Knowledge (XXG)

Help:References and page numbers

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98:. It helps to give a page number or page range—or a section, chapter, or other division of the source—because then the reader does not have to carefully review the whole cited source to find the relevant supporting evidence, which promotes efficient source checking. This page shows examples of various ways to include a page number or page range in citations as well as various ways to cite the same source multiple times with different page numbers. It also summarizes ways to include 21: 232:, showing the author(s) and date and page number(s) in the notes list and a separate list for the full reference. An advantage is that the list of full references can be sorted arbitrarily—for example, by author last name or by publication date. A disadvantage is that it is necessary to have two separate sections for short and full references. 454:
with the full reference in the first footnote and shortened footnotes for subsequent references. An advantage is that it is not necessary to have two separate sections for short and full references. A disadvantage is that the full references cannot be sorted arbitrarily—for example, by author last
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This example is the most basic and includes unique references for each citation, showing the page numbers in the reference list. This repeats the citation, changing the page number. A disadvantage is that this can create a lot of redundant text in the reference list
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end.{{sfn|Elk|1972a|p=5}} Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.{{sfn|Elk|1972a|p=6–7}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=] |date=November 16, 1972a}}
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Some example locators: section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end.{{r|elk1972|p=5}} Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.{{r|elk1972|p=6–7}} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=elk1972: -->
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is used for all inline citations whilst the complete citation—rather than being written inline—is stored within the reference list itself.
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Often, a page number is not appropriate such as when citing an audio or video source or a book that has no page numbers. The
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Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.{{sfn|Elk|1972b|p=6–7}} ==References== {{reflist}}
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It explains concepts or processes used by the Knowledge (XXG) community. It is not one of
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to be used, combining multiple references to the same citation in a single footnote.
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end. Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end. Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end. Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end. Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end. Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end. Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end. Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.
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must be used in tandem with the initial complete inline-citation, whereas
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Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources § Citing multiple pages of the same source
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is used to duplicate the citation elsewhere with different page numbers:
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for alternatives). For a basic introduction to citation templates, see
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must clearly support the material as presented in the article, per the
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with the addition of adjacent page numbers in the text by using
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parameter that can be used to include non-page locators. The
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end.<ref name=elk1972: -->
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The brontosaurus is thin at one end.<ref name=elk1972: -->
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name or by publication date—as in the previous two examples.
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Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.<ref: -->
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Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.<ref: -->
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templates, but these are not required (see the section
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Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates
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Whether using 630: 619:Named references 601: 600: 590: 554: 553: 549:named references 546: 513: 507: 501: 500: 490: 458: 457: 430: 411: 405: 399: 393: 362: 358: 352: 346: 331: 312: 306: 300: 294: 260: 256: 250: 246: 240: 234: 206: 205: 195: 189: 188: 178: 144: 143: 111:Inline citations 107:Citation Style 1 76: 69: 62: 23: 22: 16: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2143: 2059: 1953: 1747: 1661: 1647: 1615:Getting started 1609: 1534: 1515:Other languages 1468: 1459:Making requests 1453:parental advice 1405: 1359:Reference desks 1313: 1308: 1278: 1273: 1255: 1239: 1234: 1228: 1223: 1217: 1212: 1206: 1201: 1195: 1184: 1133: 1085: 1052: 999: 990:Offline sources 975:Citation needed 963: 915: 910: 873: 845: 839: 824: 823: 822: 810: 809: 802: 797: 788: 758: 750: 737: 736: 735: 723: 722: 715: 710: 701: 671: 663: 652: 640: 624: 621: 606: 605: 604: 592: 591: 584: 579: 570: 540: 533: 518: 517: 516: 508: 504: 492: 491: 487: 482: 473: 434: 433: 422: 418: 415: 414: 