717:
go against accepting the sectarian pluralism of the
Lebanese political institutional landscape. Specifically, Hezbollah reneged on its goal of establishing an Islamic state in Lebanon. This process began in the late 1980s, and reached its zenith in the early 2000s. Correspondingly, the inclusion of non-Shiite Lebanese in Hezbollah's social services facilitated the integration of Hezbollah into the Lebanese political system and augmented its legitimacy. According to a report from the Pew Research Center, Hezbollah has significant support from Lebanese Christians (31%), and modest support from Lebanese Sunnis (9%).
658:
party members. Hezbollah's Shiite supporters can be divided into committed members and sympathizers. Committed members take part in high risk and time intensive activities which serve the party, while sympathizers rarely go beyond casting votes for the party, they may join demonstrations, but require incentives to become active. Hezbollah's distribution of social services is aligned with the party's political agenda. The change in
Hezbollah's distribution of social services policy from exclusively focusing on Shiite Lebanese to the inclusion of other sectarian portions of Lebanese society occurred after the end of the
649:, Hezbollah, through Jihad Al Binaa, was providing supplies around the city. "People here see Hezbollah as a political movement and a social service provider as much as it is a militia, in this traditionally poor and dispossessed Shiite community." Also, in the aftermath, it competed with the Lebanese government to reconstruct destroyed areas. According to analysts like American University Professor Judith Palmer Harik, Jihad al-Binaa has won the initial battle of hearts and minds, in large part because they are the most experienced in Lebanon in the field of reconstruction.
783:, Hezbollah has shown better organization and results compared to other factions in Lebanon while fighting corona in the Shiite regions. The results have largely been achieved through Iran's infrastructure funding. In the Imam Khomeini City, a hostel and youth movement complex have been converted into a quarantine place to receive a large number of corona patients. This also includes 54 staff members. In addition, several hospitals have been converted to accommodate a higher number of corona patients. An example of this is the Dar al-Hikma hospital.
708:
benefits such as food and healthcare. The reception of social services is conditioned by their supportive initiative and enthusiasm, not by their socio-economic status or dedication to religious beliefs. In this way, Hezbollah has developed a
Lebanese Shiite “resistance society,” in which members have the incentive to proactively support the party. Accordingly, Hezbollah carry out screenings of recipients of social services, in order to determine their eligibility depending on their political stances and actions vis a vis the party.
724:. This was an effort to gain more votes. As a result, Hezbollah began accommodating Christians who support the Free Patriotic Movement through their social provisions. The distribution of social services for the Christian supporters of the Free Patriotic Movement exhibits the inextricable link between Hezbollah's election strategy and social services. Particularly, Hezbollah began expanding its social provisions to non-Shiites in districts which were critical to the elections.
687:, Hezbollah's less dominant Shiite rival party, Hezbollah is more oriented towards serving its committed members. Nevertheless, both Hezbollah and the Amal Movement invest in social provision for other sectarian groups alongside Shiite Lebanese. While Hezbollah has more recently employed a strategy that links its distribution of welfare to election calculations, areas that are predominantly Shia and are potential recruiting grounds for militia men and activists, such as the
571:"Hezbollah not only has armed and political wings - it also boasts an extensive social development program. Hezbollah currently operates at least four hospitals, twelve clinics, twelve schools and two agricultural centres that provide farmers with technical assistance and training. It also has an environmental department and an extensive social assistance program. Medical care is also cheaper than in most of the country's private hospitals and free for Hezbollah members".
803:. The foundation was created by the idea of supporting the families of Palestinian martyrs. By doing so, the foundation creates better services to families who have needs in the social, educational and medical sphere. In addition, the foundation also organizes various projects and activities, such as the visits to holy tombs, the distribution of clothes and food, appreciation ceremonies for martyrs and it also provides organized tours to orphans.
