urine can
1037:
1033:
354:
The total solids in urine are on average 59 g (2.1 oz) per day per person.
298:, cannot produce steady streams of urine and instead urinate with a series of drops.
3650:
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1701:
spent much time trying to extract gold from urine, which led to discoveries such as
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stings. This scenario has appeared many times in popular culture including in the
4304:
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2343:. Deutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. p. 12.
2043:
836:
normally is within the range of 5.5 to 7 with an average of 6.2. In persons with
4733:
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2000:"Patterns of scent marking with urine and faeces amongst carnivore communities."
1881:
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988:
936:
791:
551:(not to be confused with the harmless, temporary pink or reddish tint caused by
360:
193:
189:
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27:
Liquid by-product of metabolism in the bodies of many animals, including humans
4536:
4515:
4440:
3181:
2607:
1806:
that concern water, liquid, diving, rain, and urination (for example Sanskrit
1533:" (fulling) woven wool is preceded by soaking in urine, preferably infantile.
1469:
experimented with numerous poisonous gases as weapons. After the first German
1424:. Urine was used in several ancient cultures for various health, healing, and
1353:
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44:
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2682:
Gastronaut: adventures in food for the romantic, the foolhardy, and the brave
2480:
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2269:
2199:
2119:
1944:
For the amount of other elements in urine, see Rose 2015 and Rich Earth 2021.
4594:
3298:
An Ecological Approach to Sanitation in Africa: A Compilation of Experiences
3013:
2110:
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80:
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or foods, beverages with green pigments, or from a urinary tract infection.
17:
3836:
Fact or Fiction?: Urinating on a Jellyfish Sting is an Effective Treatment
3173:
Artificial insemination: intrauterine insemination. 31.3.1.2 Gonadotropins
2823:
2736:"[Vesical uric acid lithiasis in a child with renal hypouricemia]"
2625:
4173:
3293:
2896:
2592:"A polymorphism of the ability to smell urinary metabolites of asparagus"
2385:
1592:
1554:
1530:
1470:
1224:
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1201:
1118:
today duly note the color, turbidity, and odor of urine but also include
1106:
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1014:
910:
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595:
582:
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552:
516:
503:
Urine varies in appearance, depending principally upon a body's level of
317:
313:
103:
3780:
3491:
Jönsson, H., Richert Stintzing, A., Vinnerås, B. and Salomon, E. (2004)
3363:
Johansson M, Jönsson H, Höglund C, Richert Stintzing A, Rodhe L (2001).
2277:
2253:
4540:
4245:
3634:
3607:
Joensson, H., Richert Stintzing, A., Vinneras, B., Salomon, E. (2004).
3268:
2457:"BilR is a gut microbial enzyme that reduces bilirubin to urobilinogen"
2223:
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508:
259:
68:
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2869:. Healthguide.howstuffworks.com (2007-05-16). Retrieved on 2011-04-27.
1088:
862 AD) mentions numerous reports of urine examination throughout the
222:
1819:
1277:
810:
321:
291:
287:
251:
247:
182:
135:
88:
60:
4134:
Trade and Taboo: Disreputable Professions in the Roman Mediterranean
3993:
Swihart, Robert K., Joseph J. Pignatello, and Mary Jane I. Mattina.
3331:
3329:
519:. Urobilin is a final waste product resulting from the breakdown of
3487:
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3445:
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1786:
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1604:
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818:
750:
686:
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337:
316:
is a condition of excessive production of urine (> 2.5 L/day),
221:
154:
76:
72:
32:
31:
3943:
Osada, Kazumi; Miyazono, Sadaharu; Kashiwayanagi, Makoto (2015).
3505:
3503:
3501:
3337:
4670:
4160:
Witty, Michael (December 2016) "Ancient Roman urine chemistry,"
4020:, vol. 5, 2nd ed. (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1966), pp.
3287:
3285:
2311:"What Is in Your Urine? Take a Look at the Chemical Composition"
1885:
1876:
1718:
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1566:
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1295:
1223:, which can be used in diagnostic antibody tests for a range of
1158:
562:
520:
355:
239:
170:
150:
115:
4314:
3919:
Pheromones and Animal Behavior: Chemical Signals and Signatures
3845:. Scientific American. 4 January 2007. Retrieved on 2011-04-27.
879:
Urine is not sterile, not even in the bladder. In the urethra,
3864:. Firstaid.about.com. 22 August 2010. Retrieved on 2011-04-27.
1228:
512:
478:
295:
3339:
Liquid Gold: The Lore and Logic of Using Urine to Grow Plants
2227:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
1371:
or aged urine – as a cleaning fluid. Urine was also used for
3609:
Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production
3493:
Guidelines on the use of urine and faeces in crop production
3436:
3434:
2431:
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 13th edition
1771:
1742:
1306:, commonly found in sewage sludge, are much lower in urine.
626:(e.g., in medications) or foods or beverages with blue dyes.
