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of the ethnic Polish nation, which appear... as the first victim of Nazi and Soviet rule... From such a perspective the impact of the
Jedwabne debate... has to be ed... because it has been motivated by an aspiration for âdisgraceâ... In a similar perspective the notion of critical patriotism... was dismissed as politically naĂŻve and harmful. In addition, it has been assumed that the governmentâs memory polis serve as auxiliary means for securing majorities n other fields of politics..." Hackmann further concludes that "internal as well as international polarization is a major driving force behind the current official Polish memory policy... it seems that the general goal behind this histor policy is not so much turn... the wheel of time back and to revive an antisemitic discourse... to establish a new national vision that equas the Holocaust with the genocide of Poles, or other words aims at âde-Judaizing the Holocaustâ.
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supposedly formed an alliance with part of the communist authorities in 1989... they taught Poles to be ashamed of their own history, for example by exposing events like the massacre in
Jedwabne... This 'educating by shaming' served to strengthen their grip on Polish people's minds, teaching them to despise their own heritage... PiS is on a mission to reverse the situation, and a vital component is restoring the truth about the past, to give people genuine dignity and pride in their own glorious history. The movement is therefore revolutionary, conservative and emancipatory, all at the same time..." He clarifies that while "PiS's opponents see this vision of history as proof that the party is obsessed with conspiracies... This version of history is standard for the party in power... and serves as the basis for its political activities regarding history."
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Remembrance (IPN2 ) â there is a seed of truth in such a shortcut, as will be shown below. This act, which met with harsh international criticism, was once again revised end of June 2018. These revisions are part of a broader strategy by the current national-conservative government led by Law and
Justice (PiS) party which aims to impose nationally as well as internationally a specific vision, how Polish history shall be publicly presented and commemorated, first of all with regard to World War II and the socialist period. Such a historical or mnemonic policy has been placed high on the political agenda after PiS won the presidential and parliamentary elections in 2015, but seen in a broader context, politics of history has been intensively and broadly debated in Poland already since the beginning of the millennium.
210:
372:; conclusions of research that the pogrom was carried out by Poles are viewed as an attack on "Polishness, Polish values and traditions, and Polish identity". The party aims to replace "pedagogy of shame" with "pedagogy of pride", defined by Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs as "emphasizing Polish heroism, the rescue of Jews and noble behavior during WWII in general". She writes that both concepts "are right-wing rhetoric and do not reflect any established pedagogical concepts"; instead, they reflect "the perception of Poles as an exclusively positive nation, not recognized enough in the world for just and courageous actions".
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in this version of the national narrativeâone that PiS attempts to exploitâis again of a morally clean nation that witnessed horror but was not an active collaborator in it. There persists a large rump in Polish society, and a series of raw cleavages, both defined by attachment... to the historical narrative of cleanliness. It is precisely along these cleavages and to (and for) this rump that PiS seeks to function, obliging waverers to choose between a patriotic party (PiS) and, by implication, a nonpatriotic one (PO)."
396:, during a TV interview refused to state directly who was responsible for Kielce Pogrom while stating that around Jedwabne there were many misunderstandings, avoiding directly naming perpetrators; she subsequently stated that she acknowledges Polish citizens were co-responsible for Jedwabne but this should be put into context of German occupation, and other events like Polish Underground sentencing people for murdering Jews should also be taken into account when remembering Polish-Jewish relations.
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272:) is labelled as "pedagogy of shame." "Pedagogy of shame," they argue, aims at dividing/polarizing and thus weakening the nation. It is also argued that at its core it is an effort to accomplish extracting money from Poland (a victim of Nazi Germany), by Jewish people and/or the State of Israel, which is labelled as an absurd proposition. According to the
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states that, "according to PiS, the source of the profound rift in Polish politics is historical, and dates back at least to the birth of the democratic opposition in the 1970s. Its most important element â the
Workers' Defence Committee â grew from left-wing and (to a lesser extent) liberal roots..
