671:"day/light," meaning literally "three-times-day." He also shows that the Hopi reckon time through the movement of the sun, having distinct words for the different degrees of light during the dawn and dusk periods. He also notes that the feeling of time passing can be described by saying "the sun moves slowly/quickly." Parts 3, 4, 5, and 6 describe Hopi time-keeping practices using the sun relative to the horizon, using the stars, the ceremonial calendar and the use of time-keeping devices such as knotted strings or notched sticks with a mark or knot for every day, sun-hole alignment and shadow observation. The eighth chapter describes the temporal particles that Whorf defined as temporals and tensors. He argues that Whorf's descriptions are vague and alienating.
835:, Leanne Hinton echoes Lucy's observation that Malotki wrongly characterizes Whorf's claim that Hopi have no concept of time or cannot express time. She further claims that Malotki's glosses of Hopi often use English terms for time that do not exactly translate time terms (e.g., translating "three-repetitions" in Hopi as "three times"), thereby "mak the error of attributing temporality to any Hopi sentence that translates into English with a temporal term." Further, without delineating "Hopi views of time from the views expressed by English translations" "What is meant by the word 'time', and what are the criteria for determining whether or not a concept is temporal" is never answered by Malotki, thus begging the question.
626:. For Malotki it was imperative to demonstrate two facts in contradiction of Whorf's claims: 1. that the Hopi language has an abundance of terms, words and constructions that refer to time. 2. that the Hopi do cognitively conceptualize time in analogy with physical space, using spatial metaphors to describe durations and units of time. He also wanted to demonstrate that Whorf misanalyzed several particularities regarding specific Hopi words and expressions. Malotki states that a main goal is to present "actual Hopi language data," since when he was writing very little textual data in Hopi had been published, and Whorf's publications were largely without text examples.
828:
strong claim about what it is that Hopi lacks, he consistently puts the word "time" in scare quotes, and uses the qualifier "what we call." Lucy and others take this as evidence that Whorf was implying specifically that what the Hopi lacked was a concept that corresponds entirely to that denoted by the
English word, i.e. he was making a point of showing that the concepts of time were different. Malotki himself acknowledges that the conceptualizations are different, but because he ignores Whorf's use of scare quotes, takes Whorf to be arguing that the Hopi have no concept of time at all.
43:
747:, accepts that Malotki's work demonstrates that the Hopi do have a concept of time and that it is devastating for Whorf's strong claims. But Comrie also notes that Malotki's "claim that Hopi has a tense system based on the opposition of future and non-future ... strikes me as questionable: given the wide range of modal uses of the so-called future, it is at least plausible that this is a modal rather than temporal distinction, with the result that Hopi would have no tense distinction."
595:
time, by juxtaposing Hopi phrases with their German equivalents that used words referring to units of time and to distinctions between past and present. Gipper also argued that several time intervals were described by nouns, and that these nouns could take the role of syntactic subject or object, in contradiction of Whorf's explicit statement. He argues that Whorf's assertion that intervals of time are not counted in the same way as objects is "questionable."
539:—an economist and engineer at MIT who had followed Whorf's ideas with great interest, but whom Whorf himself considered utterly incompetent and incapable of understanding the nuances of his ideas—published "Some things worth knowing: a generalist's guide to useful knowledge." Here he repeated Whorf's claim about Hopi time, but arguing that because of the Hopi view of time as a process, they were better able to understand the concept of time as a
94:-centered spatial progression from past, through present into the future. He also demonstrated that the Hopi language grammaticalizes tense using a distinction between future and non-future tenses, as opposed to the English tense system, which is usually analyzed as being based on a past/non-past distinction. Many took Malotki's work as a definitive refutation of the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
428:
grammar, which does not allow durations of time to be counted in the same way objects are. So instead of saying, for example, "three days," Hopi would say the equivalent of "on the third day," using ordinal numbers. Whorf argues that the Hopi do not consider the process of time passing to produce another new day, but merely as bringing back the daylight aspect of the world.
62:
a smooth flowing continuum in which everything in the universe proceeds at equal rate, out of a future, through the present, into a past." Whorf used the Hopi concept of time as a primary example of his concept of linguistic relativity, which posits that the way in which individual languages encode information about the world, influences and correlates with the cultural
558:, in which he wrote: "You have a watch, because Americans are obsessed with time. If you were a Hopi Indian, you would have none, the Hopi have no concept of time." And even the 1971 ethnography of the Hopi by Euler and Dobyns claimed that "The English concept of time is nearly incomprehensible to the Hopi." The myth quickly became a staple element of
494:. In Whorf's analysis, by using the reportive form the speaker claims that the event has in fact occurred or is still occurring, whereas by using the expective form the speaker describes an expectation of a future event. Whorf says that the expective can be used to describe events in the past, giving the meaning of "was going to" or "would."
803:. They have argued that Malotki's data show that the Hopi share these primes with English and all other languages, even though it is also clear that the precise way in which these concepts fit into the larger pattern of culture and language practices is different in each language, as illustrated by the differences between Hopi and English.