286:
Research looking at the duration of urination in a range of
4136:(Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2016),
3801:
https://littlethings.com/entertainment/jellyfish-sting-news
2514:"Gotta go? We've finally found out what makes urine yellow"
2084:
Yang, P. J.; Pham, J.; Choo, J.; Hu, D. L. (26 June 2014).
1434:) advise against using it. Urine may also be consumed as a
833:
246:. In placental mammals, the urinary system consists of the
3855:
Jellyfish Sting Treatment – How to Treat a Jellyfish Sting
2164:
Rose, C.; Parker, A.; Jefferson, B.; Cartmell, E. (2015).
1493:
episode "The One With the Jellyfish", an early episode of
1774:
1768:
1748:
1110:
refers to any visual examination of the urine, including
4301:
at the University of Utah Eccles Health Sciences Library
3532:
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
2170:
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
3495:, EcoSanRes Publications Series, Report 2004-2, Sweden
4172:) to urine that had been fermented for several hours.
3526:
Rose, C; Parker, A; Jefferson, B; Cartmell, E (2015).
2930:"Urine is not sterile, and neither is the rest of you"
2679:
Stefan Gates; Max La Riviere-Hedrick (15 March 2006).
2229:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2086:"Duration of urination does not change with body size"
1813:
1807:
1645:) to cleanse grease stains from clothing. The emperor
1200:
for fertility therapy. One such commercial product is
737:
Green urine during long term infusion of the sedative
204:
urine and feces also require proper management if the
2804:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
1777:
1751:
1657:) on the urine industry, continued by his successor,
2850:. Nlm.nih.gov (2011-03-28). Retrieved on 2011-04-27.
2641:"Fate of Nitrogen in Urine Separated Toilet Systems"
1745:
1336:, which are also part of the wastes excreted by the
541:, a symptom of a wide variety of medical conditions.
4711:
4636:
4571:
4529:
4483:
4476:
4439:
4393:
4362:
4352:
3513:
Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH
2370:"Fate of major compounds in source-separated urine"
2368:Udert, K.M.; Larsen, T.A.; Gujer, W. (2006-12-01).
1802:.), which is cognate with ancient words in various
1765:
1739:
871:Human urine has a specific gravity of 1.003–1.035.
652:is referred to as melanuria and may be caused by a
3813:"Old Wives' Tale? Urine as Jellyfish Sting Remedy"
3165:
3163:
2334:von Münch, Elisabeth; Winker, Martina (May 2011).
1292:environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants
840:, acidic urine can contribute to the formation of
169:. Historically, aged or fermented urine (known as
4004:Journal of chemical ecology 17.4 (1991): 767-777.
2042:Arthur C. Guyton; John Edward Hall (2006). "25".
1625:The fermentation of urine by bacteria produces a
3300:(CD release ed.). Aquamor, Harare, Zimbabwe
3099:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2860:Discovery Health "Urine PH – Medical Dictionary"
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
3365:"Urine Separation – Closing the Nitrogen Cycle"
2337:Technology review of urine diversion components
2090:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1880:is a word for aged urine, originating from the
1030:
351:, varying by what is introduced into the body.
1840:was at first used mostly in medical contexts.
1690:
1637:in dying cloth, and to remove rust from iron.
1270:Reuse of human excreta § Urine as a fertilizer
4326:
3756:Instructions for the Manufacture of Saltpeter
3459:"Urine Separation — Swedish Experiences"
3176:. New York, New York: Springer. p. 489.
1862:expressions used between parents and children
1684:
527:during the destruction of aging blood cells.
141:Urine plays an important role in the earth's
8:
3218:"Wall Street; A Fertility Drug Grows Scarce"
2959:Michael T. Madigan; Thomas D. Brock (2009).
2003:Symposia of the Zoological Society of London
1971:. University of Chicago Press. p. 583.
1678:
894:Bacterial isolates in human urine and cows'
859:, chlorothiazide diuretics, and methenamine
262:. The system produces urine by a process of
4096:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
2685:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 87–.
1789:
1662:
1641:used fermented human urine (in the form of
1616:
1610:
1596:
1389:Urine was used before the development of a
4480:
4359:
4333:
4319:
4311:
4060:(Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1976),
3387:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3318:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3267:H. M. Vines, & Wedding, R. T. (1960).
3082:. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08
2841:Urine pH: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
1713:urine in 1669. In 1773 the French chemist
1294:). Concentrations of heavy metals such as
1207:Urine from pregnant women contains enough
1122:, which chemically analyzes the urine and
481:are often present in urination of humans.
365:
3970:
3960:
3611:. Stockholm Environment Institute, Sweden
3559:
3398:
3029:
2904:
2615:
2590:Lison M, Blondheim SH, Melmed RN (1980).
2488:
2207:
2189:
2127:
2109:
507:, interactions with drugs, compounds and
3258:. Clinchem.org. Retrieved on 2011-04-27.
