667:
391:
852:
1226:
1419:. The earliest examples of writing are linear: while cuneiform was not linear, its Sumerian ancestors were. Non-linear systems are not composed of lines, no matter what instrument is used to write them. Cuneiform was likely the earliest non-linear writing. Its glyphs were formed by pressing the end of a reed stylus into moist clay, not by tracing lines in the clay with the stylus as had been done previously. The result was a radical transformation of the appearance of the script.
479:
1548:
84:
43:
438:(384–322 BC). While the use of language is universal across human societies, writing is not—having first emerged much more recently, and only having been independently invented in a handful of locations throughout history. While most spoken languages have not been written, all written languages have been predicated on an existing spoken language. When those with
186:
1281:
While true syllabaries have one symbol per syllable and no systematic visual similarity, the graphic similarity in most abugidas stems from their origins as abjads—with added symbols comprising markings for different vowel added onto a pre-existing base symbol. The largest single group of abugidas is
593:
shapes, or others written in cursive, block, or printed styles. The choice of a particular allograph may be influenced by the medium used, the writing instrument used, the stylistic choice of the writer, the preceding and succeeding graphemes in the text, the time available for writing, the intended
1482:
For example, English and many other
Western languages are written in horizontal rows that begin at the top of a page and end at the bottom, with each row read from left to right. Egyptian hieroglyphs were written either left to right or right to left, with the animal and human glyphs turned to face
1373:
to write the Elven languages he also constructed. Many of these feature advanced graphic designs corresponding to phonological properties. The basic unit of writing in these systems can map to anything from phonemes to words. It has been shown that even the Latin script has sub-character features.
1174:
of
Semitic languages is particularly suited to this approach, as the denotation of vowels is generally redundant. Optional markings for vowels may be used for some abjads, but are generally limited to applications like education. Many pure alphabets were derived from abjads through the addition of
1049:, symbols which graphically represent abstract ideas; most linguists now reject this characterization: Chinese characters are often semantic–phonetic compounds, which include a component related to the character's meaning, and a component that gives a hint for its pronunciation.
1517:. Scripts that historically incorporate Chinese characters have traditionally been written vertically in columns arranged from right to left, while a horizontal writing direction in rows from left to right became widely adopted only in the 20th century due to Western influence.
1446:
are positioned at prescribed angles. However, if "writing" is defined as a potentially permanent means of recording information, then these systems do not qualify as writing at all, since the symbols disappear as soon as they are used. Instead, these transient systems serve as
1040:. As each character represents a single unit of meaning, many different logograms are required to write all the words of a language. If the logograms do not adequately represent all meanings and words of a language, written language can be confusing or ambiguous to the reader.
469:
as a scientific discipline, linguists often characterized writing as merely the technology used to record speech—which was treated as being of paramount importance, for what was seen as the unique potential for its study to further the understanding of human cognition.
1483:
the beginning of the line. The early alphabet could be written in multiple directions: horizontally from side to side, or vertically. Prior to standardization, alphabetic writing could be either left-to-right (LTR) and right-to-left (RTL). It was most commonly written
394:
The relationship between spoken, written, and signed modes of language, as modeled by
Beatrice Primus et al. While many spoken or signed languages are not written, there are no written languages without a spoken counterpart that they originally emerged to
3049:
Primus, Beatrice (2003). "Zum
Silbenbegriff in der Schrift-, Laut- und Gebärdensprache—Versuch einer mediumübergreifenden Fundierung" [On the concept of syllables in written, spoken and sign language—an attempt to provide a cross-medium foundation].
1064:
1350:(1911–2009), reject a characterization of hangul as a featural system—with arguments including that Korean writers do not themselves think in these terms when writing—or question the viability of Sampson's category altogether.
935:. Even with morphographic writing, there remains a correspondence between graphemes and the sounds of speech, but the pronunciation values of the units of meaning is not what is being encoded firstly by the writing system.
375:
A writing system also includes any punctuation used to aid readers and encode additional meaning, including that which would be communicated in speech via qualities of rhythm, tone, pitch, accent, inflection, or intonation.
1094:. Syllabaries are best suited to languages with relatively simple syllable structure, since a different symbol is needed for every syllable. Japanese, for example, contains about 100 moras, which are represented by moraic
495:
While certain core terminology is used throughout the study of writing systems, the precise interpretations of and definitions for concepts often vary depending on the theoretical model employed by the researcher.
866:
Several approaches have been taken to classify writing systems, with the most common based on what unit of language is represented by each unit of writing. At the highest level, writing systems are either
766:. It is generally agreed that the two systems were invented independently from one another; both evolved from proto-writing systems between 3400 and 3200 BC, with the earliest coherent texts dated
788:. There is no evidence of contact between China and the literate peoples of the Near East, and the Mesopotamian and Chinese approaches for representing aspects of sound and meaning are distinct. The
484:
3080:
1162:
is an alphabet whose letters only represent the consonantal sounds of a language. They were the first alphabets to develop historically, with most that have been developed used to write
2972:
Papadatou-Pastou, Marietta; Ntolka, Eleni; Schmitz, Judith; Martin, Maryanne; Munafò, Marcus R.; Ocklenburg, Sebastian; Paracchini, Silvia (2020). "Human handedness: A meta-analysis".
644:(with these graphemes corresponding to various phonemes), punctuation marks (mostly non-phonemic), and a handful of other symbols, such as numerals. Writing systems may be regarded as
998:
proposed a five-fold classification of writing systems, comprising pictographic scripts, ideographic scripts, analytic transitional scripts, phonetic scripts, and alphabetic scripts.
545:
elements which, when taken together, comprise the set of symbols from which texts may be constructed. All writing systems require a set of defined graphemes, collectively called a
670:
Diagram comparing the abstraction of pictographs in cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and
Chinese characters – from an 1870 publication by French Egyptologist
273:
was invented during the late 4th millennium BC. Throughout history, each writing system invented without prior knowledge of writing gradually evolved from a system of
1399:, glyphs are made up of lines or strokes. Linear writing is most common, but there are non-linear writing systems where glyphs consist of other types of marks, such as in
3602:
1472:
How each line is positioned relative to the one previous on the medium—whether above or below it on a horizontal axis, or to the left or right of it on a vertical axis
618:) refers to the set of rules and conventions shared by a community, which assigns meaning to the ordering of and relationship between the graphemes. Particularly for
2308:
1334:
system uses symbols representing sub-phonetic elements—e.g. those traits that can be used to distinguish between and analyse a language's phonemes, such as their
6244:
1422:
Braille is a non-linear adaptation of the Latin alphabet that completely abandoned the Latin forms. The letters are composed of raised bumps on the writing
3677:
442:
as their first language read writing associated with a spoken language, this functions as literacy in a second, acquired language. A single language (e.g.
3409:
1346:
script used to write Korean, where featural symbols are combined into letters, which are in turn joined into syllabic blocks. Many scholars, including
6276:
3335:
3103:
1246:
and where consistent modifications of the basic sign indicate other following vowels than the inherent one. In an abugida, there may be a sign for
666:
7764:
7597:
1274:. In many abugidas, modification consists of the addition of a vowel sign; other possibilities include rotation of the basic sign, or addition of
421:
is any instance of written material, including transcriptions of spoken material. The act of composing and recording a text may be referred to as
1357:"—a writing system intentionally designed for a specific purpose, as opposed to having evolved gradually over time. Other grammatogenies include
390:
2722:
7346:
3595:
3264:
3245:
3222:
3203:
3168:
3145:
3123:
3039:
2962:
2922:
2895:
2866:
2847:
2825:
2806:
2732:
2711:
2630:
2611:
2592:
2566:
2544:
2525:
2506:
2455:
2436:
2372:
2350:
2328:
2183:
931:) is used in various models either as a synonym for "morphographic", or as a specific subtype where the basic unit of meaning written is the
1524:, are traditionally written with lines moving away from the writer, from bottom to top, but are read horizontally left to right; however,
1501:, the hand does not interfere with text being written—which might not yet have dried—since the hand is to the right side of the pen. The
5352:
3664:
3424:
1478:
How individual lines are read—whether starting from the left or right on a horizontal axis, or from the top or bottom on a vertical axis
1426:, which can be leather, stiff paper, plastic or metal. There are also transient non-linear adaptations of the Latin alphabet, including
7587:
7534:
7465:
695:
7114:
7070:
7990:
7100:
6209:
3569:
244:
226:
167:
70:
5446:
7332:
6049:
3588:
372:. Alphabets typically use fewer than 100 symbols, while syllabaries and logographies may use hundreds or thousands respectively.
5772:
5033:
527:
101:
56:
7781:
7339:
5905:
5544:
1448:
148:
105:
120:
7571:
6014:
5915:
5539:
4597:
3518:
3328:
446:) can be written using multiple writing systems, and a writing system can also represent multiple languages. For example,
7325:
7304:
4592:
4367:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3659:
3419:
803:
The first known alphabetic writing appeared before 2000 BC, and was used to write a
Semitic language spoken in the
789:
3978:
7205:
7184:
5864:
5859:
5554:
5456:
3669:
1606:
1505:
and its successors settled on a left-to-right pattern, from the top to the bottom of the page. Other scripts, such as
1459:
Writing systems may be characterized by how text is graphically divided into lines, which are to be read in sequence:
750:
Writing has been invented independently multiple times in human history. The first writing systems emerged during the
434:
The relationship between writing and language more broadly has been the subject of philosophical analysis as early as
281:, which were not fully capable of encoding spoken language, and lacked the ability to express a broad range of ideas.