767:, fostering support for 'resistance' against Israel, valueing of the deed 'Shahada' (willingness of becoming a martyr and becoming a martyr itself) and worshipping those who have become a martyr under Hezbollah's ideology. The system of these schools include two networks: the Al-Mahdi school network, which is established in 1993 and the Al-Mustafa School network. The Al-Mahdi School network also has a school opened in the Iranian city of
645:
to
Israeli attacks. Later, the institution expanded its activities to include building schools and other Hezbollah institutions, supplying water, and waste disposal. During the Israeli aggression between 1988-1991, Jihad Al-Bina’ re-constructed over 1000 homes that were damaged. In July 2006, during the war with Israel, when there was no running water in
771:, where it provides education for Lebanese Shiites interested in religious studies. This school has a reasonable tuition, which explains why Shiite families with lower income send their children to the Al-Mahdi school. On the other hand, the Al-Mustafa schools are for students coming from richer Shiite families or from Hezbollah senior figures.
695:
Hezbollah's fighters that are injured or killed in action. The
Martyrs’ Institution aids families of killed fighters by supplying them with occupational opportunities, education, and health care. The Institution of the Wounded offers reparations and healthcare to fighters and civilians injured due to the military activities of Hezbollah.
534:. Hezbollah's popularity among the Lebanese Shiite population, historically one of the poorest and most neglected communities in Lebanon, stems partly from the social services it provides. Social services have a central role in the party's programs, closely linked to its military and politico-religious functions.
565:. Jihad Al Binna's Reconstruction Campaign is responsible for numerous economic and infrastructure development projects in Lebanon. Hezbollah has set up a Martyr's Institute (Al-Shahid Social Association), which guarantees to provide living and education expenses for the families of fighters who die in battle.
786:
In addition, after the destruction of many houses during the fight between
Hezbollah and Israel, Lebanon was in need of reconstruction. A large amount of money was sent by Iran through its partner Hezbollah with reconstruction as the purpose. Most of Iran's fundings went to the rebulding of Dahiya, a
703:
During the civil war period, the rivalry between the two parties compelled
Hezbollah to emphatically direct its distribution of social services towards Lebanese Shiites in order to secure their loyalty. Hezbollah's support from the Lebanese Shiite community has grown exponentially, in 2012, a poll by
694:
Located in predominantly Shia areas, namely the southern suburbs of Beirut, South
Lebanon, and the Bekaa, the Martyrs’ Institution and the Institution of the Wounded are quintessential examples of social service institutions dedicated to servicing committed party members, specifically the families of
644:
Hezbollah's main institution in charge of construction and urban maintenance undertakings is Jihad Al-Binaa established in 1985. The origins of the intuition lie in the
Israeli invasion and Lebanese civil war. The institution's main task was (re-)constructing homes for people who lost their homes due
758:
A significant amount of the money received from Iran goes to the financial costs of private schools. Lebanon's education system consists of both state and private schools. These schools follow a Shiite doctrine. The education of the Shiite schools are based on the ideology of the
Islamic Republic of
741:
apparent that Hezbollah's social services institutions are located in predominantly Shiite areas. Moreover, there have been instances where such institutions have rejected the requests of non-Shiites that are not local to the area and travel to areas with Hezbollah's institutions to seek aid.
716:
Hezbollah's intention to participate in Lebanese governmental politics incentivized the expansion of its social services. Hezbollah underwent a process of “Lebanonization”, which entailed refraining from employing violent means domestically, and the dilution of their dogmatic beliefs and goals which
591:
Hezbollah established the Martyrs Foundation and the Foundation for the Wounded. The aim of this foundation is to provide help for the civilians who were injured during one of the Hezbollah operations. The main reason for the Foundation for the Wounded, was the incapability of the Martyrs Foundation
749:
Already during the formation of Hezbollah, Iran played a key role. During the 1970s, the Shiite population lived in poor condition in the outskirts of Lebanese cities. This was compounded by the government's inability to provide necessary services to families in need. The absence of those necessary
548:
However, these services are not aimed at every section of the Lebanese population. The Shia community in present day Lebanon may potentially motivate Hezbollah to address a history of deprivation by prioritizing the well-being of in-group members. In the past, the Shiites did not have access to the
