749:
1033:
53:
1555:
The
Philippine Islands, 1493-1803, Volume V., 1582-1583: Explorations By Early Navigators, Descriptions Of The Islands And Their Peoples, Their History And Records Of The Catholic Missions, As Related In Contemporaneous Books And Manuscripts, Showing The Political, Economic, Commercial And Religious
878:
and commoners. They may sometimes be called upon by their masters for harvesting, sowing fields, building new structures, or for aid in emergencies, though these were usually not part of their obligations. They could also freely buy their way out of debt and could marry without the consent of their
935:, as the master was not obligated to feed and house the family of the latter. Their obligations (i.e. services) could also be transferred or sold to another master. Most of the people belonging to this class were the unmarried children of
1073:
debt, or as a form of assistance to impoverished relatives), by inheriting the status of their parents, as a form of legal punishment for crime, or by being spared from execution after being captured in wars or raids.
1314:
580:
1469:
The Boxer Codex: Transcription and translation of an illustrated late sixteenth-century
Spanish manuscript concerning the geography, ethnography and history of the Pacific, South-East Asia and East Asia
987:(literally meaning "lifted skirt", a term implying that these persons were so vulnerable that it seems like their genitals are exposed). At an even more lower social rank than the latter two were
720:(Which opossed and supplanted local Hindu Tondo) prefer the term Alipin when referring to slaves, either Muslim or Non-Muslim. where they were distinguished from the Arab and European-inspired
866:) in Visayan, literally means "house dweller" or "villager." They were not at all slaves, as they were often only obligated to pay a percentage of their earnings or harvests (known as
702:("to live"). It derived from the word meaning "to let live" in the senses of letting a war captive live or paying or ransoming someone for a debt that exceeds the value of their life.
1428:
Cristina Blanc-Szanton (1990). "Collision of
Cultures: Historical Reformulations of Gender in the Lowland Visayas, Philippines". In Jane Monnig Atkinson & Shelly Errington (ed.).
573:
1013:" in the western sense of the word may not be fully justifiable. Documented observations from the 17th century indicate that there may be significant differences between the
1662:
675:
relied on a complex system of obligation and repayment through labor in ancient
Philippine society, rather than on the actual purchase of a person as in Western and Islamic
36:
1378:. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. June 23, 2015. Archived from
510:
566:
991:
who were acquired through war or who came from other communities. They were often treated as non-persons until they became fully integrated into the local culture.
515:
532:
520:
642:
64:
44:
1667:
1527:
721:
491:
1476:
1355:
923:
in
Visayan (meaning "servant", "assistant", or "follower"). They could only marry with the consent of their master (rarely given for female
537:
542:
525:
1249:
1617:
1590:
1445:
1412:
1124:
like the mother; and so on with the rest of the children. If the number of children was not even, the last child would be a partial
1089:
could vary considerably. It was dependent on the monetary equivalent of the obligation owed and was usually limited in duration. An
874:
in
Visayan, 'tribute' and 'tax' respectively) to their masters and no more, thus making them more similar to the medieval European
1082:(literally "redeemed" or "ransomed"), and their creditors might sell their services for profit at the price of the debt incurred.
1371:
1239:
1057:
originating from prisoners-of-war were traded like market goods initially. But unlike
Western slaves, subsequent transfer of the
1343:
1268:
1327:
1102:
480:
1552:
Emma Helen Blair & James
Alexander Robertson, ed. (1903). "Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas (1582) by Miguel de Loarca".
1556:
Conditions Of Those
Islands From Their Earliest Relations With European Nations To The Beginning Of The Nineteenth Century
717:
267:
203:
899:
without a house and whose existence was completely dependent on the graces of their masters. They were also known as
435:
1607:
1022:
555:
262:
188:
1029:". Some academics prefer to use the more accurate terms "debtors", "serfs", "bondsmen", or "dependents" instead.
223:
757:
390:
272:
235:
844:
that had their own houses, which was usually built on the property of their masters. They were also known as
1047:
1580:
1226:("quarter"). They could also freely buy their way out of service if they can afford it. Part or all of the
1244:
380:
647:
The most common translation of the word is "servant" or "slave", as opposed to the higher classes of the
305:
779:
had several subclasses based on the nature of their obligations and their dependence on their masters:
1093:
could earn their freedom or gain higher status by marriage, being set free by their masters (known as
355:
171:
1112:
status was subject to a complex system of rules dependent on the offspring's condition known as the
360:
310:
257:
430:
300:
748:
1635:
1613:
1586:
1560:
1501:
1472:
1441:
1437:
1408:
1351:
1323:
713:
608:
475:
325:
282:
1402:
385:
330:
1553:
761:
335:
240:
1061:
to a new master was priced at the value of the bond. It was the labor obligation of the
808:
instead served their masters as warriors (usually as paddlers for warships). Unlike the
1492:
Jose Amiel
Angeles (2007). "The Battle of Mactan and the Indigenous Discourse on War".
