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355:
544:, Yugoslavia in 1984, and was described as a new species by Deschka and Dimić in 1986. A likely Balkan origin for this moth was evidenced from a decrease in genetic diversity from natural towards artificial horse-chestnut stands that were planted around Europe since around 1600. This Balkan origin is further documented by numerous herbarium samples that date back to 1879. These include an outbreak which occurred in horse-chestnut specimens collected by F.K. Meyer in 1961 in Albania. Of the 30 known mitochondrial
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reduced. Trees survive repeated infestations and re-flush normally in the following year. It appears that most of the damage caused by the moth occurs too late in the growing season to greatly affect tree performance. Consequently, there is no reason to fell and remove trees just because they are attacked by
309:
around four weeks after the egg hatches and, except when hibernating as a pupa in the mine, the adult emerges around two weeks later. In severe infestations, the mines of individuals can merge and almost the entire leaf area may be utilised. When this occurs it may lead to high moth mortality as the
314:
for space and food. The moth is able to go through up to five generations each year, if the weather is hot and dry; on average in western Europe, the moth goes through three generations each year. The last generation of the year pupates for over six months so as to survive the winter. The pupae are
253:
The larva feeds in a mine in the leaves of the tree, damaging the leaves and stunting growth. Infected leaves are covered in small brown patches which spread rapidly across the entire tree, giving an autumnal appearance. Eventually the leaves die and drop off; when new ones grow they are again
245:
causes significant damage, mainly late summer browning, to the appearance of horse-chestnut trees. Despite the poor appearance of these infested trees, there is no evidence that damage by the moth leads to tree death. Seed weight, photosynthetic storage and reproductive capacity may however be
700:
causes up to 100% pupal mortality, has low environmental toxicity and can be combined successfully with manual leaf removal. A synthetic pheromone can be used to trap males, but effective control may be hard to thus achieve. In any case, infestation levels could diminish over time as
31:
1039:
Valade, R., Kenis, M., Hernandez-Lopez, A., Augustin, S., Mari Mena, N., Magnoux, E., Rougerie, R., Lakatos, F., Roques, A. and Lopez-Vaamonde, C. 2009. Mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers reveal a Balkan origin for the highly invasive horse-chestnut leaf miner
548:
for the species only three (known as A, B and C) have invaded the rest of Europe since 1989, and only A is dominant. It is likely that the frequency of haplotype A has been increasing even in Balkan natural sites, aided by the late development of roads in the region.
288:
inch) long, with shiny, bright brown forewings with thin, silvery white stripes. The hindwings are dark grey with long fringes. Each female moth lays between 20 and 40 eggs singly on the upper surface of leaves, and once these hatch 2–3 weeks later, the
805:
Lees, D.C., Lack, H. W., Rougerie, R., Hernandez-Lopez, A., Raus, T., Avtzis, N., Augustin, S. and Lopez-Vaamonde, C. (2011). "Tracking origins of invasive herbivores using herbaria and archival DNA: the case of the horse-chestnut leafminer".
525:. Although horse-chestnut occurs naturally mostly above the 700–1,000 m (2,300–3,300 ft) contours the moth does well in well-watered places such as parks in cities and at low elevation but not well in the hotter parts of Europe e.g.
579:, on which in particular one mitochondrial race, haplotype B, seems to develop successfully when nearby horse-chestnut leaves are exhausted, but is not thought to pose such a strong risk to these species unlike to the common horse-chestnut.
1216:
Svatoš A., Kalinova B., Hoskovec M., Kindl J., Hovorka O., & Hrdy I. 1999. Identification of a new lepidopteran sex pheromone in picogram quantities using an antennal biodetector: (8E,10Z)-tetradeca-8,10-dienal from
1096:
Grabenweger, G.; Kehrli, P.; Schlick-Steiner, B.; Steiner, F.; Stolz, M.; Bacher, S. (2005). "Predator complex of the horse chestnut leafminer
Cameraria ohridella: identification and impact assessment".
305:-feeding". By the third instar, the larva creates a mine approximately 8mm in diameter; this is further expanded by later instars until one mine can cover several square centimeters. The larva starts to
882:
Johne, A.; Weissbecker, B.; Schütz, S. (2006). "Volatile emissions from
Aesculus hippocastanum induced by mining of larval stages of Cameraria ohridella influence oviposition by conspecific females".
1607:
1011:
Gilbert, M., Grégoire J.-C., Freise, J. F., & Heitland, W. 2004. Long-distance dispersal and human population density allow the prediction of invasive patterns in the horse chestnut leafminer
751:
1136:
925:
De Prins, J.; De Prins, W.; De
Coninck, E. (2003). "The pupal morphology of Cameraria ohridella compared with that of the genus Phyllonorycter (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)".
661:, consuming around 10 larvae per day. Overall the predation by the southern oak bushcricket is insignificant compared to that by birds however. Experiments with the predatory
315:
extremely frost tolerant and have been recorded to survive temperatures as low as −23 °C (−9 °F). This allows its populations to increase even after hard winters.