740:
While there is a policy of Lebanese Shiite prioritization in Hezbollah's social services institutions, most of the time non-Shiite Lebanese are accommodated. Third party NGOs confirm that Hezbollah's healthcare institutions cater regularly to local Christians and Sunnis. Still, it is unequivocally
679:
tasks, such as military action. Hezbollah's social services original raison d’etre was catering to the needs of its most committed members, namely, its fighters. Hezbollah has been providing unconditional and unpublicized social and financial aid to the families of fighters since the early days of
595:
Since a larger amount of the money received from Iran goes to military operations (because of a shift in interest under Iran), the available money in Hezbollah's services has been cut. In order to compensate this financial burden, Hezbollah is now committed to control the Health Ministry. By doing
544:
also said that Hezbollah "is a major provider of social services, operating schools, hospitals, and agricultural services for thousands of Lebanese Shiites." The expansiveness of these services has helped Hezbollah remain deeply embedded in Lebanese society. It has also facilitated its integration
657:
Hezbollah provides social services to a diversity of Lebanese citizens. Hezbollah's social services focus primarily on Shiite Lebanese. However, Hezbollah also offers social services to Lebanese citizens outside of the Lebanese Shia community. Still, Hezbollah prioritizes servicing its committed
619:
Hezbollah maintains a comprehensive set of educational institutions, under its Education Unit, which cater to Lebanese Shiite youths. Some institutions are directly linked to the party while others are merely associated. The main thrust of Hezbollah's Education Unit is in Al-Mahdi schools of the
707:
Hezbollah has managed to utilize the distribution of social services as an incentive to encourage Lebanese Shiite to express their support for the party through political activism. Lebanese Shiites take part in political demonstrations, among other activities, so that they can receive welfare
636:. The Hezbollah Education unit also runs the Al-Mahdi scouts. All these institutions are influenced by Hezbollah but not officially under its ownership. These institutions function as ideological apparatuses that disseminate Hezbollah's values and doctrine into the Lebanese Shiite youth.
750:
needs caused a vacuum, which was filled by Islamists, including some from Iran. From 1982 on, Iran started to support Hezbollah significantly in terms of money. It is estimated that the Islamic Republic of Iran supports Hezbollah between 700 million and up to 1 billion dollar per year.
2589:
728:
is a Christian village with a relatively weighty Shiite population, in which Hezbollah's Islamic Health Organization operates. Hezbollah's efforts, during the period of between 2005 and 2009, to expand their social services in
592:
to help all injured civilians. Hezbollah's health services include the installation of several hospitals, more than a hundred medical centers, dental offices, infirmaries and mental health providers.
806:
Although much of the major expenditure is financed by Iran, it is also important to note that part of the financing of social services is covered by tuition, fundraising and charitable projects.
2590:"The Martyrs Foundation – Palestinian Branch: a Hezbollah foundation operating in Lebanon, used as a channel for transferring Iranian financial support to families of Palestinian shaheeds"
620:
Islamic Establishment for Teaching and Education network. Congruent to Al-Mahdi schools, are the Al-Mustapha schools which are associated with Hezbollah through one of the party's leaders
1187:
603:
by Hezbollah. Nasrallah claimed in his speech that the fuel will first be donated to institutions like orphanages, public hospitals, water stations, nursing homes, and the
211:
196:
146:
720:
As part of its political integration process, in 2006, Hezbollah established an alliance with the Christian Free Patriotic Movement in Lebanon, named the
99:
2386:
2484:
288:
162:
2575:
2460:
2244:
2209:
2174:
1990:
1955:
1842:
1807:
1772:
1737:
1663:
1628:
1590:
1555:
1481:
1377:
1264:
1113:
886:
201:
1227:
557:
Hezbollah organizes an extensive social development program and runs hospitals, news services, educational facilities, and encouragement of
183:
561:. Some of its established institutions are: Emdad committee for Islamic Charity, Hezbollah Central Press Office, Al Jarha Association, and
168:
2510:
514:
2511:"حزب الله يخصص مدينة الامام الخميني الكشفية الى مكان خاص للحجر الصحي بعد استكمال كافة الاجراءات المتعلقة بتأمين السلامة العامة (تقرير)"
1209:
1130:
1065:
216:
675:
Hezbollah offers expensive and long term social welfare to a small portion of their adherents who execute the parties’ venturesome
608:
578:: "Hezbollah did everything that a government should do, from collecting the garbage to running hospitals and repairing schools."