127:
204:
1098:. By contrast, English features complex syllable structures with a relatively large inventory of vowels and complex
7592:
7272:
5869:
5436:
3353:
851:
1630:
This view is sometimes called the "narrow definition" of writing. The "broad definition" of writing also includes
94:
8249:
5522:
5244:
4797:
4384:
4043:
3564:
1020:
represent the only major logographic writing systems still in use: they have historically been used to write the
134:
8395:
7602:
7022:
7008:
6313:
4896:
4699:
3321:
3178:
1171:
7902:
6627:
4812:
8364:
8163:
8062:
8045:
7638:
7311:
6339:
4952:
4832:
4315:
4219:
3696:
3654:
3611:
3477:
3457:
3434:
3403:
3377:
1314:
846:
633:
4401:
3310: – all 294 known writing systems, each with a typographic reference glyph and Unicode status
2602:——— (2013). "The History of Writing as a History of Linguistics". In Allan, Keith (ed.).
116:
8158:
7861:
7831:
7776:
7759:
7689:
7458:
6029:
5466:
4968:
4958:
4891:
3834:
3156:
1645:
This is to be distinguished from the use of notation systems designed to record signed languages, such as
1533:
860:
196:
8088:
8050:
7983:
7942:
7669:
7503:
7413:
7318:
7107:
7056:
6516:
6438:
6202:
6141:
5695:
5574:
5276:
5008:
4684:
3868:
3856:
3829:
3814:
2316:
1339:
1167:
1129:
1087:
808:
1487:: starting in one (horizontal) direction, then turning at the end of the line and reversing direction.
1225:
1660:
1286:
of scripts, however, which includes nearly all the scripts used in India and
Southeast Asia. The name
8222:
8095:
7856:
7771:
7177:
6928:
6605:
6101:
6004:
5756:
5720:
5125:
5048:
4629:
4458:
4441:
4118:
3757:
3414:
2653:
1423:
1408:
1021:
837:, which descended from the Greek alphabet, is by far the most common script used by writing systems.
763:
4548:
4538:
4113:
3217:. Contexts of and relations between early writing systems. Vol. 6. Oxford: Oxbow. p. 232.
1353:
As hangul was consciously created by literate experts, Daniels characterizes it as a "sophisticated
557:
may function as the same phoneme depending on speaker, dialect, and context, many visually distinct
8400:
7907:
7846:
7719:
7623:
7566:
7559:
7488:
5900:
5622:
5145:
4528:
4518:
4167:
4108:
4103:
4098:
3851:
1215:
1186:
is the word for "alphabet" in Arabic and Malay: the term derives from the traditional order of the
1175:
dedicated vowel letters, as with the derivation of the Greek alphabet from the
Phoenician alphabet
1102:—making for a total of 15–16,000 distinct syllables. Some syllabaries have larger inventories: the
1068:
1033:
812:
629:
459:
455:
443:
208:
62:
4177:
4078:
8359:
7841:
7739:
7729:
7539:
7163:
7140:
6774:
6663:
6653:
6545:
6488:
6474:
6431:
6136:
6019:
5854:
5746:
5705:
5659:
5654:
5549:
5531:
5199:
5130:
5095:
5043:
4876:
4856:
4849:
4844:
4602:
4533:
4255:
3633:
3523:
3372:
3015:
2360:
2171:
1396:
1362:
1083:
1017:
959:
774:
661:
447:
351:
6396:
2338:
1090:
that is often but not always a syllable in length. The graphemes used in syllabaries are called
478:
8292:
8175:
7927:
7826:
7714:
7699:
7694:
7684:
7549:
7544:
7493:
7451:
7286:
7279:
7251:
7015:
7001:
6913:
6802:
6712:
6691:
6670:
6598:
6530:
6389:
6347:
6299:
6034:
6024:
5669:
5664:
5569:
5564:
5471:
5426:
5326:
5249:
5229:
5219:
5209:
5204:
5140:
5135:
5063:
4998:
4983:
4933:
4928:
4871:
4807:
4765:
4607:
4493:
4416:
3932:
3927:
3804:
3288:
3260:
3241:
3218:
3199:
3164:
3141:
3119:
3067:
3035:
3007:
2999:
2958:
2918:
2901:
2891:
2862:
2843:
2821:
2802:
2781:
2752:
2728:
2707:
2687:
2669:
2626:
2607:
2588:
2580:
2562:
2540:
2521:
2502:
2451:
2432:
2409:
2368:
2346:
2324:
2179:
1824:
1443:
1335:
1163:
1099:
1025:
759:
637:
417:. This definition excludes a broader class of symbolic markings, such as drawings and maps. A
308:
1532:
is written bottom-to-top and read vertically, commonly on the corner of a stone. The ancient
8390:
8369:
8287:
8244:
8217:
8003:
7976:
7801:
7709:
7674:
7420:
7358:
7258:
7212:
7198:
7156:
7031:
6977:
6958:
6892:
6884:
6870:
6863:
6788:
6584:
6559:
6495:
6467:
6453:
6382:
6368:
6285:
6258:
6195:
6106:
6009:
5831:
5674:
5301:
5281:
5271:
5266:
5150:
4906:
4839:
4827:
4792:
4787:
4770:
4709:
4674:
4634:
4436:
4431:
4379:
4330:
4214:
4148:
4088:
4038:
3983:
3900:
3878:
3863:
3809:
3799:
3733:
3548:
3387:
3133:
3095:
3059:
2989:
2981:
2941:
2881:
2773:
2677:
2661:
2576:
2304:
1814:
1804:
1566:
1553:
1370:
1320:
1295:
1132:
phonemes in a spoken language. However, these correspondences are rarely uncomplicated, and
751:
439:
385:
141:
6079:
2746:
1791:
Morford, Jill P.; Wilkinson, Erin; Villwock, Agnes; Piñar, Pilar; Kroll, Judith F. (2011).
8205:
8117:
8030:
7937:
7871:
7851:
7836:
7811:
7796:
7754:
7679:
7498:
7244:
6936:
6877:
6823:
6816:
6795:
6781:
6765:
6743:
6698:
6591:
6566:
6538:
6523:
6446:
6424:
6417:
6375:
6335:
6306:
5994:
5964:
5787:
5710:
5476:
5406:
5316:
5311:
5296:
5259:
5239:
5175:
5165:
5155:
5120:
5085:
5080:
5075:
4988:
4973:
4943:
4938:
4822:
4817:
4664:
4654:
4644:
4508:
4473:
4468:
4448:
4342:
4300:
4240:
4123:
4093:
4003:
3963:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3839:
3819:
3767:
3750:
3738:
3027:
2835:
2494:
1581:
1510:
1506:
1431:
1230:
1187:
1136:
is often mediated by other factors than just which sounds are used by a speaker. The word
1029:
804:
712:
414:
410:
303:
5441:
4624:
1662:
Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes
1528:, another Philippine script, is written top-to-bottom in columns arranged right-to-left.
1291:
340:, graphemes correspond to spoken consonant–vowel pairs. Syllabaries use graphemes called
5591:
2657:
648:
if they are able to represent all that may be expressed in the spoken language, while a
409:. The symbols used in writing correspond systematically to functional units of either a
8075:
8068:
7897:
7821:
7791:
7786:
7749:
7734:
7633:
7518:
7381:
7265:
7149:
7129:
7038:
6906:
6837:
6736:
6684:
6677:
6509:
6502:
6481:
6460:
6361:
6354:
6116:
6044:
6039:
5890:
5874:
5849:
5792:
5782:
5777:
5617:
5491:
5451:
5421:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5331:
5306:
5254:
5194:
5160:
5110:
5058:
5023:
4978:
4948:
4901:
4861:
4760:
4714:
4669:
4587:
4523:
4478:
4463:
4426:
4406:
4374:
4362:
4310:
4305:
4295:
4285:
4280:
4197:
4182:
4172:
4138:
4128:
4073:
4058:
4023:
3873:
3777:
3725:
3487:
3472:
3234:
2742:
2699:
2682:
2641:
1819:
1792:
1521:
1502:
1439:
1392:
1347:
1283:
1243:
1153:
995:
834:
823:
671:
641:
489:
1415:
were often painted in linear outline form, but in formal contexts they were carved in
482:
Specimen of typefaces used to write numerous languages – from the 1728
364:) writing systems use graphemes that represent a language's units of meaning, such as
8384:
7922:
7912:
7866:
7704:
7643:
7513:
7388:
7237:
7170:
7093:
7063:
6921:
6899:
6830:
6726:
6705:
6552:
6410:
6328:
6321:
6292:
6251:
6166:
6156:
6151:
6126:
6121:
6054:
5938:
5632:
5291:
5234:
4886:
4659:
4543:
4498:
4453:
4421:
4270:
4207:
4187:
4160:
4133:
4063:
4048:
4033:
3988:
3745:
3513:
3259:. Oriental Institute Museum Publications. Oriental Institute, University of Chicago.