868:, i.e. that the future is in front of the speaker and the past behind. It has also been well-established since before the controversy that not all languages have a grammatical category of tense: some instead use combinations of adverbs and grammatical aspect to locate events in time. Looked at from the perspective of the
827:
argues that
Malotki's critique misses the fact that Whorf's point was exactly that the way in which the Hopi language grammatically structurates the representation of time leads to a different conception of time than the English one, not that they do not have one. Lucy notes that when Whorf makes his
684:
suffix as marking the future tense. He argues that since there is no grammatical distinction between past and present, Hopi has a future-nonfuture tense system. Malotki distinguishes between primary and secondary functions of the -ni suffix, arguing that its primary function is temporal reference and
679:
The concept of Hopi tense is covered in the last part of chapter 9, titled "miscellaneous," and in the conclusion. Malotki follows Gipper in arguing that time is a natural category and that it is naturally experienced in terms of past, present and future, even though many languages do not necessarily
485:
forms of the Hopi verb. Whorf acknowledges that these "translate more or less the
English tenses," but maintains that these forms do not refer to time or duration, but rather to the speaker's claim of the validity of the statement. The reportive form is unmarked, whereas the expective form is marked
61:
speaker, and that this difference correlated with grammatical differences between the languages. Whorf argued that Hopi has "no words, grammatical forms, construction or expressions that refer directly to what we call 'time,'" and concluded that the Hopi had "no general notion or intuition of time as
838:
In 1991 Penny Lee published a comparison of
Malotki and Whorf's analyses of the adverbial word class that Whorf had called "tensors." She argues that Whorf's analysis captured aspects of Hopi grammar that were not captured by simply describing tensors as falling within the class of temporal adverbs.
815:
have taken a compromise position, noting that while
Malotki's study of Hopi temporal concepts and timekeeping practices "has clearly refuted Whorf's assertion that Hopi is a 'timeless' language, and in doing so has destroyed Whorf's strongest example for linguistic relativity, he presents no naively
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as a smooth flowing continuum in which everything in the universe proceeds at an equal rate, out of a future into a present and into a past .... After a long and careful analysis the Hopi language is seen to contain no words, grammatical forms, construction or expressions that refer directly to
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do clashed with this basic understanding of cognition. Gipper went to the Hopi reservation to collect data for a general critique of Whorf's principle of linguistic relativity published in 1972. His critique included a refutation of Whorf's Hopi arguments. Gipper showed that the Hopi could refer to
427:
Whorf argues that in Hopi units of time are not represented by nouns, but by adverbs or verbs. Whorf argues that all Hopi nouns include the notion of a boundary or outline, and that consequently the Hopi language does not refer to abstract concepts with nouns. This, Whorf argues, is encoded in Hopi
646:
is dedicated to the detailed description of the Hopi usage of words and constructions related to time. Malotki describes in detail the usage of a large amount of linguistic material: temporal adverbs, time units, time counting practices such as the Hopi calendar, the way that days are counted and
497:
In the 1940 article "Science and
Linguistics," Whorf gave the same three-way classification based on the speaker's assertion of the validity of his statement: "The timeless Hopi verb does not distinguish between the present, past and future of the event itself but must always indicate what type of
105:
Subsequently, the study of linguistic relativity was revived using new approaches in the 1990s, and
Malotki's study came under criticism from relativist linguists and anthropologists, who did not consider the study to invalidate Whorf's claims. The main issue of contention is the interpretation of
417:
I find it gratuitous to assume that a Hopi who knows only the Hopi language and the cultural ideas of his own society has the same notions, often supposed to be intuitions, of time and space as we have, and that are generally assumed to be universal. In particular he has no notion or intuition of
89:
in the Hopi language, concluding that he had finally refuted Whorf's claims about the language. Malotki's treatise gave hundreds of examples of Hopi words and grammatical forms referring to temporal relations. Malotki's central claim was that the Hopi do indeed conceptualize time as structured in
710:
also takes on a number of secondary, atemporal functions which essentially belong to the modal category (imperative, hortative, desiderative, etc.). Since no markers exist to point out present or past time, Hopi, like many other languages, can be said to be endowed with a future-nonfuture tense
391:
Whorf published several articles on Hopi grammar, focusing particularly on the ways in which the grammatical categories of Hopi encoded information about events and processes, and how this correlated with aspects of Hopi culture and behavior. After his death, his full sketch of Hopi grammar was
846:
published a severe critique of
Malotki's work, questioning his methods and his presentation of data as well as his analysis. Dinwoodie argues that Malotki fails to adequately support his claim of having demonstrated that the Hopi have a concept of time "as we know it." He provides ethnographic
630:
opens with a quotation drawn from his extensive field work, which directly challenges Whorf's claim of a lack of temporal terms in the Hopi language: "Then indeed, the following day, quite early in the morning at the hour when people pray to the sun, around that time then he woke up the girl
863:
have found some evidence that there may be significant differences in how speakers of different languages conceptualize time, although not necessarily in the way Whorf claimed for the Hopi. Specifically, it has been shown that some cultural groups conceptualize the flow of time in a direction
383:
borough of New York City. At this time, it was common for linguists to base their descriptions of a language on data from a single speaker. Whorf credited
Naquayouma as the source of most of his information on the Hopi language, although in 1938 he took a short field trip to the village of
574:
published a critique of Whorf's arguments in which he argued that the principle of linguistic relativity was obviously wrong because translation between languages is always possible, even when there are no exact correspondences between the single words or concepts in the two languages.
758:, have seen Malotki's study as being the final proof that Whorf was an inept linguist and had no significant knowledge or understanding of the Hopi language. This interpretation has been criticized by relativist scholars as unfounded and based on a lack of knowledge of Whorf's work.