537:
Most experts believe that Hezbollah's social and health programs are worth hundreds of millions of dollars annually. The American
1179:
2338:
114:
734:
600:
341:
89:
82:
60:
2603:
127:
1019:
109:
541:
282:
2638:
1433:
779:
Moreover, in the field of health care, Iran's contribution can also be seen. According to the Lebanese radio station
624:. Whereas Al-Mustafa schools are mainly based in the southern suburbs of Beirut, the Al-Mahdi schools are based in
908:
1154:
1008:
997:
451:
235:
178:
94:
1086:
2412:"Education and Reconfiguring Lebanese Shiʿi Muslims into the Nation-State during the French Mandate, 1920-43"
507:
549:
same resources and infrastructure as other religious groups, such as the Sunnis, Druze and Christians had.
981:
70:
2269:
721:
568:
In March 2006, an IRIN news report of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs noted:
104:
41:
2488:
477:
596:
so, Hezbollah wants to be able to run its own health system, while depending less on Iranian support.
240:
65:
46:
2485:"Hezbollah's Shi'ite youth movement, 'The Imam al-Mahdi Scouts,' has tens of thousands of members"
2300:
1052:
Despite End of Lebanon's Long Civil War, Low-Level Conflict Continues Around Israeli-Occupied Zone
530:
are social development programs organized by the Lebanese paramilitary group and political party,
2633:
2535:
2466:
800:
659:
604:
500:
397:
139:
23:
2411:
2089:"Explaining Lebanese Shii adherence to Hezbollah: alienation, religiosity and welfare provision"
2050:"Explaining Lebanese Shii adherence to Hezbollah: alienation, religiosity and welfare provision"
1899:"Explaining Lebanese Shii adherence to Hezbollah: alienation, religiosity and welfare provision"
1860:"Explaining Lebanese Shii adherence to Hezbollah: alienation, religiosity and welfare provision"
1499:"Explaining Lebanese Shii adherence to Hezbollah: alienation, religiosity and welfare provision"
1050:
825:"Explaining Lebanese Shii adherence to Hezbollah: alienation, religiosity and welfare provision"
759:
Iran. Some of the main principles of this ideology include: promoting the glorification of both
2456:
2431:
2320:
2240:
2205:
2170:
2108:
2069:
2030:
1986:
1951:
1918:
1879:
1838:
1803:
1768:
1733:
1700:
1659:
1624:
1586:
1551:
1518:
1477:
1414:
1373:
1340:
1301:
1260:
964:
882:
844:
760:
691:, gain extensive social welfare support. This is done despite their electoral insignificance.
51:
2561:
1035:
558:
2423:
2312:
2232:
2197:
2162:
2100:
2061:
2022:
1978:
1943:
1910:
1871:
1830:
1795:
1760:
1725:
1692:
1651:
1616:
1578:
1543:
1510:
1469:
1406:
1365:
1332:
1293:
1252:
956:
874:
836:
796:
712:
Provisions for Non-Shiite Lebanese (The Alliance with the Christian Free Patriotic Movement)
468:
455:
442:
429:
411:
372:
368:
359:
350:
189:
173:
151:
2282:
355:
1031:
562:
464:
2627:
1114:"Hezbollah's Foundation for the Wounded: purpose, modus operandi and funding methods"
982:"The Militarization of Sex: The story of Hezbollah's halal hookups." by Hanin Ghaddar
927:
684:
633:
420:
402:
277:
2470:
2450:
764:
704:
the Pew Research Center indicated that 94% of Lebanese Shiites support Hezbollah.
317:
2126:
2088:
2049:
1898:
1859:
1498:
824:
2316:
2104:
2065:
1914:
1875:
1514:
840:
2576:"Hezbollah's Martyrs Foundation: purpose, mode of operation and funding methods"
2363:
676:
621:
482:
407:
392:
272:
2010:
1680:
1394:
944:
2427:
2026:
1696:
1410:
960:
799:, the Hezbollah Martyrs Foundation was established as a branch of the Iranian
538:
438:
425:
2435:
2324:
2112:
2073:
2034:
1922:
1883:
1704:
1522:
1418:
1344:
1305:
968:
848:
531:
31:
2226:
2191:
2156:
2011:"Reformation of a Terrorist Group: Hezbollah as a Lebanese Political Party"
1972:
1937:
1824:
1789:
1754:
1719:
1645:
1610:
1572:
1537:
1463:
1441:
1359:
1246:
868:
2236:
2201:
2166:
1982:
1947:
1834:
1799:
1764:
1729:
1681:"The strategy and tactics of Hizballah's current 'Lebanonization process'"
1655:
1620:
1582:
1547:
1473:
1395:"The strategy and tactics of Hizballah's current 'Lebanonization process'"
1369:
1256:
945:"The strategy and tactics of Hizballah's current 'Lebanonization process'"
878:
307:
1320:
1281:
1336:
1297:
780:
725:
625:
312:
2339:"Hezbollah's Regional Activities in Support of Iran's Proxy Networks"
2262:"The Shiite Community in Lebanon: From Marginalization to Ascendancy"
907:
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2006-03-29).