3019:
2554:
2382:
2312:
1632:
1514:
1484:
1435:
683:
541:
is the basic functional unit of a writing system. Graphemes are generally defined as
274:
3155:——— (2016). "Writing systems: Methods for recording language". In
1809:
1793:"When deaf signers read English: Do written words activate their sign translations?"
7876:
7744:
7648:
7628:
6844:
6809:
6750:
6237:
5999:
5895:
5808:
5700:
5601:
5411:
5224:
5189:
5170:
5105:
5100:
4993:
4881:
4755:
4679:
4619:
4488:
4483:
4394:
4389:
4325:
4265:
4245:
4202:
4192:
4143:
4028:
4008:
3998:
3846:
3824:
3782:
3543:
1498:
1354:
778:
725:
5053:
2945:
2777:
2642:"A large-scale population study of early life factors influencing left-handedness"
2321:
The
Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC
1490:
The right-to-left direction of the
Phoenician alphabet initially stabilized after
1063:
17:
8200:
8170:
8037:
7664:
7427:
7191:
7122:
6403:
6094:
5954:
5715:
5559:
5416:
5321:
5090:
5018:
5003:
4911:
4704:
4614:
4513:
4503:
4357:
4320:
4275:
4260:
4235:
4155:
4083:
4068:
3772:
2483:
Rutkowska, Hanna. "Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Writing Systems". In
1646:
1601:
1561:
1412:
797:
699:
598:
567:) may be identified as the same grapheme. These variant glyphs are known as the
466:
360:
342:
299:
83:
7968:
2665:
2450:. Cambridge handbooks in language and linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
2397:
1547:
594:
audience, and the largely unconscious features of an individual's handwriting.
8321:
8316:
8254:
8210:
8190:
8054:
7618:
6084:
6059:
5627:
5070:
4560:
4555:
4411:
4352:
3993:
3528:
1596:
1591:
1543:
1427:
1416:
1037:
967:
762:
generally considered to be the earliest true writing, closely followed by the
451:
3257:
Visible Language: Inventions of Writing in the Ancient Middle East and Beyond
3071:
3063:
3003:
2905:
2785:
2673:
2413:
458:
from at least the 13th century, until their replacement with the Latin-based
284:
Writing systems are generally classified according to how its symbols—called
8328:
8304:
8180:
8138:
7892:
7724:
7395:
7374:
7367:
6161:
6146:
5983:
5730:
5679:
5646:
5481:
5372:
4921:
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is an alphabetic writing system whose basic signs denote consonants with an
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Many classifications are three-fold, with phonographic systems divided into
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used in the study of spoken languages. Likewise, as many sonically distinct
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1828:
3099:
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2764:
Gnanadesikan, Amalia E. (2017). "Towards a typology of phonemic scripts".
2640:
de Kovel, Carolien G. F.; Carrión-Castillo, Amaia; Francks, Clyde (2019).
8280:
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Whether lines of text are laid out as horizontal rows or vertical columns
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2955:
The Anthropology of Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology
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2880:. Grapholinguistics and Its Applications. Vol. 3. Brest: Fluxus.
502:
This page uses notation for orthographic or other linguistic analysis.
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2861:. Quantitative Linguistics. Vol. 63. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
1497:. Left-to-right writing has an advantage that, since most people are
1343:
652:
writing system cannot represent the spoken language in its entirety.
2385:. "Anyang writing and the origin of the Chinese writing system". In
3215:
Writing Around the Ancient Mediterranean: Practices and Adaptations
1636:—i.e. meaningful symbols without a direct relationship to language.
811:, or were directly inspired by its design. Descendants include the
265:, as well as the rules by which the script represents a particular
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8024:
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3313:
2539:. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge University Press.
1529:
1224:
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985:
972:
850:
807:. Most of the world's alphabets either descend directly from this
793:
665:
559:
477:
389:
331:
318:
3181:(1977). "An Archaic Recording System and the Origin of Writing".
2857:
Köhler, Reinhard; Altmann, Gabriel; Fan, Fengxiang, eds. (2008).
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8270:
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2859:
Analyses of Script: Properties of Characters and Writing Systems
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2915:
Writing Systems and Their Use: An Overview of Grapholinguistics
2274:
1520:
Several scripts used in the Philippines and Indonesia, such as
302:, use graphemes that correspond to sounds in the corresponding
8150:
907:) when graphemes represent units of meaning, such as words or
179:
77:
36:
3118:. Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
3032:
Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization
2537:
Writing Systems: An Introduction to Their Linguistic Analysis
1294:
used in some contexts. It was coined as a linguistic term by
1290:
is derived from the first four characters of an order of the
1016:
is a character that represents a morpheme within a language.
3255:
Woods, Christopher; Emberling, Geoff; Teeter, Emily (2010).
887:) when graphemes represent units of sound in a language, or
7443:
2917:. Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 369. De Gruyter Mouton.
1665:(in French). Paris: Librairie Honoré Champion. p. 243.
2561:. The Language Library (6th ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
2365:
The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process
966:
that correspond to spoken phonemes—or more technically to
450:
have been used to write multiple languages throughout the
1342:. The only prominent example of a featural system is the
994:
use characters that correspond to consonant–vowel pairs.
690:
and early mnemonic symbols. The best-known examples are:
549:. The concept of the grapheme is similar to that of the
3283:
Smalley, William A. (1964). Smalley, William A. (ed.).
3213:———; Boyes, Philip J., eds. (2022).
2932:
Millard, A. R. (1986). "The Infancy of the Alphabet".
2801:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Munich: C. H. Beck.
2704:
Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems
2446:———; Rutkowska, Hanna, eds. (2023).
2286:
425:, and the act of viewing and interpreting the text as
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Orthography Studies: Articles on New Writing Systems
2878:
The Nature of Writing: A Theory of Grapholinguistics
1961:
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1872:
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3233:
3081:"A featural analysis of the Modern Roman Alphabet"
2913:———; Dürscheid, Christa (2022).
2474:Joyce, Terry. "Typologies of Writing Systems". In
1078:is a set of written symbols that represent either
2604:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics
1949:
1305:), who borrowed it from the Ethiopian languages.
1067:A bilingual stop sign in English and Cherokee in
573:of a grapheme: For example, the lowercase letter
2448:The Cambridge Handbook of Historical Orthography
2343:Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics
2145:
2097:
1897:
1786:
1714:
1686:
2275:de Kovel, Carrión-Castillo & Francks (2019)
1128:, each of which generally represent one of the
2465:Barbarić, Vuk-Tadija. "Grapholinguistics". In
405:is a visual and tactile notation representing
7984:
7459:
6203:
3596:
3329:
2518:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems
1365:created by hobbyists and creatives, like the
1152:, the names for the first two letters in the
8:
1882:
1214:, though the word may have earlier roots in
855:Table of scripts in the introduction to the
399:According to most contemporary definitions,
207:. There might be a discussion about this on
2606:. Oxford University Press. pp. 53–70.
1937:
1925:
916:
892:
872:
603:
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
27:Convention of symbols representing language
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3336:
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3314:
3138:Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction
2398:"Ecrits et écriture en Afrique de l'Ouest"
2238:
950:) systems. Syllabaries use symbols called
2993:
2885:
2820:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
2727:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
2706:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
2681:
2559:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
2520:(Repr. ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
2202:
2109:
1997:
1818:
1808:
1762:
245:Learn how and when to remove this message
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
2250:
2057:
2033:
577:may be represented by the double-storey
290:—generally relate to units of language.
30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
7598:National Council of Teachers of English
3408:Languages by writing system /
3196:Understanding Relations Between Scripts
2386:
2214:
2198:
2157:
2133:
2121:
2081:
2069:
2021:
2009:
1913:
1901:
1857:
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1679:
1623:
1229:A passage from the Bible printed using
1043:Logograms are sometimes conflated with
841:Classification by basic linguistic unit
465:In the first several decades of modern
3116:Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach
2724:The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy
2262:
2226:
2085:
2045:
1973:
1845:
1774:
1702:
1690:
1378:Classification by graphical properties
622:, orthography includes the concept of
380:Background: relationship with language
7347:American Printing House for the Blind
7123:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
6775:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
3240:. Wilton de Gruyter. pp. 54–55.
3163:. London: Routledge. pp. 47–61.
3161:The Routledge Handbook of Linguistics
1985:
1878:
1536:was also written from bottom to top.
1319:Originally proposed as a category by
984:have letters for both consonants and
261:comprises a set of symbols, called a
7:
2953:Ottenheimer, Harriet Joseph (2012).
1962:Woods, Emberling & Teeter (2010)
970:. Alphabets consist of three types:
800:, were also invented independently.
330:having them for both consonants and
106:adding citations to reliable sources
2840:The Origins of Chinese Civilization
2748:Writing: Ancient Peoples And Places
1166:, and originally deriving from the
7588:International Literacy Association
7535:List of countries by literacy rate
3415:Ancient languages corpuses by size
3052:Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft
2842:. University of California Press.
2429:Introducing Historical Orthography
1391:, which includes systems like the
1266:sign in a consistent way with how
25:
3236:The Grammar of Attic Inscriptions
2759:– via the Internet Archive.