892:
51:in humans and in many other animals. In
3726:Esthetic Dentistry in Clinical Practice
3064:"History of diabetes mellitus - PubMed"
1957:
1928:
1844:is also used in such colloquialisms as
663:
3892:Neurobiology of Chemical Communication
3889:Mucignat-Caretta, Carla (2014-02-14).
3311:
3170:Carrell, D.T.; Peterson, C.M. (2010).
3092:
2783:from the original on December 17, 2008
2079:
2077:
1968:Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy
1965:Marvalee H. Wake (15 September 1992).
1872:, and many others) have long existed.
196:or human excreta, and are managed via
4240:
4238:
2991:
2989:
1483:states that urine works well against
7:
4246:https://www.etymonline.com/word/piss
2779:. MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2248:
2246:
2244:
1629:; hence fermented urine was used in
888:Gram-negative rod and cocci bacteria
883:lining the urethra are colonized by
721:Pinkish urine due to consumption of
238:and, to a lesser extent in terms of
206:livestock population density is high
2718:Foods that Affect the Odor of Urine
1618:Urina ergo est colamentum sanguinis
673:Dark urine due to low fluid intake.
612:can result from the consumption of
581:due to certain medications such as
575:is often indicative of dehydration.
561:can result from the consumption of
320:when < 400 mL are produced, and
3509:von Münch, E., Winker, M. (2011).
2657:from the original on July 27, 2021
2048:(11 ed.). Elsevier Saunders.
1251:Urine can also be used to produce
1096:got its name because the urine is
622:can be caused by the ingestion of
25:
4151:Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie
4058:The Wool Trade of Ancient Pompeii
3916:Wyatt, Tristram D. (2014-01-23).
2940:from the original on 22 June 2018
2928:Engelhaupt, Erika (22 May 2014).
2429:(2016). "The liver as an organ".
1247:Fresh human urine after excretion
1130:of the urine is performed when a
4113:"The laundries of the Ancients,"
4081: : 277–312. Available at:
3446:https://doi.org/10.15480/882.481
3115:"Medical Definition of UROSCOPY"
2885:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
2816:10.1001/jama.1994.03510340041031
2699:from the original on 26 May 2013
2222:
2062:from the original on 26 May 2013
1836:, but is now considered vulgar.
1761:
1735:
1717:discovered the organic compound
1612:De urinarum differencia negocium
1268:This section is an excerpt from
1255:, which is used clinically as a
1053:Examination for medical purposes
782:. Additionally, the presence of
730:
714:
698:
678:
666:
192:are collectively referred to as
177:production, household cleaning,
87:, urine is excreted through the
4199:from the original on 2010-10-18
4111:Rousset, Henri (31 March 1917)
3873:Mentioned by an interviewee in
3763:from the original on 2007-10-13
3198:from the original on 2022-04-07
3002:The Pan African Medical Journal
2962:Brock biology of microorganisms
2512:Rayne, Elizabeth (2024-01-27).
2408:from the original on 2022-03-08
2350:from the original on 2020-10-28
1890:referring to urine in general.
1525:Urine has often been used as a
1373:whitening teeth in Ancient Rome
902:Bacterial percentage in humans
4719:Fractional excretion of sodium
4123:Scientific American Supplement
3922:. Cambridge University Press.
3216:Adelson, Andrea (1995-02-26).
2545:. Princeton University Press.
2045:Textbook of medical physiology
1171:from it (Ede, the Netherlands)
226:The chemical structure of urea
1:
4018:Studies in Ancient Technology
3552:10.1080/10643389.2014.1000761
3294:"10. The Usefulness of urine"
2965:. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings.
2191:10.1080/10643389.2014.1000761
1209:human chorionic gonadotropins
905:Bacterial percentage in cows
94:Urine contains water-soluble
3457:Håkan Jönsson (2001-10-01).
3152:10.1016/j.eururo.2017.07.014
2571:National Library of Medicine
2539:Miklósi, Ádám (2018-04-03).
2374:Water Science and Technology
1820:
1194:follicle stimulating hormone
1145:. The exception occurs when
1085:
658:acute intermittent porphyria
102:metabolism that are rich in
4697:Effective renal plasma flow
4541:Intracellular fluid/Cytosol
3062:Ahmed, A. M. (2021-06-08).
2567:"Maple syrup urine disease"
2258:The British Medical Journal
1852:, and the slang expression
1824:meaning 'to urinate'). The
1814:
1808:
790:) can cause it to smell of
650:Black or dark-colored urine
324:being < 100 mL per day.
4791:
4646:Glomerular filtration rate
4638:Assessment and measurement
4501:Atrial natriuretic peptide
3879:, a 2004 documentary film.
3724:Geissberger, Marc (2010).
3370:. Stockholm Water Company.
2542:The Dog: A Natural History
2473:10.1038/s41564-023-01549-x
2254:"Composition Of The Urine"
2015:Ewer, R. F. (2013-12-11).