730:
688:
646:
1155:"Hezbollah deploys medics, hospitals against coronavirus in Lebanon"
2261:
2004:
2002:
1321:"Inside Hezbollah: The al-Mahdi Scouts, Education, and Resistance"
1282:"Inside Hezbollah: The al-Mahdi Scouts, Education, and Resistance"
629:
1180:"Hezbollah-brokered Iranian fuel arrives in crisis-hit Lebanon"
2452:
Compassionate Communalism: Welfare and Sectarianism in Lebanon
2301:"The Hybrid Terrorist Organization: Hezbollah as a Case Study"
768:
733:
yielded positive results in the district for the party in the
575:
1210:"Hezbollah: Iranian tanker bringing fuel to Lebanon in Syria"
2387:"Iran pays Hezbollah $ 700 million a year, US official says"
1604:
1602:
1228:"Lebanon's Hezbollah sends aid to Syria's quake-hit Latakia"
1049:
JoMarie Fecci, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs:
744:
1650:. Cornell University Press. pp. 112, 133, 161.
1131:"Why Does Hezbollah Want Lebanon's Health Ministry?"
1087:"CNN.com - Hezbollah's secret weapon - Jul 25, 2006"
1037:
Helping Hand of Hezbollah Emerging in South Lebanon.
653:
Distribution of Social Services and Political Agenda
16:Social development programs organized by Hezbollah
2364:"Hezbollah: Social Services as a Source of Power"
1081:
1079:
909:"LEBANON: The many hands and faces of Hezbollah"
902:
900:
898:
2604:"Hezbollah Finances: Funding the Party of God"
2196:. Cornell University Press. pp. 160–161.
745:Iran's influence in Hezbollah social services
508:
8:
1615:. Cornell University Press. pp. 33–34.
1577:. Cornell University Press. pp. 20–21.
1542:. Cornell University Press. pp. 16–17.
787:Shiite suburb in the south part of Beirut.
1064:Edward Cody and Molly Moore (2006-08-14).
611:Hezbollah sent humanitarian aid to Syria.
515:
501:
337:
261:
132:
18:
2455:. Cornell University Press. p. 154.
2231:. Cornell University Press. p. 155.
2161:. Cornell University Press. p. 157.
1942:. Cornell University Press. p. 156.
1829:. Cornell University Press. p. 112.
1794:. Cornell University Press. p. 152.
1759:. Cornell University Press. p. 158.
1724:. Cornell University Press. p. 139.
1364:. Cornell University Press. p. 153.
1251:. Cornell University Press. p. 154.
2562:"Iran helping Hezbollah rebuild Lebanon"
1977:. Cornell University Press. p. 72.
1468:. Cornell University Press. p. 19.
1020:Jehad Al Benaa Developmental Association
873:. Cornell University Press. p. 20.
563:Jihad Al Binaa Developmental Association
1066:"The Best Guerrilla Force in the World"
815:
384:
340:
299:
226:
30:
2278:
2267:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2294:
2292:
1432:Jackson Allers (September 12, 2006).
1190:from the original on October 13, 2021
1125:
1123:
1108:
1106:
666:Social Provisions for Shiite Lebanese
100:2006–2008 Lebanese political protests
7:
862:
860:
858:
601:Iranian fuel was exported to Lebanon
2305:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
2015:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism
998:Emdad committee for Islamic Charity
662:, specifically in the early 2000s.
545:into the Lebanese political scene.
790:
217:2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike
163:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
14:
2009:Wiegand, Krista E. (2009-08-13).
184:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
2093:Defense & Security Analysis
2054:Defense & Security Analysis
1903:Defense & Security Analysis
1864:Defense & Security Analysis
1503:Defense & Security Analysis
1434:"Hezbollah Ahead of Govt Again"
1319:Tagliabue, Sofia Maria (2015).
1280:Tagliabue, Sofia Maria (2015).
829:Defense & Security Analysis
169:2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict
2225:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
2190:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
2155:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
1971:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
1936:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
1823:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
1788:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
1753:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
1718:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
1644:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
1609:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
1571:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
1536:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
1462:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
1358:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
1245:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
867:Cammett, Melani (2014-04-17).
791:Hezbollah's Martyrs Foundation
699:Shiite Non-member Sympathizers
90:Loyalty to the Resistance Bloc
1:
2368:Joint Special Operations Unit
1325:Digest of Middle East Studies
1286:Digest of Middle East Studies
2560:Peskin, Doron (2009-07-25).
2487:. 2007-02-09. Archived from
2317:10.1080/1057610X.2013.832113
2131:Council on Foreign Relations
2105:10.1080/14751798.2013.760250
2066:10.1080/14751798.2013.760250
1915:10.1080/14751798.2013.760250
1876:10.1080/14751798.2013.760250
1515:10.1080/14751798.2013.760250
933:. 13 July 2006. 8 July 2010.
841:10.1080/14751798.2013.760250
609:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
542:Council on Foreign Relations
283:Lebanese Communication Group
2410:Sayed, Linda (2019-09-11).
2385:Karam, Joyce (2018-06-06).
2655:
689:southern suburbs of Beirut
289:Islamic Resistance Support
115:Hezbollah–Russia relations
2428:10.1163/15700607-05934P02
2228:Compassionate Communalism
2193:Compassionate Communalism
2158:Compassionate Communalism
2027:10.1080/10576100903039320
1974:Compassionate Communalism
1939:Compassionate Communalism
1826:Compassionate Communalism
1791:Compassionate Communalism
1756:Compassionate Communalism
1721:Compassionate Communalism
1697:10.1080/13629399808414643
1679:Ranstorp, Magnus (1998).
1647:Compassionate Communalism
1612:Compassionate Communalism
1574:Compassionate Communalism
1539:Compassionate Communalism
1465:Compassionate Communalism
1411:10.1080/13629399808414643
1393:Ranstorp, Magnus (1998).
1361:Compassionate Communalism
1248:Compassionate Communalism
961:10.1080/13629399808414643
943:Ranstorp, Magnus (1998).
870:Compassionate Communalism
528:Hezbollah social services
268:Hezbollah social services
2608:The Washington Institute
2509:شبيب, علي (2020-04-03).
2449:Cammett, Melani (2014).
1135:The Washington Institute
928:"Fast Facts: Hezbollah."
179:2008 conflict in Lebanon
110:Hezbollah–Iran relations
95:2008 conflict in Lebanon
2362:Love, James B. (2010).
683:In comparison with the
671:Committed Party Members
147:1983 US Embassy bombing
2277:Cite journal requires
2087:Haddad, Simon (2013).
2048:Haddad, Simon (2013).
1897:Haddad, Simon (2013).
1858:Haddad, Simon (2013).
1685:Mediterranean Politics
1497:Haddad, Simon (2013).
1399:Mediterranean Politics
1186:. September 16, 2021.
949:Mediterranean Politics
823:Haddad, Simon (2013).
2540:www.alahednews.com.lb
2536:"هكذا يستعدّ مستشفيا"
2343:Middle East Institute
2299:Azani, Eitan (2013).
2237:10.7591/9780801470332
2202:10.7591/9780801470332
2167:10.7591/9780801470332
1983:10.7591/9780801470332
1948:10.7591/9780801470332
1835:10.7591/9780801470332
1800:10.7591/9780801470332
1765:10.7591/9780801470332
1730:10.7591/9780801470332
1656:10.7591/9780801470332
1621:10.7591/9780801470332
1583:10.7591/9780801470332
1548:10.7591/9780801470332
1474:10.7591/9780801470332
1370:10.7591/9780801470332
1257:10.7591/9780801470332
879:10.7591/9780801470332
722:Mar Mikhael Agreement
197:Hezbollah involvement
2127:"What Is Hezbollah?"