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stated that the pressure on museum directors to follow the party line was "unacceptable". According to David Cadier and Kacper
Szulecki, "the historical discourse of the PiS government is a reflection of the partyâs reliance on populism as a political mode of articulation in that it seeks to promote
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Jo Harper wrote in 2010 that "the PiS agenda has been clear: Poland will stand up for itself, will look at and raise arguments about things that affected Poles, but will defend against any criticism of Poles in relation to (Polish) Jews, Ukrainians, and other minorities... A central collective theme
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The expression "the pedagogy of shame" came into being because in Poland it has made a staggering political career during the last five years . The ruling populist party used this expression during the battle for the electorate, suggesting that previous regimes had taught their citizens only shame
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Jörg
Hackmann concludes that "a major interest of current histor policy the government led by the PiS party is to put Poles and Jews upon an equal level of victimization... In internal politics... the main goal is tak control of institutions... and marginaliz opponents shaping a monolithic view
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in 2004. Scholars
Irmgard ZĂŒndorf and Andreas Etges write that, since 2015, "the Polish museum landscape has turned into a battleground between politicians and historians". The party has fired or tried to fire various museum directors and boards that do not conform to the party line on history. For
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Polish "politics of history" has risen to international political attention in
January 2018, when a revised bill was introduced, which in media outside Poland is mostly referred to as "Holocaust law." Although this is not the official term â the act defines the tasks of the Institute of National
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stated, "We need to make it clear today the end of the pedagogy of shame, the end of this constant expiation of our nation, for whatever reason, self-blame, because this is what makes it easier and even encourages us to do this kind of activity, it causes terrible losses for us." Obama later
332:, but to their interpretation, which, while not deviating from the historical truth, would serve the "building of pro-social foundations". Several scholars have criticized the INR for turning in recent years, from objective historical research towards
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referred to "Holocaust distortion" in Poland, stating "Its major selling point is that it delivers the message what people want to hear: the
Holocaust happened, but my nation, group, tribe, had nothing to do with it". President of the Polish
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According to Jörg
Hackmann "The international scholarly assessment of the historical policy by PiS is widely negative..." Timothy Snyder sees an "implicit alliance" with Russian forms of historical revisionism. In 2017,
653:"Comments on the article by Piotr Ć»uk (2018): "Nation, National Remembrance, and Education â Polish Schools as Factories of Nationalism and Prejudice," Nationalities Papers, DOI: 10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079"
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The issue of history politics have risen further when in 2015 it was announced that the works had started on the "Strategy of Polish Historical Policy" ("Strategia Polskiej Polityki Historycznej"). President
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to establish a history policy, seeing it as important to building a shared positive identity and historical truth and justice, while others see it as politicizing history and distorting historical facts.
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countries, including Poland, started development of new narratives in national histories as part of their search for national identity, with an important aspect being their victimization in history.
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stated that the term "pedagogy of shame" has no scholarly basis and should not be used, as it "justif the denial of parts of historical knowledge". At the center of the "pedagogy of shame" is the
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484:, removed. The new management changed the museum exhibits to place a heavy emphasis on the victimization of ethnic Poles during the war. The new exhibits caused a scandal by portraying
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party, this should be replaced with a "pedagogy of pride" which focuses on positive aspects of Polish history. The party's history policy has divided historians, with some working with
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Joanna Michlic states that "according to PiSâs histor policy, the historian can only be a servant of the state who remakes and reshapes history according to the orders of the state."
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Part of Law and Justice's platform was its historical policy to promote the Polish point of view on the national and international level, its important instrument being the
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and Its Aftermath" which includes a wall of antisemitic quotes from 1968 to 2018. Although unattributed, two of them are from sympathizers of the party.
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309:(INR). After the electoral victory of Law and Justice, the INR focused on crimes against the Polish nation. Nikolay Koposov, in his criticism of
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apologized for using the expression, saying that he misspoke. In 2016, members of PiS called for the reexamination of the Jedwabne and
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Prezydent Duda bierze siÄ za politykÄ historycznÄ
, czyli skoĆczyÄ z tÄ
pedagogikÄ
wstydu PaweĆ WroĆski 18 November 2015 Wyborcza.pl
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Hackmann, Jörg (2018). "Defending the "Good Name" of the Polish Nation: Politics of History as a Battlefield in Poland, 2015â18".