701:
As it turns out from among the numerous suffixes that the Hopi verb can select to mark the grammatical categories of aspect, mode and tense, one is specifically reserved to refer to time, or rather the sequential ordering of events or states. This temporal marker is
771:
wrote of the Hopi: "...their language has no grammar in the way we recognize it. And most bizarre of all, they have no tenses for past, present and future. They do not sense time in that way. For them time is one." And the myth continues to be an integral part of
514:, which were used in sentences to locate events in time. A central claim in Whorf's work on linguistic relativity was that for the Hopi units of time were not considered objects that can be counted like most of the comparable English words that are described by
654:
that means both "there" and "then." In the second chapter he describes the way in which the Hopi talk about units of time. He argues that in some contexts, specifically those of the ceremonial cycle, the Hopi do count days, using compound words such as
526:
etc.). He argued that only the Hopi word for "year" was a noun, the words for days and nights were ambivalent between noun and verbs, but that all other cyclic events and periods were described by adverbial particles used as modifiers for the sentence.
847:
examples of how some Hopi speakers explain the way they experience the difference between a traditional Hopi way of experiencing time as tied closely to cycles of ritual and natural events, and the Anglo-American concept of clock-time or school-time.
412:
Whorf's most frequently cited statement regarding Hopi time is the strongly worded introduction of his 1936 paper "An
American Indian model of the Universe," which was first published posthumously in Carroll's edited volume. Here he writes that:
439:
gives slightly different analyses of the grammatical encoding of time in Hopi in his different writings. His first published writing on Hopi grammar was the paper "The punctual and segmentative aspects of verbs in Hopi," published in 1936 in
469:, Whorf abandoned the word "tense" in the description of Hopi and described the distinction previously called "tense" with the label "assertions." Whorf described assertions as a system of categories that describe the speaker's claim of
125:. Regardless of exactly how the Hopi concept of time is best analyzed, most specialists agree with Malotki that all humans conceptualize time by an analogy with space, although some recent studies have also questioned this.
505:
In his full sketch of Hopi grammar published posthumously in 1946, Whorf also described how adverbial particles contributed to the linguistic description of time in Hopi. He posited two subclasses of adverbs called
810:
held that Malotki's investigation "made it abundantly clear that the Hopi had, and have, no difficulty whatsoever in drawing distinctions between past, present, and future." Some investigators of Puebloan
872:, Hopi conceptions of time and space, which underlie their well-developed observational solar calendar, raise the question of how to translate Hopi conceptions into terms intelligible to Western ears.
614:
and his work was a continuation of his mentor's, spurred on by the frequent claims in the popular literature that "the Hopi have no concept of time." Malotki conducted four years of research on the
715:
Malotki does admit that the English and Hopi systems of tense are different since the English system distinguishes past from non-past, whereas Hopi distinguishes future from non-future.
650:
The first part of the book describes "spatio-temporal metaphors;" in it he shows several deictic adverbs that are used both to reference distance in space and in time, such as the word
855:
Sparked by the Hopi debate about time, a number of studies about how different languages grammaticalize tense and conceptualize time have been carried out. Some of these studies in
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considered the categories of time and space to be universals underlying all human thinking. Whorf's argument that the Hopi do not conceive of time and space as speakers of
462:). This analysis was repeated in a 1937 letter to J. B. Carroll, who later published it as part of his selected writings under the title "Discussion of Hopi Linguistics."
363:, close to where Whorf lived, and Whorf signed up for graduate-level classes with Sapir, becoming one of his most respected students. Whorf took a special interest in the
102:, a well-known critic of Whorf and the concept of linguistic relativity, accepted Malotki's claims as having demonstrated Whorf's complete ineptitude as a linguist.
2619:
396:. Some of Whorf's essays on Native American linguistics, many of which had been previously published in academic journals, were collected in the 1956 anthology
162:
2286:
Hopi dictionary: Hopìikwa Lavàytutuveni: A Hopi-English dictionary of the Third Mesa dialect with an English-Hopi finder list and a sketch of Hopi grammar
98:, a linguist and specialist in the linguistic typology of tense, concluded that "Malotki's presentation and argumentation are devastating." Psychologist
450:. Here Whorf analyzed Hopi as having a tense system with a distinction between three tenses: one used for past or present events (which Whorf calls the
723:
Subsequent descriptions of Hopi grammar have maintained Malotki's distinction between an unmarked non-future tense and a future tense marked with the -
347:
engineer by profession, studied Native American linguistics from an early age. He corresponded with many of the greatest scholars of his time, such as
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In spite of Malotki's refutation, the myth that "the Hopi have no concept of time" lived on in the popular literature. For example, in her 1989 novel
27:
grammaticizes the concept of time, and about whether the differences between the ways the English and Hopi languages describe time are an example of
2654:"With the Future Behind Them: Convergent Evidence From Aymara Language and Gesture in the Crosslinguistic Comparison of Spatial Construals of Time"
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McCluskey, Stephen C. (1987), "Science, Society, Objectivity and the Astronomies of the Southwest", in Carlson, John B.; Judge, W. James (eds.),
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Dinwoodie, David W. (2006). "Time and the Individual in Native North America". In Sergei Kan; Pauline Turner Strong; Raymond Fogelson (eds.).
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Lucy, John A. (1996). "The Scope of Linguistic Relativity:An analysis of Empirical Research". In Gumperz, John; Levinson, Stephen (eds.).
2804:"When time is not space: The social and linguistic construction of time intervals and temporal event relations in an Amazonian culture"
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at Harvard and Herbert Spinden of the American Museum of Natural History. They were impressed with his work on the linguistics of the
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there is no word exactly corresponding to the English noun "time." Hopi employs different words to refer to "a duration of time" (
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Dahl, Ø. (1995). "When the future comes from behind: Malagasy and other time concepts and some consequences for communication".
3222:
535:
Whorf died in 1941, but his ideas took on their own life in academia and in the popular discourse on Native Americans. In 1958
114:, and that the distinction between non-future and future posited by Malotki may be better understood as a distinction between
1961:
Casasanto, Daniel (2008). "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Whorf? Crosslinguistic Differences in Temporal Language and Thought".