1818:meaning 'water' and Greek
1408:
1382:
1267:
1156:
801:. Likewise consumption of
592:Dark orange to brown urine
488:
342:Urine under the microscope
331:
215:
4729:Tubuloglomerular feedback
4656:Augmented renal clearance
4613:Bicarbonate buffer system
4342:Physiology of the kidneys
4193:"Hygiene in Ancient Rome"
3949:Frontiers in Neuroscience
3336:Steinfeld, Carol (2004).
3182:10.1007/978-1-4419-1436-1
2608:10.1136/bmj.281.6256.1676
2433:. Elsevier. p. 885.
2005:. Vol. 45. No. 107. 1980.
788:maple syrup urine disease
644:purple urine bag syndrome
165:. Some animals use it to
4618:Respiratory compensation
4380:Clearance of medications
3962:10.3389/fnins.2015.00363
3693:, Book 65, chapter 14,5
1918:, an attraction to urine
1062:A Doctor Examining Urine
4724:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
4459:Countercurrent exchange
4269:www.merriam-webster.com
4222:www.merriam-webster.com
4157:(23) : 355–360.
3753:Joseph LeConte (1862).
3119:www.merriam-webster.com
3014:10.4314/pamj.v5i1.56188
2111:10.1073/pnas.1402289111
1886:
1804:Indo-European languages
1557:species often contains
1543:olfactory communication
1537:Olfactory communication
1499:, as well as the films
1184:, Urowave). Urine from
1132:urinary tract infection
1028:The study also states:
885:facultatively anaerobic
786:in urine (diagnosed as
772:urinary tract infection
149:, urine fertilizes the
55:, urine flows from the
3790:, US Army Field Manual
3292:Morgan, Peter (2004).
1812:meaning 'it rains' or
1790:
1721:by boiling urine dry.
1691:
1685:
1679:
1663:
1654:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1597:
1541:Urine plays a role in
1420:is the consumption of
1393:in the manufacture of
1248:
1240:
1219:. Urine also contains
1172:
1069:
1050:
875:Bacteria and pathogens
763:
705:Dark red urine due to
685:Dark red urine due to
545:Reddish or brown urine
500:
412:Chemical oxygen demand
359:little protein and an
343:
227:
167:mark their territories
37:
4661:Renal clearance ratio
4580:Darrow Yannet diagram
4218:"Definition of URINE"
3706:Greek/French (66, 14)
3663:Sueton, Vespasian 23
3068:Saudi Medical Journal
1608:
1580:
1246:
1237:
1176:Source of medications
1166:
1157:Further information:
1078:Abdul Malik Ibn Habib
1060:
754:
498:
423:800 – 2000 mg/L
341:
332:Further information:
225:
36:Sample of human urine
35:
4686:Hemodialysis product
4666:Urea reduction ratio
4651:Creatinine clearance
4491:Antidiuretic hormone
4346:acid–base physiology
4265:"Definition of PISS"
4056:Moeller, Walter O.,
3876:Lomax the Songhunter
3730:John Wiley & Son
3591:Rich Earth Institute
3584:"Urine in my garden"
2897:10.1128/JCM.02876-13
2724:. December 27, 2010.
2386:10.2166/wst.2006.921
1998:MacDonald, David W.
1856:to mean heavy rain.
1705:by German alchemist
1545:, since it contains
1450:US Army Field Manual
1431:US Army Field Manual
1324:diammonium phosphate
1126:its constituents. A
1116:Clinical urine tests
634:blue diaper syndrome
594:can be a symptom of
491:Abnormal urine color
173:) was also used for
157:to grow. Therefore,
4562:Transcellular fluid
4546:Extracellular fluid
4464:Filtration fraction
4170:potassium carbonate
4129:(2152) : 197.
4083:Elizabethan Costume
3623:Fertilizer Research
3544:2015CREST..45.1827R
3463:EcoEng Newsletter 1
3440:Winker, M. (2009).
3342:. Ecowaters Books.
2461:Nature Microbiology
2182:2015CREST..45.1827R
2102:2014PNAS..11111932Y
2096:(33): 11932–11937.
2018:Ethology of Mammals
1661:. The Latin saying
1631:Classical Antiquity
1627:solution of ammonia
1588:Red Book of Hergest
1198:luteinizing hormone
895:
404:Nitrate and nitrite
368:
4623:Renal compensation
4552:Interstitial fluid
4297:2007-01-17 at the
4251:2022-03-18 at the
4162:Acta Archaeologica
4143:2021-07-05 at the
4118:2021-07-05 at the
4105:2021-07-05 at the
4088:2021-01-26 at the
4067:2021-07-05 at the
4049:2021-07-05 at the
4038:2021-07-05 at the
4027:2021-07-05 at the
4000:2021-10-18 at the
3860:2008-09-29 at the
3841:2007-10-11 at the
3786:2009-06-12 at the
3711:2013-03-26 at the
3700:2022-04-17 at the
3681:2022-04-17 at the
3670:2021-07-13 at the
3635:10.1007/bf00750100
3254:2011-07-25 at the
3222:The New York Times
2865:2010-03-30 at the
2846:2016-06-09 at the
2639:Hashemi, Shervin.