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Holmgren, Beth (2019). "Holocaust History and Jewish Heritage Preservation: Scholars and Stewards Working in PiS-Ruled Poland".
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The government has changed the school curriculum and commemoration of Holocaust Memorial Day to be dominated by discussions of
556:, stated that "for the first time since totalitarianism, the rulers want to change people's consciousness". Polish journalist
891:Ć»uk, Piotr (2018). "Nation, national remembrance, and education â Polish schools as factories of nationalism and prejudice".
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to Poland or the Polish nation. The law was met with widespread international criticism as it is seen as an infringement on
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plays a major role in PiS's attempts at re-narration of the Holocaust in which PiS casts Poles and Jews as equal victims.
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rather than Jewish victims of the Holocaust or the reactions of other Poles who did not behave as heroes. According to
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https://wiadomosci.dziennik.pl/historia/aktualnosci/artykuly/599833,andrzej-nowak-nagroda-lecha-kaczynskiego-pis.html
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announced that "carrying out the historical policy is one of the most important activities of the president".
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Ambrosewicz-Jacobs, Jolanta. "The uses and the abuses of education about the Holocaust in Poland after 1989."
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1500:"Polish Cultural Diplomacy and Historical Memory: the Case of the Museum of the Second World War in GdaĆsk"
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https://wyborcza.pl/1,75398,19204298,prezydent-duda-bierze-sie-za-polityke-historyczna-czyli-skonczyc.html
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Michlic, Joanna Beata (2017). "'At the Crossroads': Jedwabne and Polish Historiography of the Holocaust".
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a Manichean, dichotomic and totalizing re-definition of the categories of victim, hero and perpetrator".
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421:, the changes to the curriculum "in effect reduce education to the process of internalization of major
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Any events that do not support the "nationalist vision of history, education, and upbringing", such as
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In the opinion of critics, this policy produces a narrative that Poles were victims and heroes during
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Prof. Andrzej Nowak odebraĆ z rÄ
k prezesa PiS NagrodÄ im. Lecha KaczyĆskiego 9 June 2019, Dziennik.pl
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history policy consists in promoting, in Poland and internationally, a version of history based on a
1771:"Populism, historical discourse and foreign policy: the case of Poland's Law and Justice government"
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describes PiS historical policy as "a pumped-up martyr complex focused on conspiracy theories". The
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1459:"History and Politics and the Politics of History: Poland and Its Museums of Contemporary History"
1045:"The Past as a Source of Evil: The Controversy Over History and Historical Policy in Poland, 2016"
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Zessin-Jurek, Lidia (2019). "Hide and Seek with History â Holocaust Teaching at Polish Schools".
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Ljiljana RadoniÄ, Introduction: The Holocaust/Genocide Template in Eastern Europe, p. 488
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998:"Negating Negation: Civic Platform, Law and Justice, and the Struggle over "Polishness""
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1306:"Poland may criminalize term 'Polish death camp' to describe Nazi WWII Holocaust sites"
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stated that "PiS wants to politicize history to a degree unseen in the last 25 years".
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Waldemar Brenda of the INR stated that the historical policy should not amount to the
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against Jews. Discussion of events that does not fit this narrative (such as of
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1433:"Curating a nation: why the controversy around GdaĆsk's new WW2 museum matters"
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1119:"PREZYDENT ZAINAUGUROWAĆ PRACE NAD STRATEGIÄ POLSKIEJ POLITYKI HISTORYCZNEJ"
1102:"THE ARMORED TRAIN OF MEMORY": THE POLITICS OF HISTORY IN POST-SOVIET RUSSIA
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933:"Introduction to the special issue â disputed Holocaust memory in Poland"
350:, are viewed as part of a "pedagogy of shame" or "pedagogy of disgrace" (
1745:"Holocaust history is being re-written - historians are fighting back"
467:, the party has tried to "weaponize" museums since the opening of the
1639:"'Our' vs. 'Inherited' Museums. PiS and Fidesz as Mnemonic Warriors"
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1174:"The Fake Nazi Death Camp: Knowledge (XXG)'s Longest Hoax, Exposed"
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781:"Poland's Historical Revisionism Is Pushing It Into Moscow's Arms"
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Markowa Ulma-Family Museum of Poles Who Saved Jews in World War II
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https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14623528.2018.1528743
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that focuses on protecting the "good name" of the Polish nation.