1216:. 13 September 2021.
1009:Al Jarha Association
241:Imam al-Mahdi Scouts
212:2023 border conflict
202:Spillover in Lebanon
83:Political activities
2471:10.7591/j.ctt5hh11g
2416:Die Welt des Islams
1234:. 12 February 2023.
1070:The Washington Post
988:, November 25, 2009
680:the party in 1982.
342:Secretaries-General
291:Organization (IRSO)
128:Military activities
2639:Society of Lebanon
1337:10.1111/dome.12059
1298:10.1111/dome.12059
1030:Sachs, Susan. The
801:Martyrs Foundation
660:Lebanese civil war
605:Lebanese Red Cross
398:Hashim Safi Al Din
140:Lebanese Civil War
2462:978-0-8014-5232-1
2246:978-0-8014-7033-2
2211:978-0-8014-7033-2
2176:978-0-8014-7033-2
1992:978-0-8014-7033-2
1957:978-0-8014-7033-2
1844:978-0-8014-7033-2
1809:978-0-8014-7033-2
1774:978-0-8014-7033-2
1739:978-0-8014-7033-2
1665:978-0-8014-7033-2
1630:978-0-8014-7033-2
1592:978-0-8014-7033-2
1557:978-0-8014-7033-2
1483:978-0-8014-7033-2
1444:on March 10, 2007
1379:978-0-8014-7033-2
1266:978-0-8014-7033-2
888:978-0-8014-7033-2
761:Ruhollah Khomeini
525:
524:
490:
489:
478:Mustafa Mughniyeh
325:
324:
249:
248:
61:Foreign relations
2646:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2422:(3–4): 282–312.
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1606:
1597:
1596:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1440:. Archived from
1429:
1423:
1422:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1041:
1028:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1000:
995:
989:
979:
973:
972:
940:
934:
925:
919:
918:
916:
915:
904:
893:
892:
864:
853:
852:
820:
797:1982 Lebanon War
517:
510:
503:
473:
460:
447:
434:
416:
385:Senior officials
377:
369:Hassan Nasrallah
364:
351:Subhi al-Tufayli
338:
262:
190:Syrian civil war
174:2006 Lebanon War
152:War of the Camps
133:
19:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2612:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2545:
2543:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2463:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2311:(11): 899–916.
2298:
2297:
2290:
2276:
2266:
2260:Hazran, Yusri.
2259:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1091:edition.cnn.com
1085:
1084:
1077:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1044:
1040:March 30, 2000.
1029:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1003:
996:
992:
980:
976:
942:
941:
937:
926:
922:
913:
911:
906:
905:
896:
889:
866:
865:
856:
822:
821:
817:
812:
793:
777:
756:
747:
714:
673:
668:
655:
642:
617:
589:
584:
555:
521:
492:
491:
469:
456:
443:
430:
412:
373:
360:
356:Abbas al-Musawi
335:
327:
326:
293:
290:
259:
251:
250:
245:
208:
207:
165:
158:
157:
130:
120:
119:
85:
75:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2652:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2595:
2581:
2567:
2552:
2527:
2501:
2476:
2461:
2441:
2402:
2377:
2354:
2330:
2288:
2279:|journal=
2252:
2245:
2217:
2210:
2182:
2175:
2142:
2118:
2079:
2040:
1998:
1991:
1963:
1956:
1928:
1889:
1850:
1843:
1815:
1808:
1780:
1773:
1745:
1738:
1710:
1671:
1664:
1636:
1629:
1598:
1591:
1563:
1556:
1528:
1489:
1482:
1454:
1424:
1385:
1378:
1350:
1311:
1272:
1265:
1237:
1219:
1201:
1171:
1146:
1119:
1102:
1075:
1056:
1042:
1032:New York Times
1023:
1012:
1001:
990:
986:Foreign Policy
974:
955:(1): 103–134.