332:, but can be distinguished by the fungal infection often being outlined by a conspicuous yellow band which the mines lack. The pupae can be mistaken for pupae of the genus
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529:. Probably aided greatly by vehicular transport, the moth has attained a very rapid dispersal rate across Europe of 60 kilometres (40 miles) per year.
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297:) and two prepupal (spinning) phases before the pupal phase. The first stage creates a small cavity (or mine) parallel to a vein in the leaf and is "
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Inadvisably, trees can be removed, or better, leaves cleared and burned before adult emergence by the end of March. Use of the systemic insecticide
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40:
651:) feed on the larvae. Between them, three tit species are thought to prey on between 2 and 4% of the larvae. The southern oak bushcricket (
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Péré, C., Augustin S., Turlings T. C. J., & Kenis M. 2010. The invasive alien leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella and the native maple,
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The dead patches that the horse-chestnut leaf miner causes on leaves are similar to damage caused to horse-chestnut trees by the
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Percival, G. C., Barrow I., Novissa K., Keary I., & Pennington P. 2011. The impact of horse chestnut leaf miner (
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990:Ševrová, H. and Laštúvka, Z. 2001. Control possibility and additional information on the horse-chestnut leafminer
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214:). The horse-chestnut leafminer was first collected and inadvertently pressed in herbarium sheets by the botanist
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Girardoz, S., Kenis M., & Quicke D. L. J. 2006. Recruitment of native parasitoids by an exotic leaf miner,
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have been recorded. However, for biological control a highly specialist parasitoid still needs to be found.
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Horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella Desch. & Dem. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
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A number of projects have been launched to investigate the biology and biological control of
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BBC News report: Citizen science charts horse chestnut tree pest spread, 25 January 2014
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Cameraria ohridella n. sp. aus
Mazedonien, Jugoslawien (Lepidoptera, Lithocelletidae).
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starts to recruit generalist members of the local parasitoid wasp community.
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Taxon page for
Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic 1986. In: EOLspecies
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and the first five abdominal sections have strong lateral spines on them.
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1179:(Cameraria ohridella). Kiev: Shmalhausen Institute of Zoology. 67 pages.
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1242:: host - parasitoid synchronization and influence of the environment.
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BBC News report on infestation in
Leicester, England, September 2010
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Acta
Universitas Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis
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infected. This cycle can repeat itself several times in one season.
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Deschka and Dimić; HCLM) on vitality, growth and reproduction of
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1158:- infested horse chestnut leaf litter on private compost heaps.
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As well as colonising the leaves of the common horse-chestnut,
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in 1984, and was described as a new species in 1986. Its
721:-wide multidisciplinary project, CONTROCAM ("Control of
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623:
A number of natural predators of the larval stages of
194:. The horse-chestnut leaf miner was first observed in
619:
Horse-chestnut leaf miner tree damage in Parma, Italy
1270:
HAMburger-CAMeraria-Projekt - Films Photos incl. REM
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1151:Kehrli, P., & Bacher S. 2004. How to safely
994:Deschka and Dimić (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae).
627:have been recorded. Observations have shown that
1177:Ecology and control of horse chestnut leaf miner
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1282:Czech Academy of Sciences Cameraria homepage
834:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
717:and its impact since 2001, for example, an
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784:Exotic pest alert - Uk Forestry Commission
38:
29:
20:
1110:
1192:"Cameraria ohridella - chemical ecology"
809:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
293:develop through five feeding phases (or
966:"Cameraria ohridella | EOLspecies"
877:
875:
738:
238:Leaf miner damage throughout the canopy
827:
680:and lacewings found that none prey on
540:was first noticed from outbreaks near
7:
1487:9a1ec1db-81c1-42c9-b9eb-97cfcf7dbbce
770:
768:
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696:is usually banned as it kills bees.
863:Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
1244:Agricultural and Forest Entomology
1067:Agricultural and Forest Entomology
14:
1646:Insect pests of temperate forests
1313:Abstract of HAM-CAM-Projekt, 2003
1288:Forestry Commission Research page
657:) has also been found to prey on
338:but can be distinguished because
278:The moth is up to 5 millimetres (
1121:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2005.00973.x
1082:de Prins W.;de Prins, J. 2005.
750:Deschka, G. and Dimić, N. 1986.
51:
1044:(Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae).
608:A juvenile blue tit feeding on
1666:Taxa named by Gerfried Deschka
754:Acta Entomol. Jugosl. 22:11-23
1:
1160:Journal of Applied Entomology
1099:Journal of Applied Entomology
1084:Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera)
358:Distribution map (1984-2007)
1307:HAMburger-CAMeraria-Projekt
1175:Syeryebryennikov, B. 2008.
884:Journal of Chemical Ecology
218:in central Greece in 1879.
1687:
1086:. Stenstrup: Apollo Books.