638:
485:
445:
415:
410:
683:
class who owned their own houses were more accurately equivalent to medieval European
1656:
1430:
1379:
1070:
1014:
425:
405:
395:
375:
345:
320:
600:
400:
1009:
does, indeed, serve another person, historians note that translating the term as "
1404:
Iranun and Balangingi: Globalization, Maritime Raiding and the Birth of Ethnicity
1069:
usually acquired their status either voluntarily (usually because of material or
1038:
800:
604:
469:
420:
1609:
Shamanism, Catholicism, and Gender Relations in Colonial Philippines, 1521-1685
340:
1505:
655:
440:
365:
315:
130:
1182:
ancestors' obligations according to their degree of relation. The partial
607:
before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th and 17th centuries. In the
370:
350:
277:
245:
183:
1272:
1144:("favorites") of their masters and be set free upon the master's death.
1032:
52:
17:
1206:
whose services were scheduled alternately by months are referred to as
812:
warrior class, they were not considered nobility, though higher-status
676:
667:
208:
113:
74:
824:, they may also sometimes be obligated to do communal work and paid a
940:
825:
649:
450:
218:
213:
193:
125:
108:
88:
1471:. Translated by Turley, Jeffrey S. Leiden: Brill. pp. 346–347.
1031:
1018:
1010:
747:
661:
93:
27:
Lowest social class in the precolonial cultures in the Philippines
1000:
875:
698:
comes from the transitive form of the archaic Visayan root word
684:
198:
103:
98:
83:
1155:(literally "grown up with"). Children of parents who are both
671:. This translation, however, is inaccurate. The concept of the
1230:
duties of the parents are often taken over by their children.
1116:. For example, the first child of a male freeman and a female
895:(translated as "Servant in the corners ") refers to unmarried
1105:, or by extraordinary accomplishments and bravery in battle.
1316:
Baranggay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society
51:
1494:
Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints
1348:
Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society
1132:
might also sometimes take one child of the latter as an
1151:
who inherits the debts of their parents was known as a
1467:
Souza, George Bryan; Turley, Jeffrey S., eds. (2016).
1432:
Power and Difference: Gender in Island Southeast Asia
1136:
in the case of the latter's death. They might become
804:. Instead of serving obligations through labor, the
1273:"Filipino Class Structure in the Sixteenth Century"
1429:
1350:. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
1120:would be free, but their second child would be an
840:(translated as "Servant who is housed") refers to
816:were virtually indistinguishable from lower-class
798:unique to the Visayans and first mentioned in the
611:, the equivalent social classes were known as the
1198:parent's obligations, while the grandchild of an
1559:. The A.H. Clark Company (republished online by
1101:among Visayans), buying it with their earnings,
1078:who acquired their status by debt were known as
883:might also serve their masters in war, like the
995:Differences from the western concept of slavery
574:
8:
1376:Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library
1194:, for example, will inherit half of their
581:
567:
31:
1574:
1572:
1570:
754:Historia de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas
1612:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 197.
1547:
1545:
1528:"Maharlika and the ancient class system"
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1500:(1). Ateneo de Manila University: 3–52.
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1085:The actual degree of obligations of the
1462:
1460:
1260:
951:At lower ranks than the above were the
45:Pre-colonial history of the Philippines
43:
981:was known by the even more derogatory
1663:History of the Philippines (900–1565)
1436:. Stanford University Press. p.
1322:. Ateneo De Manila University Press.
643:History of the Philippines (900–1565)
7:
943:captives taken from wars or raids (
1585:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 57.
1250:Spanish expedition to Balanguingui
603:among the various cultures of the
25:
1647:Philippine History and Government
1065:being sold, not the person. Most
492:The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898
1526:Paul Morrow (January 16, 2009).
1240:Slavery in the Sultanate of Sulu
1668:Social class in the Philippines
1642:. Guerrero Publishing. Manila.
1202:will only owe a quarter. Half
1103:fulfillment of the obligations
879:masters. In the Visayas, some
481:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
1:
1407:. NUS Press. pp. 53–56.
1401:James Francis Warren (2002).
463:Primary sources and artifacts
1313:William Henry Scott (1994).
137:Commoners, serfs, and slaves
1684:
1649:. Ibon Publishing. Manila.
1645:Reynaldo Oliveros (2007).
998:
636:
556:History of the Philippines
679:. Indeed, members of the
1163:, while the children of
794:, a hereditary class of
767:with a paddle, labeled "
758:Francisco Ignacio Alcina
1606:Carolyn Brewer (2004).