406: 402: 394: 390: 385: 376: 356: 350: 335: 334: 323: 319: 316: 315: 307: 303: 295: 291: 286: 277: 254: 248: 244: 238: 226: 211: 210: 209: 197: 196: 192: 180: 179: 175: 170: 161: 127: 80: 79: 72: 65: 58: 54: 46: 45: 20: 12: 11: 5: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2186: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2154: 2151:Missing Manual 2148: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2096: 2094:Editor's index 2091: 2086: 2078: 2072: 2070: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1935: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1893:Renaming pages 1885: 1880: 1875: 1865: 1860: 1858:Image deletion 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1765: 1763: 1756: 1749: 1748: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1708:Disambiguation 1705: 1700: 1695: 1693:Categorization 1690: 1685: 1680: 1674: 1672: 1667:Dos and don'ts 1663: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1643: 1633: 1628: 1622: 1620: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1607: 1604:article wizard 1597: 1595:Tip of the day 1592: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1541: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1470: 1469: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1422:Administration 1418: 1416: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1391: 1379: 1367: 1355: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1284: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1265: 1263: 1257: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1238: 1237: 1226: 1215: 1204: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1150:Citation tools 1147: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1099:Reference-tags 1095: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1062: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1007: 1005:Citing sources 1001: 1000: 998: 997: 992: 987: 982: 977: 971: 969: 968:General advice 965: 964: 962: 961: 956: 954:Citing sources 951: 950: 949: 939: 934: 929: 923: 921: 917: 916: 911: 909: 908: 901: 894: 886: 880: 879: 872: 869: 838: 835: 832: 831: 829: 826: 825: 821: 820: 799: 798: 795: 791: 789: 784: 781: 780: 777: 745: 744: 742: 739: 738: 734: 733: 712: 711: 708: 704: 702: 697: 694: 693: 690: 649:<ref /: --> 620: 617: 614: 613: 611: 608: 607: 603: 602: 581: 580: 577: 573: 571: 565: 562: 561: 558: 547:. This allows 532: 529: 526: 525: 523: 520: 519: 515: 514: 502: 484: 483: 480: 476: 474: 469: 466: 465: 462: 442: 441: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 419: 416: 413: 412: 400: 387: 386: 383: 379: 377: 373: 370: 369: 366: 343: 342: 340: 337: 336: 333: 332: 320: 317: 314: 313: 301: 288: 287: 284: 280: 278: 271: 268: 267: 264: 225: 222: 219: 218: 216: 213: 212: 208: 207: 190: 172: 171: 168: 164: 162: 155: 152: 151: 148: 126: 123: 115:Citing sources 88:citing sources 82: 81: 78: 77: 70: 63: 55: 50: 47: 35: 34: 26: 24: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2196: 2185: 2182: 2181: 2179: 2166: 2160: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2076:Abbreviations 2074: 2073: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2020:Music symbols 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 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60:WP:CITEPAGE 2114:Guidelines 1985:Characters 1929:Talk pages 1878:Logging in 1872:link color 1826:Minor edit 1779:Categories 1733:References 1590:Style-tips 1510:Navigation 1449:Disclaimer 1432:Principles 1383:Cheatsheet 1322:Visit the 1261:Deprecated 796:References 709:References 635:or inline 578:References 481:References 417:References 375:{{refend}} 318:References 204:. pp. 6–7. 169:References 67:WP:REFPAGE 2040:Templates 1995:Elevation 1975:Barcharts 1933:archiving 1917:Reverting 1905:Passwords 1888:Page name 1863:Infoboxes 1853:Footnotes 1698:Consensus 1563:Etiquette 1520:Searching 1495:Copyright 1336:Q & A 1331:Help desk 1199:Edit refs 1066:Footnotes 537:Footnotes 512:, p. 6–7. 510:Elk 1972b 448:Footnotes 410:, p. 6–7. 408:Elk 1972a 396:Elk 1972a 297:Elk (1972 131:Footnotes 74:WP:PAGENR 52:Shortcuts 42:consensus 2178:Category 2124:Policies 2109:Glossary 2081:Contents 2025:Sections 1900:Redirect 1650:tutorial 1525:Students 1500:Glossary 1325:Teahouse 1232:Refstart 1033:Bluebook 947:Medicine 871:See also 311:, p. 6–7 309:Elk 1972 92:citation 1990:Columns 1883:Merging 1868:Linking 1831:toolbar 1821:Editing 1811:Convert 1427:Purpose 1328:or the 1221:Refref2 499:. p. 5. 398:, p. 5. 299:, p. 5) 242:harvtxt 187:. p. 5. 2099:Essays 2035:Tables 2030:Sounds 1959:Coding 1738:Tables 1713:Images 1338:forum. 1210:Refref 1038:Comics 776:Markup 689:Markup 557:Markup 461:Markup 365:Markup 263:Markup 252:harvnb 147:Markup 2139:Tools 2129:Tasks 2010:Lists 1848:Files 1728:Lists 1723:Links 1718:Leads 1490:Books 1244:Tools 861:|loc= 384:Notes 285:Notes 86:When 2134:Tips 2104:FAQs 2005:HTML 1816:Diff 1646:IRC 1347:FAQs 859:use 853:|at= 651:and 450:and 2164:(?) 2068:(?) 2050:URL 1962:(?) 1761:(?) 1755:and 1670:(?) 1618:(?) 1545:(?) 1485:FAQ 1477:(?) 1414:(?) 1400:(?) 1388:(?) 1376:(?) 1364:(?) 1352:(?) 1028:LSA 787:}} 354:sfn 247:or 2180:: 1235:}} 1229:{{ 1224:}} 1218:{{ 1213:}} 1207:{{ 1202:}} 1196:{{ 863:. 803:^ 763:}} 761:rp 759:{{ 755:}} 751:{{ 716:^ 676:}} 672:{{ 668:}} 666:rp 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Index

how-to guide
Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
consensus
Shortcuts
WP:CITEPAGE
WP:REFPAGE
WP:PAGENR
citing sources
citation
verifiability policy
other in-source locations
Citation Style 1
Inline citations
Citing sources
Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates
Footnotes
when a source is cited many times
Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses
Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses
Shortened footnotes
harvtxt
harvnb
Elk (1972
Elk 1972
Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses
sfn
Elk 1972a
Elk 1972a
Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses
Footnotes

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