2485:Condorelli & Rutkowska (2023)
2476:Condorelli & Rutkowska (2023)
2467:Condorelli & Rutkowska (2023)
1873:Condorelli & Rutkowska (2023)
682:Writing systems were preceded by
306:. Alphabets use graphemes called
52:This article has multiple issues.
3287:. London: United Bible Society.
2499:The Writing Systems of the World
1898:Köhler, Altmann & Fan (2008)
1546:
1250:with no vowel, but also one for
1106:contains 756 different symbols.
698:used for accounting purposes in
277:that included a small number of
184:
82:
41:
2721:——— (1990) .
2516:——— (2002) .
1810:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.11.006
1361:developed by professionals and
962:. Alphabets use symbols called
294:writing systems, which include
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
7765:Occupational Safety and Health
3676:Languages by writing system /
3079:——— (2004).
2621:——— (2018).
2535:——— (2002).
2431:. Cambridge University Press.
2367:. Cambridge University Press.
2323:. Cambridge University Press.
2172:"Language and Writing Systems"
2146:Meletis & Dürscheid (2022)
2098:Meletis & Dürscheid (2022)
1787:Meletis & Dürscheid (2022)
1715:Meletis & Dürscheid (2022)
1687:Meletis & Dürscheid (2022)
1455:Directionality and orientation
1:
7115:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
7071:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
3140:. Stanford University Press.
3088:Written Language and Literacy
2946:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978
2778:10.1080/17586801.2017.1308239
2287:Papadatou-Pastou et al (2020)
1491:
1176:
1036:, and other languages of the
827:
816:
782:
777:emerged independently in the
767:
758:writing system used to write
729:
716:
703:
7326:National Braille Association
7305:Braille Institute of America
7023:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
3420:Undeciphered writing systems
3194:Steele, Philippa M. (2017).
1325:
1300:
1262:is written by modifying the
1258:is the inherent vowel), and
790:Mesoamerican writing systems
7206:Refreshable braille display
7185:Optical braille recognition
6782:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
6314:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
5457:New Epoch Notation Painting
3425:Creators of writing systems
3308:The World's Writing Systems
2876:Meletis, Dimitrios (2020).
2818:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma
2816:Hannas, William C. (1997).
2587:. Oxford University Press.
2585:The World's Writing Systems
2176:An Encyclopedia of Language
2124:, pp. 99–100, 113–114.
1607:Transcription (linguistics)
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
857:Sanskrit–English Dictionary
741:script (before 500 AD)
8417:
7593:International Literacy Day
7273:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
3354:Index of language articles
2793:Haarmann, Harald (2004) .
2666:10.1038/s41598-018-37423-8
2427:Condorelli, Marco (2022).
2178:. Routledge. p. 382.
1438:, and semaphore, in which
1312:
1113:
1056:
1005:
844:
659:
383:
312:that correspond to spoken
29:
7009:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
6187:
5990:
5977:
5945:
5932:
5838:
5825:
5523:Chinese family of scripts
5517:
5504:
5402:
5389:
4744:
4731:
4593:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
3958:
3945:
3720:
3707:
3703:
3690:
3678:by first written accounts
3622:
3351:
3232:Threatte, Leslie (1980).
3183:Syro-Mesopotamian Studies
3179:Schmandt-Besserat, Denise
2623:An Exploration of Writing
1926:Steele & Boyes (2022)
1270:would be modified to get
7603:No Child Left Behind Act
6996:Chinese semi-syllabaries
6259:Unicode braille patterns
6245:International uniformity
4700:Thomas Natural Shorthand
3410:by first written account
3064:10.1515/zfsw.2003.22.1.3
2766:Writing Systems Research
2751:. Frederick A. Praeger.
2170:Collinge, N. E. (2002).
2084:, pp. 62, 103–104;
1950:Schmandt-Besserat (1977)
1659:Maspero, Gaston (1870).
822:), and its child in the
504:For the meaning of how
322:only having letters for
8365:List of writing systems
8076:Broussonetia papyrifera
8063:Folding-book manuscript
8046:Bamboo and wooden slips
7333:Blindness organizations
7312:Braille Without Borders
7101:Canadian currency marks
6723:Egyptian lineage family
5906:Southwest Paleohispanic
3378:History of the alphabet
2396:Cisse, Mamadou (2006).
1315:Featural writing system
847:List of writing systems
634:uppercase and lowercase
7777:Information literacies
6650:Russian lineage family
6050:Great Lakes Algonquian
4959:Greco-Iberian alphabet
4892:Gabelsberger shorthand
3835:Inscriptional Parthian
3114:Rogers, Henry (2005).
2974:Psychological Bulletin
2795:Geschichte der Schrift
2317:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
2309:"Language and Writing"
1881:, p. 141, citing
1534:Libyco-Berber alphabet
1233:
1071:
976:only have letters for
863:
861:Monier Monier-Williams
686:systems consisting of
674:
492:
396:
346:that represent spoken
8089:Corypha umbraculifera
7943:Post-literate society
7903:Children's literature
7782:Information and media
7504:Functional illiteracy
7414:Accessible publishing
7340:Schools for the blind
7319:Japan Braille Library
7108:Computer Braille Code
6762:Indian lineage family
6142:Old Persian cuneiform
5009:Carolingian minuscule
3815:Ancient North Arabian
3100:10.1075/wll.7.2.06pri
2887:10.36824/2020-meletis
1848:, pp. 73, 84–87.
1789:, p. 17; citing
1513:, came to be written
1340:place of articulation
1228:
1168:Proto-Sinaitic script
1066:
854:
845:Further information:
809:Proto-Sinaitic script
669:
543:minimally significant
481:
462:in the 20th century.
393:
384:Further information:
7178:Mountbatten Brailler
6533:(largely reassigned)
6316:(largely reassigned)
5865:Southeastern Iberian
5860:Northeastern Iberian
3758:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1844:, pp. 113–115;
1409:Egyptian hieroglyphs
1022:varieties of Chinese
764:Egyptian hieroglyphs
746:Invention of writing
197:confusing or unclear
102:improve this article
7908:Composition studies
7624:Ruth Johnson Colvin
7489:Adolescent literacy
7130:Nemeth braille code
6916:(reassigned vowels)
6441:(extended to 8-dot)
6015:Canadian Aboriginal
5901:Khitan small script
5623:Khitan large script
4813:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
3034:. Wiley-Blackwell.
2836:Keightley, David N.
2658:2019NatSR...9..584D
2478:, pp. 138–160.
2469:, pp. 118–137.
2100:, pp. 240–241.
2000:, pp. 415–416.
1904:, pp. 174–175.
1883:Gnanadesikan (2017)
1485:boustrophedonically
1369:script designed by
1363:constructed scripts
1069:Tahlequah, Oklahoma
1002:Logographic systems
820: 1050 BC
813:Phoenician alphabet
786: 1200 BC
771: 2600 BC
733: 3500 BC
720: 3500 BC
707: 9000 BC
630:English orthography
474:General terminology
460:Vietnamese alphabet
456:Vietnamese language
205:clarify the article
8360:History of writing
7164:Braille translator
7141:Braille technology
7117:(science; GS8/GS6)
7086:Symbols in braille
7016:Taiwanese Mandarin
6531:Taiwanese Mandarin
6137:Nwagu Aneke script
5689:Other logosyllabic
5611:Chinese-influenced
5550:Oracle bone script
5532:Chinese characters
5467:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
4857:Eclectic shorthand
4845:Duployan shorthand
4798:Caucasian Albanian
4598:Canadian syllabics
3634:History of writing
3519:Canadian syllabics
3388:Scripts in Unicode
3373:History of writing
2986:10.1037/bul0000229
2799:History of Writing
2646:Scientific Reports
2487:, pp. 95–117.
1938:Ottenheimer (2012)
1705:, pp. 31, 51.
1495: 800 BC
1397:Chinese characters
1234:
1180: 800 BC
1100:consonant clusters
1072:
1018:Chinese characters
864:
831: 800 BC
775:Chinese characters
675:
662:History of writing
585:and single-storey
493:
488:by letter founder
448:Chinese characters
397:
18:Horizontal writing
8378:
8377:
8233:
8232:
8176:Photographic film
7966:
7965:
7928:Media consumption
7494:Emergent literacy
7441:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7359:tactile alphabets
7287:William Bell Wait
7280:Sabriye Tenberken
7081:
7080:
6946:
6945:
6931:(Japanese vowels)
6729:-mediated scripts
6656:-mediated scripts
6183:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6035:Ditema tsa Dinoko
5973:
5972:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5923:
5821:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5641:
5640:
5500:
5499:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5380:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4576:
4575:
3941:
3940:
3928:Teeline Shorthand
3686:
3685:
3578:
3577:
3570:In Southeast Asia
3266:978-1-885923-76-9
3247:978-3-11-007344-7
3224:978-1-78925-850-9
3205:978-1-78570-644-8
3198:. Oxford: Oxbow.