1210:("moon" or "month") or
1108:The inheritance of the
1048:Prehispanic Philippines
1021:" and the Pre-Hispanic
1245:Piracy in the Sulu Sea
1050:
772:
381:Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram
56:
1372:"Pre-colonial Manila"
1035:
752:An illustration from
751:
599:refers to the lowest
511:Cultural achievements
391:Sultan Muwallil Wasit
306:Azim ud-Din I of Sulu
55:
1579:M.C. Halili (2004).
1344:Scott, William Henry
1269:Scott, William Henry
1218:were referred to as
1053:The lowest class of
927:). Once married, an
75:Maginoo, Ginu, Tumao
1128:. The master of an
1042:possibly depicting
973:("vile"), while an
862:(Spanish spelling:
775:As a social class,
708:were also known as
311:Batarah Shah Tengah
1640:The First Filipino
1582:Philippine History
1530:. Pilipino Express
1277:Philippine Studies
1214:("half"). Quarter
1051:
773:
301:Agustin de Legazpi
172:Political entities
57:
1636:Leon Ma. Guerrero
1561:Project Gutenberg
1478:978-90-04-30154-2
1357:978-971-550-135-4
1134:alipin sa gigilid
1130:aliping namamahay
979:alipin sa gigilid
975:alipin sa gigilid
965:aliping namamahay
961:alipin sa gigilid
937:aliping namamahay
933:aliping namamahay
929:alipin sa gigilid
925:alipin sa gigilid
892:Alipin sa gigilid
837:Aliping namamahay
714:Sultanate of Sulu
609:Visayan languages
591:
590:
476:Butuan Ivory Seal
326:Dayang Kalangitan
148:Alipin sa gigilid
16:(Redirected from
1675:
1624:
1623:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1576:
1565:
1564:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1523:
1510:
1509:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1382:on March 9, 2016
1368:
1362:
1361:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1310:
1285:
1284:
1265:
1169:lubos nga oripun
583:
576:
569:
558:
533:Paramount rulers
436:Sharif ul-Hāshim
386:Muhammad Kudarat
331:Dimasangcay Adel
78:
32:
21:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1653:
1652:
1632:
1630:Further reading
1627:
1620:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1533:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1513:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1452:tumao nobility.
1448:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1288:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1236:
1036:A plate in the
1003:
997:
870:in Tagalog and
746:
716:, whereas then
693:
687:and commoners.
645:
637:Main articles:
635:
587:
554:
548:
547:
506:
498:
497:
464:
456:
455:
296:
288:
287:
174:
164:
163:
72:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1598:
1591:
1566:
1541:
1511:
1484:
1477:
1456:
1446:
1420:
1413:
1393:
1363:
1356:
1335:
1328:
1286:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1167:were known as
1159:were known as
996:
993:
949:
948:
888:
833:
745:
742:
722:chattel slaves
710:kiapangdilihan
692:
689:
639:Barangay state
634:
631:
589:
588:
586:
585:
578:
571:
563:
560:
559:
550:
549:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
529:
528:
518:
516:Historiography
513:
507:
504:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
488:
486:Monreal Stones
483:
478:
473:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
448:
446:Tarik Sulayman
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
416:Rajah Sulayman
413:
411:Rajah Salalila
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
336:Dayang Sasaban
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
280:
275:
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133:
128:
122:
121:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
80:
79:
68:
65:Social classes
63:
62:
59:
58:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1680:
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1664:
1661:
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1658:
1648:
1644:
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1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1621:
1619:9780754634379
1615:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1592:9789712339349
1588:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1529:
1522:
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1518:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
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1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1447:9780804717816
1443:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1414:9789971692421
1410:
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1394:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1359:
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1318:
1317:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:(2): 142–175.