2380:(11–12): 413–420.
2264:(579): 133. 1872.
2234:2017-10-16 at the
1832:predates the word
1649:instituted a tax (
1623:
1603:
1508:The Heartbreak Kid
1342:Over-fertilization
1249:
1241:
1173:
1070:
893:
764:
604:Gilbert's syndrome
501:
396:Ammonium/ammonia-N
366:
344:
230:Most animals have
228:
132:nitrogenous wastes
38:
4760:Animal physiology
4747:
4746:
4681:Dialysis adequacy
4676:Standardized Kt/V
4632:
4631:
4605:Winters's formula
4590:Davenport diagram
4573:Acid–base balance
4472:
4471:
3929:978-0-521-11290-1
3902:978-1-4665-5341-5
3781:Water Procurement
3538:(17): 1827–1879.
3400:10.1021/jf0717891
3393:(21): 8657–8663.
3349:978-0-9666783-1-4
2972:978-0-13-232460-1
2740:An. Esp. Pediatr.
2692:978-0-15-603097-7
2648:s-space.snu.ac.kr
2552:978-1-4008-8999-0
2176:(17): 1827–1879.
2055:978-0-8089-2317-6
2028:978-1-4899-4656-0
1978:978-0-226-87013-7
1785:) comes from the
1729:The English word
1391:chemical industry
1385:Potassium nitrate
1188:women is rich in
1134:is suspected, as
1094:Diabetes mellitus
1036:) and 12.5–100% (
1026:
1025:
899:Humans aged 5–11
857:ammonium chloride
760:olfactory signals
632:can be caused by
630:Blue urine stains
573:Dark yellow urine
547:may be caused by
475:
474:
272:tubular secretion
232:excretory systems
159:urine can be used
53:placental mammals
16:(Redirected from
4782:
4702:Extraction ratio
4481:
4449:Renal blood flow
4375:Pharmacokinetics
4360:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4312:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4261:
4255:
4242:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4189:
4183:
4132:Bond, Sarah E.,
4094:Smith, William,
4011:
4005:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3964:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3886:
3880:
3871:
3865:
3852:
3846:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3721:
3715:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3618:
3612:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3523:
3514:
3507:
3496:
3489:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3465:. Archived from
3454:
3448:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3402:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3317:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3289:
3280:
3273:Plant Physiology
3265:
3259:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3167:
3158:
3140:European Urology
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3033:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2876:
2870:
2857:
2851:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2754:. Archived from
2731:
2725:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2645:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2602:(6256): 1676–8.
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2342:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2307:
2282:
2281:
2250:
2239:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2193:
2161:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2113:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2012:
2006:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1962:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1889:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1709:when distilling
1703:white phosphorus
1694:
1689:), and Romania (
1688:
1682:
1668:
1665:Pecunia non olet
1620:
1614:
1600:
1598:Ansoddau'r Trwnc
1561:that serve as a
1350:ammonium nitrate
1087:
1048:
963:Escherichia coli
896:
881:epithelial cells
799:asparagusic acid
756:Dogs communicate
734:
718:
702:
682:
670:
420:Total phosphorus
369:
218:Renal physiology
188:Human urine and
21:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4707:
4628:
4567:
4525:
4477:Other functions
4468:
4454:Ultrafiltration
4435:
4389:
4385:Urine flow rate
4348:
4339:
4305:Urine Chemistry
4299:Wayback Machine
4288:
4283:
4282:
4273:
4271:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4253:Wayback Machine
4243:
4236:
4227:
4225:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4202:
4200:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4145:Wayback Machine
4120:Wayback Machine
4107:Wayback Machine
4090:Wayback Machine
4069:Wayback Machine
4051:Wayback Machine
4040:Wayback Machine
4029:Wayback Machine
4012:
4008:
4002:Wayback Machine
3992:
3988:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3872:
3868:
3862:Wayback Machine
3853:
3849:
3843:Wayback Machine
3834:
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3821:
3819:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3788:Wayback Machine
3779:
3775:
3766:
3764:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3713:Wayback Machine
3702:Wayback Machine
3683:Wayback Machine
3672:Wayback Machine
3662:
3658:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3606:
3602:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3577:
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3472:
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3439:
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3380:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3310:
3303:
3301:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3266:
3262:
3256:Wayback Machine
3247:
3243:
3234:
3232:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3201:
3199:
3192:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3136:
3132:
3123:
3121:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2867:Wayback Machine
2858:
2854:
2848:Wayback Machine
2839:
2835:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2759:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2693:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2524:
2522:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2319:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2285:
2252:
2251:
2242:
2236:Wayback Machine
2163:
2162:
2145:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2056:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1896:
1764:
1760:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1715:Hilaire Rouelle
1655:vectigal urinae
1575:
1553:. The urine of
1539:
1523:
1502:The Real Cancun
1441:Full article...