106:
Whorf's original claims about Hopi, and what exactly it was that he was claiming made Hopi different from what Whorf called "
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intends the statement to have: a. report of an event .. b. expectation of an event ..; generalization or law about events."
792:
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42:
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543:. Similarly, even scientists were intrigued by the thought that the idea of spatio-temporal unity that had taken
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The suffix is also used in conditional clauses referring to a past context then often combined with the particle
107:
58:
2567:. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. Vol. 20. Berlin, New York, Amsterdam: Mouton Publishers.
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Malotki's work has been criticized by relativist scholars for failing to engage with Whorf's actual argument.
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seven years to ponder, was readily available to the Hopi, simply because of the grammar of their language.
241:, which means "that which will happen yet" in reference to the future. This word is formed from the adverb
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1859:
886:
540:
3202:
2718:
891:
860:
313:, "I tried to smile/I should smile/I wanted to smile/I was going to smile," I Past/Counterfact. smile-NI
154:
28:
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Ancient Worlds, Modern Reflections: Philosophical Perspectives on Greek and Chinese Science and Culture
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Hopi Dictionary Project, (University of Arizona Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology) (1998).
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and encouraged him to participate professionally and to undertake field research in Mexico. In 1931
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whose referential force is futurity. Its temporal function is primary; however, in many contexts i-
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458:); one for future events; and one for events that are generally or universally true (here called
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54:
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618:, studying Hopi spatial and temporal reference. He published two large volumes, one in German,
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in the 1960s, but Whorf's statement lived on in the popular literature often in the form of an
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validity of his own statement. The three "assertions" of Hopi described by Whorf are the
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and started working with Ernest Naquayouma, a speaker of Hopi from Toreva village on the
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or not. In popular discourse, the debate is often framed as a question about whether the
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and had a basically Kantian understanding of the relation between language and thought.
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Language Diversity and Thought: A Reformulation of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
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thinking that draws on stereotypical depictions of "timeless Hopi culture."
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Linguists and psychologists who work in the universalist tradition such as
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In the 1938 paper "Some verbal categories of Hopi," also published in
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describes actions taking place habitually or as a general rule.
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of the speakers. Whorf's relativist views fell out of favor in
36:
16:
Academic debate about conceptualization of time in Hopi language
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grammaticalize all of these distinctions. He analyzes the Hopi
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Linguistic Relativities: Language Diversity and Modern Thought
820:
assertion of the total independence of language and thought."
57:
argued that the Hopi conceptualized time differently from the
2632:
Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue: The Untold History of English
2744:
The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window Into Human Nature
864:
opposite to what is usual for speakers of English and other
3098:"The relation of habitual thought and behavior to language"
1204:
1202:
1200:
1187:
1185:
1172:
1170:
659:"the third day (of a ceremony)" composed of the morphemes
53:
The debate originated in the 1940s when American linguist
2978:"The punctual and segmentative aspects of verbs in Hopi."
2845:
Smith, Carlota S. (2008). "Time with and Without Tense".
2388:
The Whorf Theory Complex — A Critical Reconstruction
2417:
Livingston, Robert (1963). "Perception and Commitment".
2162:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. pp. 203–222.
1161:
1149:
1132:
1096:
970:
968:
955:
953:
951:
197:
Time reference can be marked on verbs using the suffix
186:), a turn or the appropriate time for doing something (
2144:. (Human Cognitive Processing series). John Benjamins.
985:
983:
923:
921:
423:
what we call 'time', or to past, present or future ...
2925:
Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 9: Southwest
1394:
1392:
1002:
1000:
998:
938:
936:
908:
906:
272:, "if I see him I'll run away," If I him see I run-NI
2720:
The Language Instinct: How The Mind Creates Language
1933:
Fractal Time: The Secret of 2012 and a New World Age
1319:
1317:
727:
suffix, and a habitual aspect marked by the suffix -
2597:
Astronomy and Ceremony in the Prehistoric Southwest
554:published a humorous portrait of American culture,
2923:(1979). "Hopi Semantics". In Alfonso Ortiz (ed.).
2560:
2525:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
2283:
2231:
2215:
2200:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Verlag.
2118:
1930:
1044:
1042:
174:"at that time"), and time as measured by a clock (
2043:(1984). "Review of Ekkehart Malotki, Hopi Time".
1610:
1114:University of Cambridge Language Centre Resources
1029:
1027:
2080:International Journal of Intercultural Relations
1952:Bybee, J. L.; Perkins, R.; Pagliuca, W. (1994).
331:, "In the winter the sun rises in the southeast"
2762:Pütz, Martin; Verspoor, Marjolyn, eds. (2000).
2454:Lucy, John A. (1997). "Linguistic Relativity".
2333:. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press.
699:
415:
260:suffix is also obligatory on the main verb in
2342:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1745:
8:
2641:"Is English Special Because It's "Globish"?"
1018:
2541:(in German). Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag.
1383:
3008:"An American Indian model of the universe"
2618:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2117:Euler, Robert C; Dobyns, Henry F. (1971).
1824:"Future discourse in a tenseless language"
1359:
2679:
2669:
2205:Goddard, Cliff; Wierzbicka, Anna (2002).
1982:
1863:
1805:
1793:
1733:
1649:
1599:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1347:
1236:
1208:
1191:
1176:
959:
285:meaning, or describes unachieved intent:
190:(noun)), and to have time for something (
78:that "the Hopi have no concept of time."
2652:Núñez, Rafael E.; Sweetser, Eve (2006).