755:"Poland continues purging history books to the beat of PiS drum"
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1814:"Cultural War and Reinventing the Past in Poland and Hungary"
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Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance
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Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance
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Etges, Andreas; ZĂŒndorf, Irmgard; Machcewicz, PaweĆ (2018).
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A notable element of party's historical policy was the 2018
1333:"Minister edukacji: Polacy wspĂłĆodpowiedzialni za Jedwabne"
1610:""FAZ" o kulturowej kontrrewolucji JarosĆawa KaczyĆskiego"
1581:"Co min. GliĆski zrobiĆ z pamiÄciÄ
o II Wojnie Ćwiatowej"
1137:"Polityka historyczna sĆuĆŒy budowaniu potencjaĆu paĆstwa"
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International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society
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Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies
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827:"The Demagogue's Cocktail of Victimhood and Strength"
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UN special rapporteur on civil and political rights
1552:"Poland's WWII museum under political bombardment"
476:had its director and original board, including
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18:Historical policy of the Law and Justice party
8:
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488:as a hero and attracted criticism from the
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1280:"Pedagogika wstydu, ktĂłrej nigdy nie byĆo"
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1348:"Nationalism, Democracy, and Memory Laws"
1346:Soroka, George; Krawatzek, FĂ©lix (2019).
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1092:, Holocaust Studies 25.3 (2019): 329-350.
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651:Majewski, Piotr; Jaskulowski, Krzysztof.
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197:Learn how and when to remove this message
179:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1769:Cadier, David; Szulecki, Kacper (2020).
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1220:Journal of Education Culture and Society
931:Ray, Larry; Kapralski, SĆawomir (2019).
159:Relevant discussion may be found on the
93:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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1743:Crowcroft, Orlando (27 January 2020).
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804:Foreign Affairs: America and the World
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639:"Is Poland Retreating from Democracy?"
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753:WieliĆski, Bartosz T. (1 June 2018).
490:United Nations Human Rights Committee
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1498:Clarke, David; Duber, PaweĆ (2020).
301:Historical policy at the state level
233:) party has chapters on "identity" (
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313:notices that in 2000s several post-
311:the history policy in modern Russia
798:Mazzini, Mateusz (27 April 2017).
779:Mazzini, Mateusz (18 April 2024).
408:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
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1818:Polish Political Science Yearbook
1608:Widzyk, Anna (17 February 2020).
1070:Program of Law and Justice (2019)
307:Institute of National Remembrance
42:This article has multiple issues.
1579:Flieger, Esther (2 April 2020).
1550:Ciobanu, Claudia (15 May 2017).
1304:Ware, Doug G. (17 August 2016).
492:. The government also pressured
439:responsibility for the Holocaust
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1393:Noack, Rick (2 February 2018).
606:Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust
463:According to Polish journalist
364:, and liberalism. In 2018, the
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1214:Kobylarek, Aleksander (2020).
474:Museum of the Second World War
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1172:Benjakob, Omer (2019-10-03).
950:10.1080/17504902.2019.1567657
905:10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079
728:10.1080/14623528.2018.1528742
661:10.1080/00905992.2017.1381079
618:10.1080/23256249.2017.1376793
1723:The New York Review of Books
1463:International Public History
716:Journal of Genocide Research
400:Changes in school curriculum
99:conditions to do so are met
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1787:10.1057/s41311-020-00252-6
1637:RadoniÄ, Ljiljana (2020).
1043:LeszczyĆski, Adam (2020).
1014:10.2753/PPC1075-8216570402
1002:Problems of Post-Communism
225:The program of the Polish
1517:10.1007/s10767-018-9294-x
1258:Cultures of History Forum
1197:ŚŚšŚŚ, ŚŚŚŚ (2019-10-06).
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507:The establishment of the
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1862:Historiography of Poland
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800:"PiS and Polish History"
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451:Polish collaborationism
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1812:Ăgh, Attila (2016).
1719:"Poland vs. History"
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243:polityka historyczna
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1437:The Calvert Journal
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1335:. 7 September 2016.
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