1436:sexual activity
1413:
1407:
1387:
1381:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1352:. In contrast,
1334:sodium chloride
1321:
1317:
1313:
1282:chemically burn
1273:
1265:
1192:that can yield
1178:
1161:
1155:
1055:
1049:
1044:
877:
869:
838:hyperuricosuria
830:
824:
749:
742:
735:
726:
719:
710:
703:
694:
683:
674:
671:
656:or non-melanin
587:phenazopyridine
493:
487:
463:4970 mg/L
447:3450 mg/L
439:1500 mg/L
431:2740 mg/L
415:6000 mg/L
407:0.06 mg/L
391:8830 mg/L
336:
330:
309:
304:
302:Characteristics
284:
256:urinary bladder
220:
214:
181:of leather and
153:and thus helps
65:urinary bladder
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4788:
4786:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4752:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4699:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4607:
4602:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4521:Prostaglandins
4518:
4513:
4511:Erythropoietin
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4349:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4287:
4286:External links
4284:
4281:
4280:
4256:
4234:
4209:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4158:
4147:
4130:
4109:
4092:
4071:
4054:
4016:Forbes, R.J.,
4006:
3986:
3935:
3928:
3908:
3901:
3881:
3866:
3847:
3828:
3804:
3792:
3773:
3745:
3738:
3716:
3656:
3629:(2): 149–154.
3613:
3600:
3575:
3515:
3497:
3479:
3449:
3430:
3373:
3355:
3348:
3325:
3281:
3260:
3241:
3208:
3190:
3159:
3146:(6): 865–868.
3130:
3106:
3074:(4): 373–378.
3054:
3045:
2985:
2971:
2951:
2920:
2891:(3): 871–876.
2871:
2852:
2833:
2794:
2768:
2742:(in Spanish).
2726:
2722:livestrong.com
2710:
2691:
2671:
2631:
2582:
2558:
2551:
2531:
2504:
2467:(1): 173–184.
2446:
2440:978-1455770052
2439:
2418:
2360:
2326:
2283:
2240:
2143:
2073:
2054:
2034:
2027:
2007:
1991:
1977:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1900:Drinking urine
1895:
1892:
1726:
1723:
1639:Ancient Romans
1585:text from the
1574:
1571:
1565:against their
1547:semiochemicals
1538:
1535:
1522:
1519:
1456:
1406:
1403:
1383:Main article:
1380:
1377:
1362:
1359:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1186:postmenopausal
1177:
1174:
1154:
1151:
1066:Trophime Bigot
1054:
1051:
1042:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
991:
985:
984:
981:
978:
972:
971:
968:
965:
959:
958:
955:
952:
946:
945:
942:
939:
933:
932:
929:
926:
924:Staphylococcus
920:
919:
916:
913:
907:
906:
903:
900:
876:
873:
868:
865:
829:
826:
748:
745:
744:
743:
736:
729:
727:
720:
713:
711:
704:
697:
695:
684:
677:
675:
672:
665:
662:
661:
647:
642:may be due to
637:
627:
624:methylene blue
617:
610:Greenish urine
607:
600:rhabdomyolysis
589:
576:
570:
556:
542:
486:
483:
473:
472:
471:230 mg/L
469:
465:
464:
461:
457:
456:
455:120 mg/L
453:
449:
448:
445:
441:
440:
437:
433:
432:
429:
425:
424:
421:
417:
416:
413:
409:
408:
405:
401:
400:
399:460 mg/L
397:
393:
392:
389:
388:Total nitrogen
385:
384:
381:
377:
376:
373:
329:
326:
308:
305:
303:
300:
283:
280:
276:urinary meatus
236:urinary system
216:Main article:
213:
210:
145:. In balanced
143:nitrogen cycle
67:and exits the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4787:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:PAH clearance
4691:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4531:Fluid balance
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4426:Oligopeptides
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3912:
3909:
3904:
3898:
3895:. CRC Press.
3894:
3893:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3749:
3746:
3741:
3739:9780813828251
3735:
3732:. p. 6.
3731:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3691:Roman History
3688:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3469:on 2009-04-27
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3374:
3366:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3279:(6), 820–825.
3278:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3209:
3197:
3193:
3191:9781441914361
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2955:
2952:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2810:(10): 751–4.
2809:
2805:
2798:
2795:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2758:on 2009-03-27
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2711:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2535:
2532:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2346:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2327:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1958:
1951:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1911:Urine therapy
1909:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:onomatopoetic
1822:
1816:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1756:
1732:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1405:Survival uses
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:phytotoxicity
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1258:
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1038:Gram-negative
1035:
1034:Gram-positive
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780:kidney stones
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559:Pinkish urine
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4401:Solvent drag
4394:Reabsorption
4354:
4307:at drugs.com
4292:Urinanalysis
4272:. Retrieved
4268:
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4224:. 2024-05-07
4221:
4212:
4201:. Retrieved
4187:
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4100:pp. 551–553.