935:
920:
894:
887:
854:
814:
813:
811:
808:
792:
789:
776:
773:
755:
752:
746:
743:
735:2009 elections
713:
710:
672:
669:
667:
664:
654:
651:
641:
640:Infrastructure
638:
616:
613:
588:
585:
583:
580:
554:
551:
523:
522:
520:
519:
512:
505:
497:
494:
493:
488:
487:
486:
485:
480:
475:
465:Imad Mughniyeh
462:
449:
436:
423:
418:
405:
400:
395:
387:
386:
382:
381:
380:
379:
366:
353:
345:
344:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
323:
322:
321:
320:
315:
310:
302:
301:
297:
296:
295:
294:
287:
285:
280:
275:
270:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
247:
246:
244:
243:
238:
236:Armed strength
232:
229:
228:
224:
223:
222:
221:
220:
219:
209:
206:
205:
199:
192:
188:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
159:
156:
155:
149:
142:
138:
131:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
112:
107:
105:Doha Agreement
102:
97:
92:
86:
81:
80:
77:
76:
74:
73:
68:
63:
57:
55:
54:
49:
44:
38:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2651:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2592:. 2020-03-15.
2591:
2585:
2582:
2578:. 2019-04-11.
2577:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2491:on 2007-02-09
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
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2403:
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2326:
2322:
2318:
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2203:
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2195:
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2110:
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2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
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2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1909:(1): 20, 25.
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
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1846:
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1836:
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1080:
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1053:
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1038:
1033:
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1013:
1010:
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999:
994:
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987:
983:
978:
975:
970:
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954:
950:
946:
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924:
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736:
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727:
723:
718:
711:
709:
705:
701:
700:
696:
692:
690:
686:
685:Amal movement
681:
678:
670:
665:
663:
661:
652:
650:
648:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
614:
612:
610:
606:
602:
597:
593:
586:
581:
579:
577:
574:According to
572:
569:
566:
564:
560:
552:
550:
546:
543:
540:
535:
533:
529:
518:
513:
511:
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461:
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437:
435:
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427:
424:
422:
421:Talal Hamiyah
419:
417:
415:
409:
406:
404:
403:Mohammad Raad
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
388:
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370:
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363:
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316:
314:
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309:
306:
305:
304:
303:
298:
292:
286:
284:
281:
279:
278:Jihad al-Bina
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
264:
263:
258:Organizations
255:
254:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
231:
230:
225:
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
203:
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50:
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45:
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40:
39:
37:
36:
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29:
25:
21:
20:
2611:. Retrieved
2607:
2598:
2584:
2570:
2555:
2544:. Retrieved
2539:
2530:
2519:. Retrieved
2514:
2504:
2493:. Retrieved
2489:the original
2479:
2451:
2444:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2394:. Retrieved
2391:The National
2390:
2380:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2346:. Retrieved
2342:
2333:
2308:
2304:
2270:cite journal
2255:
2227:
2220:
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2185:
2157:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:
2121:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2018:
2014:
1973:
1966:
1938:
1931:
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1464:
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1446:. Retrieved
1442:the original
1437:
1427:
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1398:
1388:
1360:
1353:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1247:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1183:
1174:
1163:. Retrieved
1161:. 2020-03-25
1158:
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1134:
1094:. Retrieved
1090:
1069:
1059:
1051:
1045:
1036:
1026:
1015:
1004:
993:
985:
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952:
948:
938:
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923:
912:. Retrieved
869:
832:
828:
818:
805:
794:
785:
778:
765:Ali Khamenei
757:
748:
739:
719:
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702:
698:
697:
693:
682:
674:
656:
643:
618:
607:. After the
598:
594:
590:
573:
570:
567:
559:Nikah mut‘ah
556:
547:
536:
527:
526:
470:
457:
452:Ibrahim Aqil
444:
431:
413:
374:
361:
318:Al-Ahed News
267:
227:Capabilities
71:Headquarters
2542:(in Arabic)
2517:(in Arabic)
2515:إذاعة النور
1438:ipsnews.net
1194:October 13,
795:During the
677:quasi-state
622:Naim Qassem
483:Fouad Saleh
408:Nabil Qaouk
393:Naim Qassem
273:Bayt al-Mal
2628:Categories
2613:2023-05-17
2546:2023-05-16
2521:2023-05-16
2495:2023-05-17
2396:2023-05-17
2348:2023-05-16
2136:2023-05-18
2021:(8): 673.
1691:(1): 115.
1448:2007-05-19
1405:(1): 106.
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