1697:
1371:
795:that has a basic vocabulary of semantic
779:Some linguists working on Universals of
233:The -ni suffix is also used in the word
2937:Linguistic Structures of Native America
1956:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1769:
1685:
1630:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 81,
1595:
1530:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1422:
1220:
1060:
1006:
942:
912:
902:
249:suffix and the clitic -qa that forms a
2611:
2316:(Thesis). MIT: Doctoral dissertation.
2028:
2018:
1721:
1709:
1591:
1542:
1434:
1398:
1308:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1072:
989:
974:
927:
685:that its many modal functions such as
170:"for that long"), to a point in time (
2766:. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
2764:Explorations in linguistic relativity
1781:
1673:
1410:
1323:
1296:
1284:
1084:
490:, and the nomic form with the suffix
392:published by his friend the linguist
23:is the academic debate about how the
7:
2160:Spatial schemas and abstract thought
1757:
1661:
1335:
1048:
1033:
388:, collecting some additional data.
178:), as an occasion to do something (
85:published a 600-page study of the
14:
3158:"Linguistics as an exact science"
2639:McWhorter, John (June 21, 2010).
2419:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
2153:. University of California Press.
2125:. Phoenix: Indian Tribal Series.
2045:Australian Journal of Linguistics
608:Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
253:with the meaning "that which..."
3038:"Discussion of Hopi linguistics"
2795:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2009.00260.x
2707:2012: The Return of Quetzalcoatl
2521:Rethinking Linguistic Relativity
2169:Language and Cognitive Processes
1975:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2008.00462.x
735:, a well-known authority on the
562:conceptualizations of the Hopi.
290:Pam nuy tuwáq nu' so'on as wayaa
2468:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.291
269:Kur nu' pam tuwa nu' wuuvata-ni
3243:Indigenous American philosophy
2439:10.1080/00963402.1963.11454456
2063:. Cambridge University Press.
1984:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-1F69-A
398:Language, Thought, and Reality
1:
2456:Annual Review of Anthropology
2400:Language, Thought and Reality
1874:10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00073-6
1611:Goddard & Wierzbicka 2002
793:Natural Semantic Metalanguage
697:are of secondary importance.
531:The myth of the timeless Hopi
448:Linguistic Society of America
207:, "The women are/were making
3183:Winterson, Jeanette (1989).
2855:10.1007/978-1-4020-8354-9_10
2222:. new York: Alfred E. Knopf.
2209:. John Benjamins Publishing.
2092:10.1016/0147-1767(95)00004-u
1162:Hopi Dictionary Project 1998
1150:Hopi Dictionary Project 1998
1133:Hopi Dictionary Project 1998
851:Language, time and cognition
432:Hopi as a tenseless language
304:, "I will smile," I smile-NI
223:, "The women will be making
3213:Anthropological linguistics
3160:. In Carroll, J. B. (ed.).
3130:. In Carroll, J. B. (ed.).
3100:. In Carroll, J. B. (ed.).
3070:. In Carroll, J. B. (ed.).
3040:. In Carroll, J. B. (ed.).
3010:. In Carroll, J. B. (ed.).
2980:. In Carroll, J. B. (ed.).
2681:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_62
2292:University of Arizona Press
1425:, pp. 179–180, 186–87.
799:including concepts such as
606:studied with Gipper at the
566:Max Black and Helmut Gipper
400:by his friend psychologist
281:that carries past tense or
155:Uto-Aztecan language family
3259:
2885:Linguistics and Philosophy
3128:"Science and linguistics"
2921:Masayesva, Jeanne LaVerne
2897:10.1007/s10988-011-9097-2
2705:Pinchbeck, David (2007).
2371:10.1515/cogl.1991.2.2.123
2310:Jeanne, LaVerne Masayesva
2255:American Indian Quarterly
2181:10.1080/01690960143000317
1746:Núñez & Sweetser 2006
801:time, when, before, after
326:Tömö' taawa tatkyaqw yáma
108:Standard Average European
59:Standard Average European
3238:Philosophy controversies
3228:Linguistic controversies
2823:10.1515/langcog.2011.006
2329:Kalectaca, Milo (1978).
2238:. Simon & Schuster.
2218:The Inevitable Americans
1995:(1956). "Introduction".
1902:The Philosophical Review
1019:Reines & Prinze 2009
791:, argue that there is a
675:Malotki on tense in Hopi
556:The Inevitable Americans
379:, who was living in the
151:Native American language
2496:Lucy, John A. (1992b).
2475:Lucy, John A. (1992a).
2314:Aspects of Hopi grammar
2214:Greenway, John (1964).
2196:Gipper, Helmut (1972).
2099:Deutscher, Guy (2010).
1822:Bittner, Maria (2005).
1384:Euler & Dobyns 1971
866:Indo-European languages
842:In 2006 anthropologist
592:Indo-European languages
486:with the verbal suffix
137:, spoken by some 5,000
3223:Philosophy of language
2811:Language and Cognition
2338:Leavitt, John (2011).
2149:Geertz, Armin (1994).
2140:Evans, Vyvyan (2004).
1993:Carroll, John B. (ed.)
1929:Braden, Gregg (2009).
887:Linguistic determinism
813:astronomical knowledge
713:
425:
50:
2359:Cognitive Linguistics
892:Linguistic relativity
861:cognitive linguistics
806:Historian of science
446:, the journal of the
49:girl and woman, 1900.
45:
29:linguistic relativity
21:Hopi time controversy
3187:. New York: Vintage.
1831:Journal of Semantics
882:Language and thought
831:In a book review of
622:and one in English,
570:In 1959 philosopher
402:John Bissell Carroll
227:" Women piki-make-NI
3218:Time in linguistics
3154:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
3124:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
3094:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
3064:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
3034:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
3004:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
2974:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
2933:Whorf, Benjamin Lee
2431:1963BuAtS..19b..14L
2396:Levinson, Stephen C
2386:Lee, Penny (1996).