4095:
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3816:
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3467:the original
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3095:cite journal
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3001:
2978:10 September
2976:. Retrieved
2961:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2934:Science News
2933:
2923:
2888:
2884:
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2855:
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2803:
2797:
2787:December 26,
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2771:
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2756:the original
2746:(3): 273–6.
2743:
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2647:
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2570:
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2519:Ars Technica
2517:
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2460:
2449:
2430:
2427:John E. Hall
2421:
2410:. Retrieved
2377:
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2314:
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2066:26 September
2064:. Retrieved
2044:
2037:
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1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1967:
1960:
1940:
1931:
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1865:
1854:pissing down
1853:
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1829:
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1795:
1730:
1728:
1707:Hennig Brand
1697:
1680:vespasiennes
1624:
1586:
1549:that act as
1540:
1524:
1514:The Paperboy
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1481:Urban legend
1479:
1460:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1429:
1421:
1415:
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1366:
1364:
1338:renal system
1308:
1287:annual crops
1275:
1257:thrombolytic
1250:
1227:, including
1206:
1179:
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1061:
1031:
1027:
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870:
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850:
831:
823:
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776:
765:
649:
640:Purple urine
639:
629:
619:
609:
591:
579:Orange urine
578:
572:
558:
544:
535:Bloody urine
534:
529:
502:
476:
353:
345:
328:Constituents
310:
285:
268:reabsorption
244:perspiration
229:
187:
140:
106:and must be
93:
71:through the
59:through the
43:is a liquid
40:
39:
29:
4765:Body fluids
4734:Natriuresis
4599:Delta ratio
4585:Base excess
4496:Aldosterone
4075:Ciba Review
3687:Dio Cassius
1902:(urophagia)
1882:Old English
1846:to piss off
1677:in France (
1511:(2007) and
1463:World War I
1239:fertilizer.
1143:dehydration
1136:bacteriuria
1104:. The name
989:Pseudomonas
937:Citrobacter
792:maple syrup
784:amino acids
349:metabolites
194:human waste
130:can detect
112:bloodstream
96:by-products
85:vertebrates
83:. In other
18:Human urine
4770:Sanitation
4754:Categories
4609:Buffering
4537:Body water
4516:Calcitriol
4441:Filtration
4274:2024-05-08
4228:2024-05-08
4203:2010-02-09
3822:2024-05-08
3767:2007-10-19
3473:2009-04-19
3304:6 December
3235:2024-05-08
3202:2013-03-26
3124:2024-05-08
3086:2024-05-08
2777:"Urine pH"
2762:2008-12-25
2576:2022-06-10
2525:2024-01-28
2412:2021-08-02
2354:2020-11-28
2320:2024-05-08
1952:References
1858:Euphemisms
1699:Alchemists
1692:vespasiene
1686:vespasiani
1683:), Italy (
1559:kairomones
1551:pheromones
1409:See also:
1354:phosphorus
1263:Fertilizer
1221:antibodies
1182:Urecholine
1124:quantifies
1120:urinalysis
1112:microscopy
1074:Hermogenes
1002:Salmonella
950:Klebsiella
620:Blue urine
537:is termed
525:hemoglobin
489:See also:
334:Urinalysis
264:filtration
212:Physiology
198:sanitation
163:fertilizer
147:ecosystems
128:urinalysis
124:creatinine
114:, such as
49:metabolism
45:by-product
4595:Anion gap
4370:Clearance
4363:Secretion
4353:Creating
3643:0167-1731
3409:0021-8561
3314:cite book
3230:0362-4331
3157:28754533.
3022:1937-8688
2661:March 15,
2481:2058-5276
2394:0273-1223
2315:ThoughtCo
2270:0007-1447
2200:1064-3389
2120:0027-8424
1916:Urolagnia
1906:Ureotelic
1864:(such as
1850:piss poor
1711:fermented
1659:Vespasian
1595:, called
1581:Medieval
1569:species.
1563:repellent
1485:jellyfish
1417:Urophagia
1411:Urophagia
1395:gunpowder
1379:Gunpowder
1253:urokinase
1225:pathogens
1215:, namely
1213:estrogens
1147:diuretics
1098:plentiful
1082:Andalusia
861:mandelate
846:uric acid
815:tuna fish
762:in urine.
723:beetroots
691:hematuria
614:asparagus
549:porphyria
539:hematuria
505:hydration
452:Magnesium
428:Potassium
372:Parameter
202:Livestock
200:systems.
175:gunpowder
136:mammalian
120:uric acid
110:from the
81:urination
4484:Hormones
4411:Chloride
4295:Archived
4249:Archived
4197:Archived
4174:Struvite
4141:Archived
4116:Archived
4103:Archived
4086:Archived
4065:Archived
4047:Archived
4036:Archived
4025:Archived
3998:Archived
3981:26500485
3858:Archived
3839:Archived
3817:ABC News
3784:Archived
3761:Archived
3709:Archived
3698:Archived
3679:Archived
3668:Archived
3651:24528286
3596:storage.