3170:978-0-415-83257-1
3147:978-0-804-71254-5
3134:Sampson, Geoffrey
3125:978-0-631-23463-0
3041:978-1-118-25532-2
2964:978-1-133-70909-1
2934:World Archaeology
2924:978-3-11-075777-4
2897:978-2-9570549-2-3
2868:978-3-11-019641-2
2849:978-0-520-04229-2
2827:978-0-8248-1842-5
2808:978-3-406-47998-4
2734:978-0-8248-1068-9
2713:978-0-8248-1207-2
2632:978-1-78179-528-6
2613:978-0-19-958584-7
2594:978-0-19-507993-7
2577:Daniels, Peter T.
2568:978-1-4051-5296-9
2546:978-0-521-78217-3
2527:978-0-631-19446-0
2508:978-0-631-18028-9
2457:978-1-108-48731-3
2438:978-1-009-10073-1
2374:978-0-521-83861-0
2352:978-0-203-98005-7
2330:978-0-521-47030-8
2305:Boltz, William G.
2253:, pp. 54–55.
2239:Condorelli (2022)
2185:978-1-134-97716-1
2072:, pp. 40–41.
2048:, pp. 13–15.
1964:, pp. 33–50.
1164:Semitic languages
696:clay token system
575:⟨a⟩
255:
254:
247:
237:
236:
229:
178:
177:
170:
152:
75:
16:(Redirected from
8408:
8370:Written language
8288:Electronic media
8245:Electronic paper
8218:Textile printing
8015:
8004:writing material
7993:
7986:
7979:
7970:
7468:
7461:
7454:
7445:
7430:
7423:
7421:Braille literacy
7416:
7398:
7391:
7384:
7377:
7370:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7321:
7314:
7307:
7289:
7282:
7275:
7268:
7261:
7254:
7247:
7240:
7222:
7215:
7213:Slate and stylus
7208:
7201:
7199:Perkins Brailler
7194:
7187:
7180:
7173:
7166:
7159:
7157:Braille embosser
7152:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7110:
7103:
7096:
7074:
7066:
7059:
7041:
7034:
7025:
7018:
7011:
7004:
6997:
6981:
6978:American Braille
6962:
6959:Algerian Braille
6939:
6932:
6924:
6917:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6848:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6754:
6746:
6739:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6587:
6574:
6569:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6541:
6534:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6343:
6331:
6324:
6317:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6273:
6261:
6254:
6247:
6240:
6223:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6189:
5979:
5934:
5840:
5832:Semi-syllabaries
5827:
5528:
5519:
5506:
5391:
4746:
4733:
4635:Japanese Braille
4220:Zanabazar square
4089:Nepalese scripts
3979:Bengali–Assamese
3969:
3960:
3947:
3864:Pitman shorthand
3709:
3705:
3692:
3624:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3582:
3507:Current examples
3488:Semi-syllabaries
3338:
3331:
3324:
3315:
3296:
3270:
3251:
3239:
3228:
3209:
3190:
3174:
3151:
3129:
3110:
3108:
3102:. Archived from
3085:
3075:
3045:
3028:Powell, Barry B.
3023:
2997:
2968:
2949:
2928:
2909:
2889:
2872:
2853:
2831:
2812:
2789:
2760:
2738:
2717:
2695:
2685:
2636:
2617:
2598:
2572:
2550:
2531:
2512:
2495:Coulmas, Florian
2488:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2442:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2390:
2378:
2361:Houston, Stephen
2356:
2339:Bußmann, Hadumod
2334:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2203:DeFrancis (1989)
2196:
2190:
2189:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2110:DeFrancis (1989)
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1998:Keightley (1983)
1995:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1900:, pp. 4–5;
1895:
1889:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1763:Rutkowska (2023)
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1684:
1667:
1666:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1628:
1567:Defective script
1556:
1554:Languages portal
1551:
1550:
1496:
1493:
1432:manual alphabets
1371:J. R. R. Tolkien
1329:
1327:
1321:Geoffrey Sampson
1309:Featural systems
1304:
1302:
1296:Peter T. Daniels
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1181:
1178:
1140:is derived from
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
832:
829:
821:
818:
787:
784:
772:
769:
752:Early Bronze Age
734:
731:
721:
718:
708:
705:
636:forms of the 26
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
592:
590:
584:
582:
576:
525:
522:
521:
518:
514:
512:
508:
440:signed languages
386:Written language
250:
243:
232:
225:
221:
218:
212:
188:
187:
180:
173:
166:
162:
159:
153:
151:
117:"Writing system"
110:
86:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
8416:
8415:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8396:Writing systems
8381:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8355:Writing systems
8343:
8264:Carrier objects
8259:
8229:
8129:Other materials
8124:
8118:Cyperus papyrus
8031:Trema micrantha
8006:
7997:
7967:
7962:
7938:Oral literature
7881:
7797:Multiliteracies
7653:
7607:
7576:
7523:
7499:Family literacy
7477:
7472:
7442:
7433:
7426:
7419:
7412:
7401:
7394:
7387:
7380:
7373:
7366:
7352:
7345:
7338:
7331:
7324:
7317:
7310:
7303:
7292:
7285:
7278:
7271:
7264:
7257:
7250:
7245:Charles Barbier
7243:
7236:
7225:
7218:
7211:
7204:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7155:
7148:
7135:
7128:
7121:
7113:
7106:
7099:
7092:
7077:
7069:
7062:
7055:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7021:
7014:
7007:
7000:
6995:
6984:
6976:
6970:Frequency-based
6965:
6957:
6942:
6935:
6927:
6920:
6912:
6905:
6898:
6891:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6862:
6851:
6843:
6836:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6808:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6766:Bharati Braille
6763:
6757:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6724:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6651:
6645:
6638:
6633:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6583:
6572:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6529:
6522:
6515:
6508:
6501:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6445:
6437:
6430:
6423:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6367:
6360:
6353:
6346:
6340:Unified English
6334:
6327:
6320:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6284:
6269:Braille scripts
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6225:
6221:
6216:
6171:
5986:
5969:
5965:Stokoe notation
5941:
5920:
5879:
5834:
5813:
5797:
5761:
5740:Logoconsonantal
5735:
5684:
5637:
5606:
5513:
5496:
5477:Siglas poveiras
5398:
5377:
5336:
5240:Younger Futhark
4944:Gregg shorthand
4740:
4719:
4572:
4224:
3954:
3937:
3716:
3699:
3682:
3655:Writing systems
3643:
3618:
3616:writing systems
3609:
3579:
3574:
3553:
3502:
3429:
3404:Writing systems
3392:
3356:
3347:
3345:Writing systems
3342:
3304:
3299:
3282:
3278:
3276:Further reading
3273:
3267:
3254:
3248:
3231:
3225:
3212:
3206:
3193:
3177:
3171:
3154:
3148:
3132:
3126:
3113:
3106:
3083:
3078:
3048:
3042:
3026:
2971:
2965:
2952:
2931:
2925:
2912:
2898:
2875:
2869:
2856:
2850:
2834:
2828:
2815:
2809:
2792:
2763:
2743:Diringer, David
2741:
2735:
2720:
2714:
2700:DeFrancis, John
2698:
2639:
2633:
2620:
2614:
2601:
2595:
2583:, eds. (1996).
2581:Bright, William
2575:
2569:
2553:
2547:
2534:
2528:
2515:
2509:
2493:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2458:
2445:
2439:
2426:
2418:
2416:
2395:
2381:
2375:
2359:
2353:
2337:
2331:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2251:Threatte (1980)
2249:
2245:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:, p. 165;
2197:
2193:
2186:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2058:Diringer (1962)
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2034:Haarmann (2004)
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1840:
1836:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:, p. 1294.