2290:. Tucson, Arizona:
2234:Time is an Illusion
1299:, pp. 276–278.
737:linguistic typology
384:Mishongnovi on the
2927:. pp. 581–87.
2783:Philosophy Compass
2031:has generic name (
1843:10.1093/jos/ffh029
1545:, p. 188–189.
1350:, pp. 141–43.
1251:, pp. 148–52.
1063:, pp. 180–88.
870:History of Science
769:Jeanette Winterson
647:time is measured.
408:Whorf on Hopi time
341:Benjamin Lee Whorf
336:Benjamin Lee Whorf
112:tenseless language
81:In 1983, linguist
55:Benjamin Lee Whorf
51:
35:have a concept of
3208:Psycholinguistics
3185:Sexing the Cherry
3175:978-0-262-73006-8
3145:978-0-262-73006-8
3115:978-0-262-73006-8
3085:978-0-262-73006-8
3055:978-0-262-73006-8
3025:978-0-262-73006-8
2995:978-0-262-73006-8
2881:Tonhauser, Judith
2864:978-1-4020-8353-2
2847:Time and Modality
2773:978-90-272-3706-4
2754:978-0-670-06327-7
2730:978-0-06-203252-2
2723:. HarperCollins.
2658:Cognitive Science
2557:Malotki, Ekkehart
2535:Malotki, Ekkehart
2509:978-0-521-38797-2
2488:978-0-521-56620-9
2409:978-0-262-51775-1
2390:. John Benjamins.
2349:978-0-521-76782-8
2301:978-0-8165-1789-3
2070:978-0-521-28138-6
2012:978-0-262-73006-8
1963:Language Learning
1613:, pp. 18–19.
1097:Sinha et al. 2011
857:psycholinguistics
764:Sexing the Cherry
214:" Women piki-make
129:The Hopi language
3250:
3233:Ethnolinguistics
3188:
3179:
3149:
3119:
3089:
3059:
3029:
2999:
2969:
2940:
2928:
2908:
2876:
2841:
2839:
2833:. Archived from
2808:
2798:
2789:(6): 1022–1032.
2777:
2758:
2747:. Viking Press.
2734:
2710:
2701:
2683:
2673:
2648:
2645:The New Republic
2635:
2623:
2617:
2609:
2591:
2578:
2566:
2552:
2530:
2524:
2513:
2492:
2471:
2450:
2413:
2391:
2382:
2353:
2334:
2325:
2305:
2289:
2278:
2249:
2237:
2223:
2221:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2124:
2113:
2112:. U of Nebraska.
2104:
2095:
2074:
2052:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2016:
1988:
1986:
1957:
1948:
1936:
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1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1600:Pinchbeck (2007)
1590:See for example
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
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1240:
1234:
1228:
1218:
1212:
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1064:
1058:
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1046:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
993:
987:
978:
972:
963:
957:
946:
940:
931:
925:
916:
910:
802:
731:. The review by
604:Ekkehart Malotki
599:Ekkehart Malotki
541:fourth dimension
501:
421:
373:Hopi Reservation
353:Nahuatl language
218:Momoyam piktota-
145:in Northeastern
143:Hopi Reservation
83:Ekkehart Malotki
3258:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3182:
3176:
3152:
3146:
3122:
3116:
3092:
3086:
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3032:
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2996:
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2943:
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2911:
2879:
2865:
2844:
2837:
2806:
2801:
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2774:
2761:
2755:
2737:
2731:
2713:
2704:
2671:10.1.1.210.3945
2651:
2638:
2628:McWhorter, John
2626:
2610:
2607:
2594:
2581:
2575:
2555:
2549:
2533:
2516:
2510:
2495:
2489:
2474:
2453:
2416:
2410:
2394:
2385:
2356:
2350:
2337:
2331:Lessons in Hopi
2328:
2308:
2302:
2281:
2267:10.2307/1184426
2252:
2246:
2226:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2133:
2121:The Hopi People
2116:
2107:
2098:
2077:
2071:
2057:Comrie, Bernard
2055:
2041:Comrie, Bernard
2039:
2027:
2017:
2013:
1991:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1928:
1914:10.2307/2182168
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1366:
1360:Livingston 1963
1358:
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1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
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1267:
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1247:
1243:
1237:Dinwoodie (2006
1235:
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1219:
1215:
1207:
1198:
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1183:
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1005:
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981:
973:
966:
958:
949:
941:
934:
926:
919:
911:
904:
900:
878:
853:
844:David Dinwoodie
800:
785:Anna Wierzbicka
721:
719:Further debates
677:
640:
601:
568:
545:Albert Einstein
533:
499:
434:
419:
410:
345:fire prevention
343:(1897–1941), a
338:
251:relative clause
205:Momoyam piktota
163:Hopi dictionary
131:
87:grammar of time
17:
12:
11:
5:
3256:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
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3054:
3030:
3024:
3000:
2994:
2970:
2958:10.2307/409181
2952:(4): 275–286.
2941:
2929:
2917:Voegelin, F.M.
2913:Voegelin, C.F.
2909:
2891:(3): 257–303.
2877:
2863:
2842:
2840:on 2013-01-12.
2817:(1): 137–169.
2799:
2778:
2772:
2759:
2753:
2739:Pinker, Steven
2735:
2729:
2715:Pinker, Steven
2711:
2702:
2649:
2636:
2624:
2605:
2592:
2579:
2573:
2553:
2547:
2531:
2514:
2508:
2493:
2487:
2472:
2451:
2414:
2408:
2392:
2383:
2365:(2): 123–148.