350:Distribution and dispersal
24:Horse-chestnut leaf miner
1671:Taxa named by Nenad Dimić
1017:Journal of Animal Ecology
939:10.1007/s10340-003-0009-2
896:10.1007/s10886-006-9146-4
172:horse-chestnut leaf miner
163:Deschka & Dimić, 1986
153:
146:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
1207:Svatoš, Chemical Ecology
561:is also able to feed on
1651:Moths described in 1986
1065:: a fatal attraction?.
927:Journal of Pest Science
533:Origin and epidemiology
301:-sipping" rather than "
859:Aesculus hippocastanum
620:
612:
383:Bosnia and Herzegovina
365:has now been found in
359:
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212:Aesculus hippocastanum
1278:in German and English
618:
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216:Theodor von Heldreich
208:common horse-chestnut
1482:Fauna Europaea (new)
981:Encyclopedia of Life
654:Meconema meridionale
342:pupae do not have a
1608:cameraria-ohridella
1386:Cameraria_ohridella
1372:Cameraria ohridella
1342:Cameraria ohridella
1240:Cameraria ohridella
1223:Tetrahedron Letters
1219:Cameraria ohridella
1156:Cameraria ohridella
1063:Acer pseudoplatanus
1042:Cameraria ohridella
1013:Cameraria ohridella
992:Cameraria ohridella
855:Cameraria ohridella
715:Cameraria ohridella
703:Cameraria ohridella
667:Euseius finlandicus
633:Cyanistes caeruleus
592:Over 60 generalist
576:Acer pseudoplatanus
538:Cameraria ohridella
363:Cameraria ohridella
243:Cameraria ohridella
177:Cameraria ohridella
157:Cameraria ohridella
1293:2012-10-30 at the
1276:Cameraria Homepage
1139:2009-09-02 at the
780:2011-09-29 at the
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1593:Open Tree of Life
1334:Taxon identifiers
1046:Molecular Ecology
890:(10): 2303–2319.
670:, bush crickets (
649:Poecile palustris
230:Leaf miner damage
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139:C. ohridella
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830:cite journal
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694:imidacloprid
691:
682:C. ohridella
681:
673:Phaneroptera
671:
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659:C. ohridella
658:
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648:
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625:C. ohridella
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610:C. ohridella
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340:C. ohridella
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18:
1661:Leaf miners
1508:iNaturalist
1366:Wikispecies
1229:: 7011-7014
1052:: 3458-3470
725:") and the
641:Parus major
594:parasitoids
588:Parasitoids
553:Host plants
515:Switzerland
471:Netherlands
266:Caterpillar
258:Description
204:leaf miners
182:leaf-mining
105:Lepidoptera
1635:Categories
1546:CamerOhrid
1303:in English
1297:in English
1284:in English
1266:in English
1202:2011-06-22
1105:(7): 353.
976:2011-09-17
733:References
698:Fenoxycarb
688:Procedures
645:marsh tits
637:great tits
546:haplotypes
542:Ohrid Lake
467:Montenegro
459:Luxembourg
324:Guignardia
85:Arthropoda
1309:in German
1272:in German
1166:, 707-709
1107:CiteSeerX
1073:: 151-159
1023:, 459-468
1002:, 121-127
947:198137112
723:Cameraria
678:ladybirds
629:blue tits
600:Predators
455:Lithuania
344:cremaster
133:Species:
126:Cameraria
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
1543:MaBENA:
1393:BioLib:
1357:Q1071848
1351:Wikidata
1291:Archived
1137:Archived
1129:84469242
912:10304908
904:17001531
778:Archived
709:Projects
503:Slovenia
499:Slovakia
387:Bulgaria
111:Family:
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
1618:5545930
1500:1749449
1250:: 49-56
1153:compost
869:: 11-17
583:Control
523:Ukraine
487:Romania
463:Moldova
435:Ireland
431:Hungary
423:Germany
415:Finland
411:Estonia
403:England
399:Denmark
391:Croatia
379:Belarus
375:Belgium
371:Austria
367:Albania
329:aesculi
312:compete
310:larvae
295:instars
283:⁄
206:on the
187:of the
180:) is a
121:Genus:
101:Order:
95:Insecta
91:Class:
1615:uBio:
1598:498369
1572:199129
1513:126088
1474:433542
1461:299579
1448:LITHOD
1435:306084
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519:Turkey
511:Sweden
495:Serbia
491:Russia
483:Serbia
479:Poland
469:, the
447:Latvia
443:Kosovo
427:Greece
419:France
393:, the
320:fungus
307:pupate
303:tissue
291:larvae
222:Damage
200:larvae
189:family
1605:PPE:
1585:19265
1533:LoB:
1526:40598
1456:EUNIS
1422:698MR
1396:45745
1125:S2CID
943:S2CID
908:S2CID
527:Spain
507:Spain
439:Italy
407:Wales
1567:NCBI
1536:5691
1495:GBIF
1443:EPPO
1404:BOLD
900:PMID
836:link
663:mite
635:),
573:and
521:and
405:and
274:Pupa
202:are
185:moth
170:The
1554:NBN
1521:ISC
1430:EoL
1417:CoL
1381:ADW
1164:128
1117:doi
1103:129
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892:doi
861:L.
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299:sap
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