211:
96:
87:
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73:
130:, is that all larval stages look similar, growing larger as the insect matures. In hypermetamorphic insects however, at least one instar, usually the first, differs markedly from the rest. In many hypermetamorphic species, the first instars are numerous, tiny, very mobile larvae that must find their way to a food source. The general term for a mobile first instar is a
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instars, are functionally and visibly distinct from the rest. The differences between such instars usually reflect transient stages in the life cycle; for instance, one instar might be mobile while it searches for its food supply, while the following instar immediately sheds its locomotory organs and
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is an unusual case of hypermetamorphosis in that its first few larval instars do feed, but differently to later instars. Specifically, early instars feed on plant sap (and for this reason have modified mandibles) while later instars feed on plant tissue. Furthermore, instead of becoming less mobile
169:
and change their bodily form to a form suited to eating rather than seeking out food. The second instar is completely different in appearance and behavior, often becoming grub- or maggot-like in the instars before pupation. As a rule, the instars after the first ecdysis are of more or less constant
90:
Hypermetamorphosis in
Meloidae. This form of planidium is a typical triungulin and feeds in its first instar. In its second instar it turns into a less triungulin-like form, and feeds again. It then turns into the Scarabaeoid form for two or more instars, depending on species. After that it adopts
401:
Kawahara, Akito Y.; Plotkin, David; Ohshima, Issei; Lopez-Vaamonde, Carlos; Houlihan, Peter R.; Breinholt, Jesse W.; Kawakita, Atsushi; Xiao, Lei; Regier, Jerome C.; Davis, Donald R.; Kumata, Tosio; Sohn, Jae-Cheon; De Prins, Jurate; Mitter, Charles (2017).
225:(left) resemble a bird dropping, while the late ones (right) are too big to do so, and are simply camouflaged as a leaf. This striking coloration difference between the instars is generally
64:
settles down to feed until it is fully grown and ready to change into the reproductive stage, which in turn, does not have the same nutritional requirements as the larvae.
189:
are of a colour, shape and texture that suggest bird droppings; later instars that are larger and would simply stand out in such camouflage, typically become green. The
404:"A molecular phylogeny and revised higher-level classification for the leaf-mining moth family Gracillariidae and its implications for larval host-use evolution"
193:
or last larval instar of insects ceases to feed and (in some cases) searches for a place to pupate, but this also is not considered hypermetamorphosis.
181:
There are examples of holometabolic species in which there are certain striking differences between the earliest instars and the later instars, though
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374:
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form and not highly mobile, being specialised for feeding and growth until the final larval instar metamorphoses into the pupal form.
566:
154:). There is however, considerable variety in the forms of planidia that occur in various families and orders; in the beetle family
20:
559:
Imms' General
Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology
353:
to those in any other order; for example, hypermetamorphosis in the
Acroceridae was not derived from the Strepsiptera.
451:"The signal environment is more important than diet or chemical specialization in the evolution of warning coloration"
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during the larval stage, larvae become more mobile, with early instars lacking legs while later instars possess legs.
158:, the three-clawed planidium originally was called a triungulin, and similar planidia for example, those of the
369:
P.J. Gullan & P.S. Cranston. 2010. The
Insects: An Outline of Entomology, 4th Edition. Wiley-Blackwell.
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148:(meaning: elongated, flattened, and active, more or less resembling the morphology of insects in the genus
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Hypermetamorphosis, as the term normally is used in entomology, refers to a class of variants of
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These planidia are fairly typical of certain species of parasitoid wasps, in this case the genus
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might be described as a stage in a form of hypermetamorphosis, but that is not common practice.
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their generally being regarded as hypermetamorphic. For example, early instars of many
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Prudic, Kathleen L.; Oliver, Jeffrey C.; Sperling, Felix A. H. (2007-12-04).
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111:. In hypermetamorphosis some larval instars are functionally and
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pre-pupal forms, pupates, and finally emerges as an adult beetle.
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In their planidial form, many species do not feed; they first
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Examples of hypermetamorphosis in any given insect order are
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Hypermetamorphosis usually occurs as an adaptation of the
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In typical examples the first-instar larval morphology is
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Triungulin on a butterfly. This probably is an example of
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118:The general case in holometabolous insects such as
510:"Complete Metamorphosis: Definition and Examples"
55:. Hypermetamorphosis is exceptional in that some
16:High variability forms of complete metamorphosis
534:"FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY : THE USE OF INSECTS"
455:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8:
484:
466:
362:
557:Richards, O. W.; Davies, R.G. (1977).
44:; it refers to a class of variants of
19:For the psychological condition, see
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238:Various forms of hypermetamorphosis
14:
209:
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162:, may also be called triungula.
231:regarded as hypermetamorphosis.
21:Hypermetamorphosis (psychology)
1:
589:Insect developmental biology
386:Triplehorn, Charles (2005).
141:(planos) meaning "roaming".
508:Knapp, Sarah (2019-04-25).
48:, that is to say, complete
40:, is a term used mainly in
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115:distinct from each other.
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26:Not to be confused with
468:10.1073/pnas.0705478104
103:rather than parasitism.
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408:Systematic Entomology
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561:. Berlin: Springer.
461:(49): 19381–19386.
420:2017SysEn..42...60K
514:Biology Dictionary
428:10.1111/syen.12210
105:
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34:Hypermetamorphosis
390:. Peter Marshall.
375:978-1-4443-3036-6
334:Technically, the
219:Early instars of
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175:Gracillariidae
136:Greek language
109:holometabolism
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46:holometabolism
28:Hypermorphosis
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541:. Retrieved
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517:. Retrieved
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414:(1): 60–81.
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328:Eucharitidae
277:Strepsiptera
267:Ripiphoridae
253:, notably:
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187:Papilionidae
182:
180:
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160:Strepsiptera
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146:campodeiform
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37:
33:
32:
317:Mantispidae
313:Neuropteran
302:Bombyliidae
298:Acroceridae
246:of certain
134:, from the
68:Description
59:, usually
543:2024-02-15
538:www.sfu.ca
519:2024-02-15
357:References
351:homologous
248:parasitoid
79:Perilampus
42:entomology
477:0027-8424
436:0307-6970
347:analogous
261:families
132:planidium
583:Category
495:18029450
349:and not
336:subimago
263:Meloidae
244:ontogeny
156:Meloidae
151:Campodea
486:2148298
416:Bibcode
338:of the
326:family
315:family
286:family
251:insects
191:prepupa
183:without
101:phoresy
57:instars
565:
493:
483:
475:
434:
373:
259:beetle
139:πλάνος
61:larval
50:insect
294:flies
274:order
128:wasps
126:, or
124:moths
120:flies
36:, or
563:ISBN
491:PMID
473:ISSN
432:ISSN
371:ISBN
322:the
311:The
304:and
284:moth
282:the
272:the
265:and
257:the
481:PMC
463:doi
459:104
424:doi
319:and
228:not
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