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1640:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1582:Formal language
1552:
1545:
1542:
1494:
1457:
1385:
1380:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1299:
1231:Balinese script
1188:Arabic alphabet
1179:
1118:
1112:
1061:
1055:
1010:
1004:
928:
925:
922:
919:
904:
901:
898:
895:
884:
881:
878:
875:
849:
843:
830:
819:
805:Sinai Peninsula
785:
770:
748:
732:
719:
713:Proto-cuneiform
706:
680:
664:
658:
628:. For example,
615:
613:correct writing
612:
609:
606:
588:
586:
580:
578:
574:
533:
532:
531:
523:
520:
516:
515:
510:
506:
505:
476:
454:—including the
415:signed language
388:
382:
354:. By contrast,
304:spoken language
269:. The earliest
251:
240:
239:
238:
233:
222:
216:
213:
202:
189:
185:
174:
163:
157:
154:
111:
109:
99:
87:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8414:
8412:
8404:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8383:
8382:
8376:
8375:
8373:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8351:
8349:
8348:Related topics
8345:
8344:
8342:
8341:
8336:
8331:
8326:
8325:
8324:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8302:
8290:
8285:
8284:
8283:
8278:
8267:
8265:
8261:
8260:
8258:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8241:
8239:
8235:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8225:
8215:
8214:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8195:
8194:
8193:
8188:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8167:
8166:
8161:
8153:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8141:
8132:
8130:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8122:
8110:
8105:
8093:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8072:
8069:Streblus asper
8060:
8048:
8043:
8042:
8041:
8034:
8021:
8019:
8012:
8008:
8007:
7998:
7996:
7995:
7988:
7981:
7973:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7960:
7958:Writing system
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7898:Asemic writing
7895:
7889:
7887:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7639:Griffith Jones
7636:
7634:James Paul Gee
7631:
7626:
7621:
7615:
7613:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7563:
7562:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7542:
7537:
7531:
7529:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7521:
7519:Whole language
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7471:
7470:
7463:
7456:
7448:
7439:
7438:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7424:
7417:
7409:
7407:
7406:Related topics
7403:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7392:
7385:
7382:New York Point
7378:
7371:
7363:
7361:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7350:
7343:
7336:
7329:
7322:
7315:
7308:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7283:
7276:
7269:
7266:Harris Mowbray
7262:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7233:
7231:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7216:
7209:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7181:
7174:
7167:
7160:
7153:
7150:Braille e-book
7145:
7143:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7126:
7119:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7089:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7067:
7060:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7045:
7043:
7042:
7035:
7028:
7027:
7026:
7019:
7012:
7005:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6973:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6963:
6954:
6952:
6948:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6933:
6925:
6918:
6910:
6903:
6896:
6889:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6841:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6770:
6768:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6747:
6740:
6732:
6730:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6667:
6659:
6657:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6580:
6578:
6571:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6450:
6443:
6435:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6379:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6344:
6332:
6325:
6318:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6281:
6279:
6277:French-ordered
6270:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6255:
6248:
6241:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6192:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6117:Linear Elamite
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5939:Sign languages
5937:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5916:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5891:Espanca script
5887:
5885:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5850:Linear Elamite
5846:
5844:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5733:
5731:Yi (Classical)
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5651:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5555:Bronze scripts
5552:
5547:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5525:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5368:Flag semaphore
5365:
5363:New York Point
5360:
5358:Telegraph code
5355:
5353:Maritime flags
5350:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5307:Visible Speech
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5277:Sorang Sompeng
5274:
5269:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5161:Galik alphabet
5158:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5059:Tironian notes
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4904:
4902:Garay alphabet
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4685:Sorang Sompeng
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4608:Déné syllabics
4605:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4444:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3966:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3869:Proto-Sinaitic
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3730:
3729:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3558:Related topics
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3303:
3302:External links
3300:
3298:
3297:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3252:
3246:
3229:
3223:
3210:
3204:
3191:
3175:
3169:
3152:
3146:
3130:
3124:
3111:
3109:on 2017-10-10.
3094:(2): 235–274.
3076:
3046:
3040:
3024:
2980:(6): 481–524.
2969:
2963:
2950:
2940:(3): 390–398.
2929:
2923:
2910:
2896:
2873:
2867:
2854:
2848:
2832:
2826:
2813:
2807:
2790:
2761:
2739:
2733:
2718:
2712:
2696:
2637:
2631:
2618:
2612:
2599:
2593:
2573:
2567:
2555:Crystal, David
2551:
2545:
2532:
2526:
2513:
2507:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2456:
2443:
2437:
2424:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2387:Houston (2004)
2383:Bagley, Robert
2373:
2363:, ed. (2004).
2357:
2351:
2335:
2329:
2313:Loewe, Michael
2300:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2279:
2277:, p. 584.
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2215:Daniels (2013)
2207:
2205:, p. 197.
2199:Coulmas (2002)
2191:
2184:
2162:
2158:Sampson (1985)
2150:
2148:, p. 222.
2138:
2134:Daniels (2018)
2126:
2122:Coulmas (2002)
2114:
2112:, p. 147.
2102:
2090:
2082:Coulmas (1991)
2074:
2070:Coulmas (2002)
2062:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2024:, p. 396.
2022:Millard (1986)
2014:
2010:Coulmas (1996)
2002:
1990:
1988:, p. 108.
1978:
1976:, p. 190.
1966:
1954:
1942:
1940:, p. 194.
1930:
1928:, p. 232.
1918:
1914:Coulmas (2002)
1906:
1902:Coulmas (1996)
1890:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1858:Sampson (2016)
1850:
1842:Coulmas (1991)
1834:
1803:(2): 286–292.
1779:
1767:
1755:
1753:, p. 979.
1751:Bußmann (1998)
1743:
1739:Bußmann (1998)
1731:
1729:, p. 481.
1727:Crystal (2008)
1719:
1707:
1695:
1689:, p. 17;
1678:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1651:
1638:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1541:
1538:
1503:Greek alphabet
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:Directionality
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1456:
1453:
1436:sign languages
1393:Latin alphabet
1389:linear writing
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1348:John DeFrancis
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1284:Brahmic family
1244:inherent vowel
1154:Greek alphabet
1114:Main article:
1111:
1108:
1057:Main article:
1054:
1051:
1006:Main article:
1003:
1000:
996:David Diringer
982:pure alphabets
842:
839:
835:Latin alphabet
824:Greek alphabet
747:
744:
743:
742:
736:
723:
710:
679:
676:
672:Gaston Maspero
660:Main article:
657:
654:
642:Latin alphabet
524:are used here,
500:
499:
498:
490:William Caslon
475:
472:
381:
378:
328:pure alphabets
259:writing system
253:
252:
235:
234:
192:
190:
183:
176:
175:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8413:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8346:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8315:
8311:
8308:
8307:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8272:
8269:
8268:
8266:
8262:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8242:
8240:
8236:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8219:
8216:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8196:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8134:
8133:
8131:
8127:
8120:
8119:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8097:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8085:
8082:
8078:
8077:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8066:
8065:
8064:
8061:
8058:
8057:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8040:
8039:
8035:
8033:
8032:
8028:
8027:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8016:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7994:
7989:
7987:
7982:
7980:
7975:
7974:
7971:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7924:
7923:Literacy test
7921:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7913:Dick and Jane
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7884:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7867:Transliteracy
7865:
7863:
7862:Technological
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7832:Psychological
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7760:Mental health
7758:
7757:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7690:Computational
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7644:Frank Laubach
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7614:
7610:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7579:
7573:
7572:United States
7570:
7568:
7565:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7530:
7526:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7514:Post-literacy
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7469:
7464:
7462:
7457:
7455:
7450:
7449:
7446:
7429:
7425:
7422:
7418:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7404:
7397:
7393:
7390:
7389:Night writing
7386:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7360:
7355:
7348:
7344:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7330:
7327:
7323:
7320:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7306:
7302:
7301:
7299:
7297:Organisations
7295:
7288:
7284:
7281:
7277:
7274:
7270:
7267:
7263:
7260:
7259:Valentin Haüy
7256:
7253:
7249:
7246:
7242:
7239:
7238:Louis Braille
7235:
7234:
7232:
7228:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7210:
7207:
7203:
7200:
7196:
7193:
7189:
7186:
7182:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7171:Braille watch
7168:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7131:
7127:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7102:
7098:
7095:
7094:Braille music
7091:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7061:
7058:
7057:Luxembourgish
7054:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7029:
7024:
7020:
7017:
7013:
7010:
7006:
7003:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6987:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6960:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6897:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6865:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6856:Other scripts
6854:
6846:
6842:
6839:
6835:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6814:
6811:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6793:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6760:
6752:
6748:
6745:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6721:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6703:
6700:
6696:
6693:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6648:
6637:
6632:
6629:
6628:Northern Sámi
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6600:
6596:
6593:
6589:
6586:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6577:Nordic family
6575:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6543:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6518:
6517:South African
6514:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6439:Luxembourgish
6436:
6433:
6429:
6426:
6422:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6408:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6267:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6252:ASCII braille
6249:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6220:
6213:
6208:
6206:
6201:
6199:
6194:
6193:
6190:
6186:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5976:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5944:
5940:
5935:
5931:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5828:
5824:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5783:Attic (Greek)
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5721:Proto-Elamite
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5392:
5388:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5235:Elder Futhark
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:Old Hungarian
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:Masaram Gondi
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:Gunjala Gondi
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4442:Old Sundanese
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4385:Old Maldivian
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4368:Bilang-bilang
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4188:Sylheti Nagri
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Brahmi script
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3944:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3884:South Arabian
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3830:Inscriptional
3828:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3054:(in German).
3053:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:. Blackwell.
2500:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2404:(in French).
2403:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:. Routledge.
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2265:, p. 91.
2264:
2263:Rogers (2005)
2259:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2241:, p. 83.
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:Primus (2004)
2223:
2220:
2217:, p. 55.
2216:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2160:, p. 40.
2159:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2136:, p. 84.
2135:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:Steele (2017)
2083:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2046:Rogers (2005)
2042:
2039:
2036:, p. 96.
2035:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1974:Bagley (2004)
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1916:, p. 35.
1915:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1885:, p. 15.
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1860:, p. 41.
1859:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1846:Hannas (1997)
1843:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:Rogers (2005)
1771:
1768:
1765:, p. 96.
1764:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1720:
1717:, p. 14.