2354:
2348:
2335:
2326:
2306:
2300:
2279:
2261:(4): 361–364.
2250:
2244:
2228:Griscom, Chris
2224:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2175:(5): 537–565.
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2086:(2): 197–209.
2075:
2069:
2053:
2037:
2011:
1989:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1926:
1908:(2): 228–238.
1894:
1865:10.1.1.11.5402
1847:
1837:(4): 339–388.
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1808:, p. 210.
1806:McCluskey 1987
1798:
1794:Tonhauser 2011
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1736:, p. 341.
1734:Dinwoodie 2006
1726:
1724:, p. 364.
1714:
1712:, p. 363.
1702:
1700:, p. xii.
1690:
1688:, p. 180.
1678:
1676:, p. 286.
1666:
1654:
1652:, p. 155.
1650:McCluskey 1985
1642:
1636:
1615:
1603:
1596:Griscom (1988)
1583:
1581:, p. 140.
1579:Winterson 1989
1571:
1567:McWhorter 2010
1559:
1555:McWhorter 2009
1547:
1535:
1533:, p. 666.
1523:
1521:, p. 624.
1511:
1509:, p. 625.
1499:
1497:, p. 531.
1487:
1485:, p. 246.
1475:
1463:
1461:, p. 629.
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1348:Deutscher 2010
1340:
1328:
1313:
1311:, p. 217.
1301:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1229:
1213:
1211:, p. 143.
1209:Kalectaca 1978
1196:
1194:, p. 157.
1192:Kalectaca 1978
1181:
1179:, p. 155.
1177:Kalectaca 1978
1166:
1164:, p. 281.
1154:
1152:, p. 878.
1137:
1135:, p. 854.
1125:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1038:
1023:
1011:
994:
979:
977:, p. 132.
964:
960:Dinwoodie 2006
947:
932:
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849:
756:John McWhorter
733:Bernard Comrie
720:
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584:Leo Weisgerber
567:
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532:
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283:counterfactual
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231:
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192:aw nánaptsiwta
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96:Bernard Comrie
15:
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1946:
1944:9781401920647
1940:
1937:. Hay House.
1935:
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1698:Levinson 2012
1694:
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1637:0-19-927016-3
1633:
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1597:
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1592:Braden (2009)
1587:
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1407:
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1395:
1393:
1389:
1386:, p. 21.
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1372:Greenway 1964
1368:
1365:
1362:, p. 16.
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1338:, p. 16.
1337:
1332:
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1320:
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1024:
1020:
1015:
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1003:
1001:
999:
995:
992:, p. 63.
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
930:, p. 57.
929:
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922:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
897:
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790:
789:Cliff Goddard
786:
782:
777:
775:
770:
766:
765:
759:
757:
753:
752:Steven Pinker
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
718:
716:
712:
709:
705:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
674:
672:
670:
667:"times," and
666:
662:
658:
653:
648:
645:
637:
634:
632:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
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598:
596:
593:
589:
588:Immanuel Kant
585:
581:
576:
573:
565:
563:
561:
557:
553:
552:John Greenway
548:
546:
542:
538:
530:
528:
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521:
517:
513:
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498:validity the
495:
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389:
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365:Hopi language
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:Alfred Tozzer
346:
342:
335:
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160:In the large
158:
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148:
144:
140:
136:
135:Hopi language
128:
126:
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121:
117:
113:
109:
103:
101:
100:Steven Pinker
97:
93:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
60:
56:
48:
44:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
25:Hopi language
22:
3203:Hopi culture
3184:
3161:
3131:
3101:
3071:
3041:
3011:
2981:
2949:
2945:
2936:
2924:
2888:
2884:
2846:
2835:the original
2814:
2810:
2786:
2782:
2763:
2743:
2719:
2706:
2661:
2657:
2644:
2631:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2562:
2538:
2520:
2498:
2477:
2459:
2455:
2425:(2): 14–18.
2422:
2418:
2399:
2387:
2362:
2358:
2339:
2330:
2322:1721.1/16325
2313:
2285:
2258:
2254:
2233:
2217:
2206:
2197:
2172:
2168:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2120:
2109:
2103:. Macmillan.
2100:
2083:
2079:
2060:
2048:
2044:
2029:|first=
1997:
1969:(1): 63–79.
1966:
1962:
1953:
1932:
1905:
1901:
1855:
1851:
1834:
1830:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1770:Bittner 2005
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1686:Leavitt 2011
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1627:
1624:Lloyd, G E R
1618:
1606:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1531:Malotki 1983
1526:
1519:Malotki 1983
1514:
1507:Malotki 1983
1502:
1495:Malotki 1983
1490:
1483:Malotki 1983
1478:
1471:Malotki 1983
1466:
1459:Malotki 1983
1454:
1447:Malotki 1979
1442:
1430:
1423:Leavitt 2011
1418:
1406:
1379:
1374:, p. 9.
1367:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1224:
1221:Carroll 1956
1216:
1157:
1128:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1061:Leavitt 2011
1056:
1014:
1007:Leavitt 2011
943:Malotki 1983
913:Carroll 1956
854:
841:
837:
832:
830:
825:John A. Lucy
822:
805:
796:
778:
762:
760:
749:
728:
724:
722:
714:
707:
703:
700:
695:desiderative
681:
678:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
643:
641:
635:
627:
623:
619:
602:
577:
569:
555:
549:
537:Stuart Chase
534:
523:
519:
511:
507:
504:
496:
491:
487:
482:
478:
474:
466:
464:
459:
456:present-past
455:
451:
441:
435:
426:
416:
411:
397:
394:Harry Hoijer
390:
357:Edward Sapir
339:
327:
325:
318:
316:
309:
308:Nu' as sayti
307:
300:
298:
291:
289:
278:
276:
271:
268:
257:
255:
246:
242:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
208:
204:
198:
196:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
161:
159:
132:
119:
115:
104:
80:
72:anthropology
52:
20:
18:
2664:(3): 1–49.