3570:26246784
3425:11255276
3417:17894454
3252:Archived
3196:Archived
3080:11953758
3040:21293739
2938:Archived
2915:24371246
2863:Archived
2844:Archived
2781:Archived
2752:11676906
2703:27 April
2697:Archived
2652:Archived
2596:Br Med J
2499:38172624
2490:10769871
2406:Archived
2402:17302346
2345:Archived
2278:25231362
2232:Archived
2218:26246784
2138:24969420
2060:Archived
1984:16 April
1894:See also
1725:Language
1593:uroscopy
1555:predator
1531:waulking
1521:Textiles
1505:(2003),
1496:Survivor
1471:chlorine
1453:advises
1426:cosmetic
1361:Cleaning
1332:such as
1217:Premarin
1202:Pergonal
1107:uroscopy
1092:empire.
1043:—
1015:Shigella
911:Bacillus
739:propofol
707:choluria
654:melanoma
596:jaundice
583:rifampin
567:beeturia
553:beeturia
517:urobilin
509:pigments
460:Chloride
436:Sulphate
318:oliguria
314:Polyuria
307:Quantity
282:Duration
104:nitrogen
100:cellular
4431:Protein
4421:Glucose
4178:bittern
4138:p. 112.
3972:4595651
3955:: 363.
3695:English
3665:English
3561:4500995
3540:Bibcode
3031:3032614
2944:22 June
2906:3957746
2824:8093138
2626:7448566
2617:1715705
2209:4500995
2178:Bibcode
2129:4143032
2098:Bibcode
1838:Urinate
1809:varṣati
1675:urinals
1635:mordant
1573:History
1527:mordant
1490:Friends
1475:ammonia
1467:Germans
1461:During
1455:against
1304:cadmium
1300:mercury
1259:agent.
1128:culture
1090:Umayyad
976:Proteus
867:Density
807:alcohol
803:saffron
768:ammonia
468:Calcium
292:rodents
260:urethra
252:ureters
248:kidneys
179:tanning
134:of the
108:cleared
79:during
69:urethra
63:to the
61:ureters
57:kidneys
4557:Plasma
4406:Sodium
4062:p. 20.
4042:, and
3979:
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3649:
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1302:, and
1278:ecosan
1022:12.8%
983:23.1%
980:18.2%
970:23.1%
967:36.4%
957:12.8%
944:12.8%
915:10.4%
842:stones
817:, and
811:coffee
758:using
444:Sodium
375:Value
361:excess
322:anuria
288:mammal
270:, and
258:, and
183:dyeing
155:plants
138:body.
122:, and
89:cloaca
4775:Urine
4739:Urine
4712:Other
4506:Renin
4355:urine
4013:See:
3676:Latin
3647:S2CID
3587:(PDF)
3421:S2CID
3368:(PDF)
2655:(PDF)
2644:(PDF)
2348:(PDF)
2341:(PDF)
2274:JSTOR
1923:Notes
1887:hland
1884:word
1834:urine
1828:term
1791:urina
1787:Latin
1731:urine
1651:Latin
1583:Welsh
1422:urine
1399:salts
1330:salts
1102:sweet
1019:7.8%
1009:5.1%
1006:3.9%
996:2.6%
993:9.1%
954:7.8%
941:3.9%
931:2.6%
928:2.6%
918:5.1%
819:onion
687:blood
602:, or
563:beets
523:from
485:Color
190:feces
161:as a
77:vulva
73:penis
41:Urine
4671:Kt/V
4416:Urea
4344:and
3977:PMID
3924:ISBN
3897:ISBN
3734:ISBN
3639:ISSN
3566:PMID
3413:PMID
3405:ISSN
3344:ISBN
3320:link
3306:2011
3226:ISSN
3186:ISBN
3155:PMID
3101:link
3076:PMID
3036:PMID
3018:ISSN
2980:2011
2967:ISBN
2946:2018
2911:PMID
2820:PMID
2789:2008
2748:PMID
2705:2011
2687:ISBN
2663:2021
2622:PMID
2547:ISBN
2495:PMID
2477:ISSN
2435:ISBN
2398:PMID
2390:ISSN
2266:ISSN
2214:PMID
2196:ISSN
2134:PMID
2116:ISSN
2068:2011
2050:ISBN
2023:ISBN
1986:2024
1973:ISBN
1877:Lant
1860:and
1842:Piss
1830:piss
1719:urea
1647:Nero
1643:lant
1567:prey
1447:The
1368:lant
1296:lead
1231:-1.
1196:and
1159:Lant
1153:Uses
1100:and
832:The
747:Odor
585:and
521:heme
513:dyes
479:ions
383:6.2
356:Urea
296:bats
294:and
240:urea
171:lant
151:soil
126:. A
116:urea
3967:PMC
3957:doi
3631:doi
3556:PMC
3548:doi
3395:doi
3178:doi
3148:doi
3026:PMC
3010:doi
2901:PMC
2893:doi
2812:doi
2808:271
2612:PMC
2604:doi
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2106:doi
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565:(
20:)
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