1716:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1703:Powell (2009)
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:Primus (2003)
1688:
1683:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1633:semasiography
1627:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1515:right-to-left
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:, as well as
1023:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
954:to represent
953:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
914:
910:
890:
889:morphographic
882:sound writing
870:
862:
858:
853:
848:
840:
838:
836:
825:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
780:
776:
765:
761:
757:
753:
745:
740:
737:
727:
724:
714:
711:
701:
697:
693:
692:
691:
689:
685:
684:proto-writing
678:Proto-writing
677:
673:
668:
663:
655:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
632:includes the
631:
627:
626:
621:
601:
600:
595:
572:
571:
566:
562:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:
529:
503:
497:
491:
487:
486:
480:
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468:
463:
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457:
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449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:
392:
387:
379:
377:
373:
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
356:morphographic
353:
349:
345:
344:
339:
338:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:
282:
280:
276:
275:proto-writing
272:
268:
264:
260:
249:
246:
231:
228:
220:
210:
209:the talk page
206:
200:
198:
193:This article
191:
182:
181:
172:
169:
161:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119: –
118:
114:
113:Find sources:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
85:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
8354:
8297:
8293:
8135:Animal skin
8116:
8099:
8087:
8074:
8067:
8055:
8036:
8029:
7957:
7745:Geo-literacy
7670:Agricultural
7649:Brian Street
7629:Paulo Freire
7581:Institutions
7556:New Zealand
6929:Thai and Lao
6606:Scandinavian
6238:1829 braille
6230:Braille cell
6030:Cypro-Minoan
5896:Pahawh Hmong
5809:Sitelen Pona
5773:Hindu-Arabic
5106:Mundari Bani
4680:Pahawh Hmong
4489:Tamil-Brahmi
4395:Eveyla Akuru
4390:Dhives Akuru
3857:Paleo-Hebrew
3724:
3660:undeciphered
3615:
3483:Pictographic
3478:Phonogrammic
3344:
3284:
3256:
3235:
3214:
3195:
3186:
3182:
3160:
3157:Allan, Keith
3137:
3115:
3104:the original
3091:
3087:
3055:
3051:
3031:
2977:
2973:
2954:
2937:
2933:
2914:
2877:
2858:
2839:
2817:
2798:
2794:
2772:(1): 14–35.
2769:
2765:
2747:
2723:
2703:
2649:
2645:
2622:
2603:
2584:
2558:
2536:
2517:
2498:
2447:
2428:
2417:. Retrieved
2405:
2401:
2364:
2342:
2320:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2194:
2175:
2165:
2153:
2141:
2129:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2088:, p. 9.
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1986:Boltz (1999)
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1893:
1879:Joyce (2023)
1875:, p. 4.
1865:
1853:
1837:
1800:
1796:
1782:
1777:, p. 2.
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1693:, p. 6.
1682:
1661:
1654:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1519:
1499:right-handed
1489:
1481:
1458:
1421:
1388:
1386:
1355:grammatogeny
1352:
1331:
1318:
1292:Geʽez script
1287:
1280:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1183:
1157:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1125:
1124:is a set of
1121:
1119:
1092:syllabograms
1091:
1075:
1073:
1044:
1042:
1013:
1011:
989:
981:
971:
963:
952:syllabograms
951:
947:
943:
939:
937:
926:word writing
912:
902:form writing
888:
869:phonographic
868:
865:
856:
802:
792:, including
779:Yellow River
749:
726:Indus script
681:
649:
645:
623:
597:
596:
568:
564:
558:
554:
546:
542:
536:
534:
501:
494:
483:
464:
433:
426:
422:
418:
400:
398:
374:
359:
355:
343:syllabograms
341:
335:
327:
317:
307:
291:
285:
283:
262:
258:
256:
241:
223:
214:
203:Please help
194:
164:
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
8305:Inscription
8238:Impermanent
8201:Clay tablet
8171:Oracle bone
8038:Ficus aurea
8018:Plant-based
7857:Statistical
7772:Information
7658:Other types
7428:RoboBraille
7252:Róża Czacka
7192:Perforation
6989:Independent
6887:(Bhutanese)
6622:Greenlandic
6293:Azerbaijani
6095:Jindai moji
5984:Syllabaries
5955:SignWriting
5855:Celtiberian
5757:Hieroglyphs
5560:Seal script
5545:Traditional
5417:Blissymbols
5322:Warang Citi
5297:Tolong Siki
5250:Marcomannic
5230:Dalecarlian
5220:Anglo-Saxon
5200:Pau Cin Hau
5091:Medefaidrin
5044:Merovingian
5004:Blackletter
4912:Asomtavruli
4705:Warang Citi
4514:Ulu scripts
4459:New Tai Lue
4402:Mon–Burmese
4256:Bhattiprolu
4084:Nandinagari
3911:ʾEsṭrangēlā
3670:constructed
3498:Syllabaries
3468:Logographic
3463:Ideogrammic
3058:(1): 3–55.
2995:10023/19889
2957:. Cengage.
2625:. Equinox.
1647:SignWriting
1602:Paleography
1562:Calligraphy
1434:of various
1413:Maya script
1328: 1944
1303: 1951
1190:'s letters
1086:—a unit of
1053:Syllabaries
968:diaphonemes
913:logographic
911:. The term
798:Maya script
754:, with the
700:Mesopotamia
599:Orthography
467:linguistics
361:logographic
300:syllabaries
8401:Typography
8385:Categories
8322:Palimpsest
8317:Manuscript
8310:Bas-relief
8255:Skywriting
8211:Wax tablet
8191:Petroglyph
8051:Birch bark
7847:Scientific
7720:Ecological
7619:Marie Clay
6980:(obsolete)
6961:(obsolete)
6753:(Pakistan)
6664:Belarusian
6546:Vietnamese
6489:Portuguese
6475:Philippine
6432:Lithuanian
6085:Hentaigana
6080:Man'yōgana
5540:Simplified
5427:Ersu Shaba
5341:Non-linear
5146:Old Uyghur
5136:Old Permic
5131:Old Italic
5064:Visigothic
4999:Beneventan
4934:Glagolitic
4897:Gadabuursi
4561:Kolezhuthu
4556:Vatteluttu
4494:Tanchangya
4417:Saurashtra
3994:Devanagari
3852:Phoenician
3805:Manichaean
3529:Devanagari
3189:(1): 1–31.
2652:(1): 584.
2419:2024-03-12
2402:Sudlangues
1674:References
1597:Penmanship
1592:Pasigraphy
1428:Morse code
1417:bas-relief
1359:shorthands
1276:diacritics
1216:Phoenician
1172:morphology
1038:Sinosphere
1034:Vietnamese
978:consonants
944:alphabetic
570:allographs
485:Cyclopædia
452:Sinosphere
444:Hindustani
324:consonants
199:to readers
128:newspapers
57:improve it
8329:Microform
8223:Silk text
8139:Parchment
8096:Palm leaf
7893:Aliteracy
7842:Religious
7740:Financial
7730:Emotional
7725:Electracy
7528:Locations
7396:Vibratese
7375:Moon type
7368:Decapoint
7049:Eight-dot
7002:Cantonese
6951:Reordered
6914:Inuktitut
6803:Malayalam
6713:Ukrainian
6692:Mongolian
6671:Bulgarian
6634:Norwegian
6599:Icelandic
6390:Hungarian
6348:Esperanto
6300:Cantonese
5884:Redundant
5696:Anatolian
5647:Cuneiform
5575:bird-worm
5511:Logograms
5482:Testerian
5396:Ideograms
5373:Moon type
5260:Staveless
5151:Mongolian
5096:Molodtsov
5054:Sütterlin
4922:Mkhedruli
4788:Bassa Vah
4738:Alphabets
4710:Mwangwego
4675:Mwangwego
4650:Kharosthi
4603:Blackfoot
4566:Malayanma
4437:Sundanese
4432:Sukhothai
4380:Malayalam
4331:Khom Thai
4291:Goykanadi
4215:Tocharian
4168:ʼPhags-pa
4039:Khudabadi
3984:Bhaiksuki
3879:Samaritan
3810:Nabataean
3665:inventors
3565:In Africa
3549:Mongolian
3493:Shorthand
3453:Alphabets
3383:Graphemes
3072:1613-3706
3030:(2012) .
3020:214768754
3004:1939-1455
2906:2681-8566
2786:1758-6801
2674:2045-2322
2497:(1991) .
2414:0851-7215
2408:. Dakar.