2462:: 291–312.
1858:(1): 1–28.
1722:Hinton 1988
1710:Hinton 1988
1543:Pinker 2007
1473:, p. .
1435:Gipper 1972
1399:Geertz 1994
1309:Whorf 1956f
1273:Whorf 1956c
1261:Whorf 1956a
1249:Whorf 1956e
1073:Comrie 1984
990:Pinker 1994
975:Comrie 1984
928:Whorf 1956b
808:G E R Lloyd
580:Humboldtian
386:Second Mesa
369:Second Mesa
317:The suffix
262:conditional
245:"yet"; the
139:Hopi people
90:terms of a
68:linguistics
3197:Categories
3156:(1956g) .
3126:(1956f) .
3096:(1956e) .
3066:(1956d) .
3036:(1956c) .
3006:(1956b) .
2976:(1956a) .
2709:. Penguin.
2634:. Penguin.
1898:Black, Max
1815:References
1782:Smith 2008
1411:Black 1959
1324:Whorf 1946
1297:Whorf 1938
1285:Whorf 1938
1223:, p.
1119:2024-04-05
1085:Evans 2004
818:positivist
783:, such as
687:imperative
616:Third Mesa
76:urban myth
64:world view
2666:CiteSeerX
2590:: 152–155
2447:0096-3402
2379:143773292
2021:cite book
1860:CiteSeerX
1852:Cognition
1758:Dahl 1995
1674:Lucy1992b
1662:Lucy 1996
833:Hopi Time
781:semantics
691:hortative
663:"three,"
657:payistala
644:Hopi Time
636:Hopi Time
628:Hopi Time
624:Hopi Time
620:Hopi-Raum
582:linguist
572:Max Black
508:temporals
479:Expective
475:Reportive
471:epistemic
460:usitative
454:tense or
381:Manhattan
299:Nu' sayti
264:clauses:
194:(verb)).
176:pahàntawa
2946:Language
2905:62125736
2873:13377583
2831:62243302
2741:(2007).
2717:(1994).
2690:21702821
2630:(2009).
2614:citation
2559:(1983).
2537:(1979).
2312:(1978).
2230:(1988).
2059:(1985).
2051:: 131–3.
1890:11579775
1882:10815775
1626:(2004),
1336:Lee 1996
1049:Lee 1991
1034:Lee 1996
876:See also
642:Most of
631:again."
550:In 1964
467:Language
443:Language
188:qeniptsi
120:irrealis
3166:220–232
3136:207–219
3106:134–159
3046:102–111
2698:1577101
2427:Bibcode
2275:1184426
2189:1216381
1922:2182168
774:New Age
711:system.
612:Münster
560:New Age
524:an hour
512:tensors
500:speaker
452:Factual
377:Arizona
371:of the
153:of the
149:, is a
147:Arizona
141:in the
3172:
3142:
3112:
3082:
3052:
3022:
2992:
2966:409181
2964:
2903:
2871:
2861:
2829:
2770:
2751:
2727:
2696:
2688:
2668:
2603:
2571:
2545:
2506:
2485:
2445:
2406:
2377:
2346:
2298:
2273:
2242:
2187:
2129:
2067:
2009:
1941:
1920:
1888:
1880:
1862:
1634:
1225:passim
1110:"Hopi"
797:primes
745:aspect
669:taala'
638:(1983)
172:pàasat
168:pàasa'
116:realis
3076:65–86
3016:57–64
2986:51–55
2962:JSTOR
2901:S2CID
2869:S2CID
2838:(PDF)
2827:S2CID
2807:(PDF)
2694:S2CID
2375:S2CID
2271:JSTOR
2185:S2CID
2061:Tense
1918:JSTOR
1886:S2CID
1827:(PDF)
1239::346)
898:Notes
741:tense
661:paayo
520:a day
516:nouns
483:Nomic
437:Whorf
319:-ngwu
256:The -
243:naato
235:naato
225:piki,
180:hisat
123:moods
3170:ISBN
3140:ISBN
3110:ISBN
3080:ISBN
3050:ISBN
3020:ISBN
2990:ISBN
2859:ISBN
2768:ISBN
2749:ISBN
2725:ISBN
2686:PMID
2620:link
2601:ISBN
2569:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2529:–69.
2504:ISBN
2483:ISBN
2443:ISSN
2404:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2296:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2127:ISBN
2065:ISBN
2033:help
2007:ISBN
2003:1–34
1939:ISBN
1878:PMID
1632:ISBN
859:and
787:and
754:and
743:and
729:ngwu
693:and
510:and
492:-ŋʷi
481:and
420:time
361:Yale
328:ngwu
210:piki
184:qeni
133:The
118:and
92:self
70:and
47:Hopi
37:time
33:Hopi
19:The
2954:doi
2893:doi
2851:doi
2819:doi
2791:doi
2676:doi
2464:doi
2435:doi
2367:doi
2318:hdl
2263:doi
2177:doi
2088:doi
1979:hdl
1971:doi
1910:doi
1870:doi
1839:doi
739:of
704:-ni
682:-ni
610:at
488:-ni
375:in
247:-ni
199:-ni
182:or
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1965:.
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