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
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1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:retain their
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
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1139:
1135:
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990:
986:
985:
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976:
972:
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962:
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942:
938:
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926:
922:
921:
916:
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910:
909:
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903:
898:
894:
893:
889:
886:
882:
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873:
869:
865:
861:
860:
855:
854:
849:
848:
843:
839:
838:
834:
831:
828:fee known as
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:
797:
793:
792:
787:
786:
782:
781:
780:
778:
770:
766:
763:
759:
755:
750:
743:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
718:Muslim Manila
715:
711:
707:
703:
701:
697:
690:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
669:
664:
663:
658:
657:
652:
651:
644:
640:
632:
630:
628:
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622:
621:
616:
615:
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606:
602:
598:
597:
584:
579:
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572:
570:
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564:
562:
561:
557:
552:
551:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
527:
524:
523:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
502:
501:
494:
493:
489:
487:
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482:
479:
477:
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467:
466:
460:
459:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
426:Regimo Diraja
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
406:Rajah Matanda
404:
402:
399:
397:
396:Rajah Humabon
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
376:Magat Salamat
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
346:Gugu Sarikula
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
321:Datu Sikatuna
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
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292:
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274:
271:
269:
266:
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261:
259:
256:
255:
251:
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247:
244:
242:
241:Bo-ol/Dapitan
239:
237:
234:
233:
229:
228:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
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187:
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182:
181:
177:
176:
173:
168:
167:
159:
156:
153:
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144:
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140:
136:
135:
132:
129:
127:
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119:
118:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:Ruling class
70:
69:
66:
61:
60:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
1646:
1639:
1608:
1601:
1581:
1554:
1532:. Retrieved
1497:
1493:
1487:
1468:
1451:
1431:
1423:
1403:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:the original
1375:
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490:
468:
401:Rajah Lontok
356:Kamal ud-Din
142:
120:Middle class
29:
1186:child of a
1039:Boxer Codex
967:was called
820:. Like the
801:Boxer Codex
771:" ("slave")
605:Philippines
470:Boxer Codex
431:Kabungsuwan
421:Rajah Tupas
361:Laut Buisan
295:Key figures
273:Maguindanao
1657:Categories
1329:9715501354
1256:References
1095:matitimawa
1005:While the
999:See also:
931:became an
859:tumaranpoc
756:(1668) by
744:Subclasses
724:(known as
553:See also:
341:Gat Pangil
1506:2244-1093
1386:April 27,
1142:ginogatan
902:tomataban
826:vassalage
691:Etymology
656:maharlika
441:Sri Lumay
366:Lakandula
316:Datu Daya
145:namamahay
131:Maharlika
84:Apo, Datu
1638:(2007).
1534:July 18,
1346:(1994).
1271:(1980).
1234:See also
1174:Partial
1165:ginlubos
1161:ginlubos
1099:tinimawa
1023:Filipino
984:bulislis
941:ransomed
814:horo-han
806:horo-han
785:Horo-han
765:horo-han
762:tattooed
659:and the
633:Overview
538:Religion
526:consorts
521:Monarchs
505:By topic
371:Lapulapu
351:Jayadewa
278:Sanmalan
252:Mindanao
246:Madja-as
184:Caboloan
154:Bulislis
99:Panglima
37:a series
35:Part of
18:Horo-han
1224:sagipat
1190:and an
1153:gintubo
1080:tinubos
1046:in the
1015:Western
970:bulisik
914:hayohay
885:horohan
853:mamahay
830:dagupan
791:horohan
769:esclavo
726:banyaga
712:in the
677:slavery
668:maginoo
543:Warfare
230:Visayas
209:Namayan
204:Maynila
157:Horohan
151:Bulisik
143:Aliping
114:Thimuay
1616:
1589:
1504:
1475:
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1326:
1228:alipin
1216:alipin
1204:alipin
1200:alipin
1196:alipin
1192:alipin
1188:timawa
1184:alipin
1180:alipin
1176:alipin
1157:alipin
1149:alipin
1126:alipin
1122:alipin
1118:alipin
1110:alipin
1091:alipin
1087:alipin
1076:Alipin
1067:alipin
1063:alipin
1059:alipin
1055:alipin
1044:alipin
1027:alipin
1007:alipin
989:alipin
977:of an
963:of an
959:. The
957:alipin
953:alipin
908:alalay
897:alipin
868:handog
842:alipin
822:timawa
818:timawa
810:timawa
796:oripun
777:alipin
730:bisaya
706:Alipin
696:Alipin
681:alipin
673:alipin
650:timawa
626:ulipon
620:uripon
614:oripun
596:alipin
451:Urduja
263:Butuan
258:Buayan
219:Sandao
214:Pulilu
194:Ibalon
189:Cainta
160:Uripon
126:Timawa
109:Sultan
89:Bagani
39:on the
1320:(PDF)
1220:tilor
1212:pikas
1208:bulan
1138:sibin
1071:honor
1019:slave
1011:slave
945:bihag
920:ayuey
917:, or
881:tuhay
876:serfs
872:buhis
856:, or
847:tuhay
738:ammas
736:, or
685:serfs
662:tumao
623:, or
268:Lanao
224:Tondo
178:Luzon
104:Rajah
94:Lakan
1614:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1536:2012
1502:ISSN
1473:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1388:2017
1352:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1114:saya
1001:Peon
734:ipun
700:udip
641:and
593:The
283:Sulu
236:Cebu
199:Ma-i
1438:356
1222:or
1147:An
1140:or
1097:or
955:of
788:or
740:).
1659::
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1563:).
1544:^
1514:^
1498:55
1496:.
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1374:.
1289:^
1281:28
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20:)
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