1797:Cognition
1587:ISO 15924
1577:Epigraphy
1572:Digraphia
1424:substrate
1401:cuneiform
1383:Linearity
1130:segmental
1110:Alphabets
1104:Yi script
1080:syllables
1076:syllabary
1059:Syllabary
1046:ideograms
956:syllables
948:segmental
909:morphemes
756:cuneiform
688:ideograms
620:alphabets
528:this page
436:Aristotle
370:morphemes
348:syllables
296:alphabets
287:graphemes
279:ideograms
217:June 2024
158:June 2024
63:talk page
8281:Notebook
8197:Tablets
8186:Geoglyph
8164:Stamping
8159:Intaglio
8101:Borassus
8084:Ola leaf
8011:Enduring
7918:Dyslexia
7827:Physical
7807:Numeracy
7715:Diaspora
7700:Cultural
7695:Critical
7685:Computer
7482:Learning
7475:Literacy
7032:Japanese
6893:Georgian
6885:Dzongkha
6871:Armenian
6789:Gujarati
6654:Cyrillic
6585:Estonian
6560:Yugoslav
6496:Romanian
6468:Nigerian
6383:Hawaiian
6369:Ghanaian
6286:Albanian
6147:Sumerian
6112:Linear B
6075:Katakana
6070:Hiragana
6020:Cherokee
5950:ASLwrite
5911:Bopomofo
5766:Numerals
5752:Hieratic
5711:Isthmian
5680:Sumerian
5660:Assyrian
5655:Akkadian
5312:Vithkuqi
5287:Tifinagh
5255:Medieval
5210:Pisidian
5205:Phrygian
5176:Vagindra
5121:Ol Chiki
5029:Interlac
4984:Kayah Li
4974:Jenticha
4929:Veso Bey
4917:Nuskhuri
4907:Georgian
4877:Formosan
4872:Etruscan
4867:Enochian
4823:Cyrillic
4808:Coelbren
4766:Armenian
4665:Meroitic
4655:Mandombe
4645:Jenticha
4509:Tigalari
4474:Tai Viet
4469:Tai Tham
4449:Tagbanwa
4301:Javanese
4251:Baybayin
4241:Balinese
4229:Southern
4124:Pracalit
4119:Pachumol
4094:Bhujimol
4054:Mahajani
4014:Gurmukhi
4004:Gujarati
3972:Northern
3952:Abugidas
3933:Ugaritic
3921:Maḏnḥāyā
3795:Tifinagh
3788:Solitreo
3726:Numerals
3639:Grapheme
3627:Overview
3458:Featural
3448:Abugidas
3368:Language
3361:Overview
3136:(1985).
3012:32237881
2838:(1983).
2745:(1962).
2702:(1989).
2692:30679750
2557:(2008).
2341:(1998).
2319:(eds.).
2307:(1999).
1829:21145047
1540:See also
1332:featural
1220:Ugaritic
1138:alphabet
1134:spelling
1122:alphabet
1116:Alphabet
1096:hiragana
1026:Japanese
1014:logogram
1008:Logogram
991:Abugidas
980:, while
940:syllabic
796:and the
760:Sumerian
646:complete
625:spelling
538:grapheme
517:/ /
511:| |
507:⟨ ⟩
407:language
337:abugidas
314:phonemes
292:Phonetic
267:language
8391:Writing
8300:(baton)
8155:Metals
8113:Papyrus
8000:Writing
7953:Writing
7948:Reading
7933:Orality
7886:Related
7802:Musical
7710:Digital
7675:Braille
7567:Romania
7560:Tokelau
7509:Phonics
6937:Tibetan
6878:Burmese
6864:Amharic
6847:(India)
6824:Sinhala
6817:Punjabi
6796:Kannada
6744:Persian
6699:Russian
6639:Swedish
6617:Finnish
6592:Faroese
6567:Zambian
6539:Turkish
6524:Spanish
6447:Maltese
6425:Latvian
6418:Italian
6397:Iñupiaq
6376:Guarani
6336:English
6307:Catalan
6224:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
6219:Braille
6102:Kikakui
6040:Eskayan
6025:Cypriot
5875:Dunging
5747:Demotic
5726:Tenevil
5670:Hittite
5665:Elamite
5618:Jurchen
5597:Sawndip
5592:Chữ Nôm
5492:Zapotec
5487:Yerkish
5462:Nsibidi
5447:Miꞌkmaw
5437:Isotype
5407:Adinkra
5348:Braille
5332:Zaghawa
5302:Vellara
5282:Sunuwar
5272:Sidetic
5267:Shavian
5195:Osmanya
5185:Ol Onal
5039:Kurrent
5024:Insular
5014:Fraktur
4989:Klingon
4979:Kaddare
4953:Archaic
4862:Elbasan
4850:Chinook
4840:Deseret
4828:Bosnian
4783:Avoiuli
4771:Avestan
4761:Ariyaka
4690:Tengwar
4588:Bharati
4549:Serawai
4539:Pasemah
4524:Lampung
4479:Lai Tay
4464:Tai Noi
4427:Sinhala
4407:Pallava
4375:Makasar
4363:Lontara
4338:Kulitan
4311:Kannada
4306:Kadamba
4296:Hanunoo
4286:Grantha
4281:Fakkham
4198:Tibetan
4183:Soyombo
4178:Siddhaṃ
4173:Sharada
4149:Litumol
4139:Tirhuta
4129:Ranjana
4114:Kvemmol
4074:Multani
4059:Marchen
4024:Kalinga
3964:Brahmic
3901:Sogdian
3840:Psalter
3820:Pahlavi
3800:Mandaic
3778:Cursive
3763:Elymaic
3734:Aramaic
3524:Chinese
3473:Numeral
3293:5522014
3159:(ed.).
2757:2824973
2683:6345846
2654:Bibcode
2297:Sources
1820:3034361
1612:X-SAMPA
1526:Kulitan
1522:Hanunoo
1449:signals
1405:Braille
1367:Tengwar
1336:voicing
1288:abugida
1239:abugida
1126:letters
1088:prosody
964:letters
920:
896:
876:
833:). The
781:valley
739:Nsibidi
656:History
650:partial
640:of the
638:letters
607:
551:phoneme
428:reading
423:writing
402:writing
395:record.
309:letters
271:writing
195:may be
142:scholar
32:Writing
8334:Scroll
8250:Screen
8144:Vellum
8056:Betula
7872:Visual
7852:Social
7837:Racial
7812:Object
7755:Health
7680:Carbon
7612:People
7540:Canada
7357:Other
7230:People
7220:Braigo
7039:Korean
6907:Hebrew
6838:Telugu
6737:Arabic
6727:Arabic
6685:Kyrgyz
6678:Kazakh
6612:Danish
6510:Slovak
6503:Samoan
6482:Polish
6461:Navajo
6362:German
6355:French
6222:
6167:Yugtun
6157:Woleai
6107:Kpelle
6090:Sōgana
6010:Byblos
5788:Muisca
5706:Cretan
5675:Luwian
5633:Tangut
5452:Mixtec
5422:Dongba
5327:Yezidi
5317:Wancho
5292:Todhri
5245:Gothic
5225:Cipher
5166:Manchu
5156:Evenki
5141:Orkhon
5086:Manchu
5081:Lydian
5076:Lycian
5019:Gaelic
4969:Hanifi
4964:Hangul
4939:Gothic
4887:Fraser
4882:Fox II
4818:Coptic
4793:Carian
4776:Pazend
4749:Linear
4695:Thaana
4640:Sarati
4581:Others
4544:Rejang
4529:Lembak
4519:Incung
4499:Telugu
4454:Tai Le
4348:Langdi
4271:Chakma
4161:Karani
4134:Tamyig
4109:Kummol
4104:Himmol
4099:Golmol
4079:Nagari
4064:Meitei
4049:Lepcha
4034:Khojki
4019:Kaithi
3906:Syriac
3894:Musnad
3773:Ashuri
3768:Hebrew
3751:Elifba
3746:Arabic
3739:Hatran
3714:Abjads
3534:Hangul
3514:Arabic
3443:Abjads
3291:
3263:
3244:
3221:
3202:
3167:
3144:
3122:
3070:
3038:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2961:
2921:
2904:
2894:
2865:
2846:
2824:
2805:
2784:
2755:
2731:
2710:
2690:
2680:
2672:
2629:
2610:
2591:
2565:
2543:
2524:
2505:
2454:
2435:
2412:
2371:
2349:
2327:
2182:
1827:
1817:
1511:Hebrew
1507:Arabic
1469:Lining
1430:, the
1344:hangul
1170:. The
1030:Korean
986:vowels
973:abjads
591:|
587:|
583:|
579:|
565:graphs
560:glyphs
555:phones
547:script
519:, and
411:spoken
332:vowels
326:, and
319:abjads
316:—with
263:script
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
8298:Shaku
8276:Codex
8206:Slate
8181:Stone
8108:Paper
8025:Amate
7822:Power
7817:Oracy
7792:Media
7787:Legal
7750:Graph
7735:Faith
7550:Bihar
7545:India
7073:(GS8)
7064:Kanji
6922:Khmer
6900:Greek
6831:Tamil
6764:i.e.
6725:i.e.
6706:Tatar
6652:i.e.
6553:Welsh
6454:Māori
6411:Irish
6329:Dutch
6322:Czech
6132:Nüshu
6000:Bamum
5995:Afaka
5802:Other
5793:Roman
5778:Abjad
5701:Bagam
5602:Bowen
5587:Kanji
5582:Hanja
5570:small
5565:large
5472:Olmec
5442:Kaidā
5432:Emoji
5412:Aztec
5215:Runic
5190:Osage
5171:Oirat
5116:Ogham
5049:Sigla
4994:Latin
4949:Greek
4833:Early
4803:Cirth
4756:Adlam
4625:Geʽez
4620:Fox I
4484:Tamil
4343:Lanna
4326:Khmer
4316:Karen
4266:Buhid
4246:Batak
4203:Uchen
4193:Takri
4144:Limbu
4044:Laṇḍā
4029:Khema
4009:Gupta
3999:Dogri
3916:Serṭā
3889:Zabur
3874:Punic
3847:Pegon
3783:Rashi
3697:Types
3648:Lists
3612:Types
3544:Latin
3435:Types
3397:Lists
3107:(PDF)
3084:(PDF)
3016:S2CID
2797:[
2311:. In
1618:Notes
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