Horse trams in Adelaide - Knowledge (XXG)

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Suburban, Hindmarsh, Payneham and Paradise, Mitcham, and Hyde Park companies to bring them under one management by buying them out and giving their shareholders a prior right of reinvesting their purchase money in a new electric tramway company. Meanwhile, the Corporation of the City of Adelaide, unbeknown to Snow, had passed resolutions supporting a scheme of indirect municipalisation of the tramways submitted by W.J. Bingham. When the council finally made its approval of this scheme known, considerable controversy arose. Suburban councils were particularly upset that the corporation had not consulted them. However, attempts to promote municipal ownership of the tramways were doomed to failure since the councils would have been unable to raise the capital to purchase the existing horse tramway companies.

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faces... Most of these men carry their dinners with them in red handkerchiefs with perhaps the neck of a bottle of cold tea sticking out of their pockets. They mostly ride on the top of the car and they mostly smoke and spit .... About 9 o'clock the Government officers and clerks and shop people begin to move ... they read the newspapers and talk politics ... well-blackened briar-root pipes or mild cigarettes are all the go with these fellows. ... Inside the same car are probably several girls going to school. A lot of books tied round with a strap, a roll of music and perhaps a little velvet bag in gaudy colours, full of nothing. As for the schoolboys they mostly like to ride in front with the driver. ...

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Adelaide, Walkerville, Payneham, Maylands, Marryatville, Parkside, Unley and Hyde Park. However, it was not until 24 October 1914 – seven years after the South Australian Government's purchase of the horse tram companies' assets – that electrification of the entire Adelaide-centric network was complete and horse-drawn services ceased. On the isolated Port Adelaide lines, horses continued to haul trams until 4 April 1917, when electrification was complete. Then, all the trams and the horses that hauled them, "which the Adelaide people are now making haste to forget", disappeared into history. The arrival of electric trams was the start of a new era:

1217:. The line carried passengers although its main purpose was to move freight from shallow-draft vessels navigating the river at Goolwa to coastal and ocean-going vessels calling at Port Elliot, beyond the dangerous river mouth. Passenger services were also operating regularly on the Moonta Town–Moonta Bay section (built in 1866) of the Kadina and Wallaroo Railway and Pier Company's broad-gauge railway, on which horses hauled copper ore cars to smelters at Wallaroo. Eight months after the first Adelaide service started, the South Australian Railways opened a passenger-only horse tram service in Gawler. 524:

attached to a species of groove in the pavement, through which it was dragged, with a great deal of rumbling, bouncing and scratching, by a couple of remarkably small horses. When it reached a certain point the people, women, carrying satchels and parcels, projected themselves upon it in a compact body – a movement suggesting the scramble for places in a life-boat at sea – and were engulfed in its large interior. Then the life-boat ... went bumping and jingling away upon its invisible wheels, with the helmsman (the man at the wheel) guiding its course incongruously from the prow.

833: 1322:, single-sized crushed stone layers of small angular stones were placed as road base and compacted thoroughly. A later development was to add a binding layer of stone dust "set" with water to produce a stronger, smoother, less dusty and freer-draining pavement. Roads constructed in this manner were described as "macadamised". Late 19th century photos show that dust in Adelaide's main streets was further suppressed by frequent watering. A development later still was to spray tar on the surface to create 541:

this city the car is very elegant in appearance, and is painted and ornamented in the most chaste and tasteful manner. ... The interior of the car is elegant in the extreme. It is fitted throughout in native American woods, all of light colours and varnished. The seats which run along the sides are marvels of lightness, cleanliness, and comfort. ... The ventilation – that most important consideration in a climate such as ours – is thoroughly provided for by means of adjustable panels in the ceiling.

2590: 2604: 366:(MTT) to establish electric tram services, which were opened from 1909. Electrification generally proceeded rapidly. However, for the next eight years horse trams provided interim services, under MTT ownership, while electric transmission infrastructure and new tracks were progressively completed. Horse trams ceased running on Adelaide-centric routes in 1914 and on the isolated Port Adelaide lines in 1917, after 39 years of operation. 1025:

tracks were completed for the electric trams but before electric infrastructure was erected, horse cars were authorised to run on them. When it became evident that the new tracks were more substantial, a local reviewer informed readers that male passengers who were periodically asked to re-rail horse cars when they left the tracks could be sure that derailments would not occur on the new tracks.

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referendum soon afterwards, the provisions of the Snow bill were overwhelmingly supported by local residents. However, the legislative proceedings had taken so long that the original source of capital for the scheme had been used on other projects, and financial stringency of the period put an end to any alternative support appearing. Consequently, the whole scheme collapsed.

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In September 1883 two horse tram routes were built: one along the Brighton Road from Glenelg to Brighton, which lasted until February 1914, and another in the southern streets of Glenelg, which closed after 18 months. The South Australian Government did not purchase the assets of the Brighton company nor the Port Adelaide company.

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widespread introduction of horse buses, which charged fares about one-fifth those of coaches. But despite some good services, many of the operators had little regard for their customers' interests: complaints were made that the conveyances were filthy, with faded and ragged seat cushions and compartments rarely swept out.

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vehicles as a blot on their city's image and clamoured for electric trams. However, in the early years of the 20th century, following a sustained large-scale drought and with increasing popularity of the "safety bicycle", few of the companies were making a profit and none could afford the capital cost involved.

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Despite the outcome of the earlier referendum, public pressure for government ownership and electrification grew, and estimates of costs and income from increased patronage under electric systems were favourable. The government made several attempts to acquire the horse tramways between 1904 and 1906

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The network continued to be developed solely by private companies. The routes were laid to meet market demand and when services were introduced they were extremely popular. Eleven companies built lines between 1878 and 1883. Three companies had failed before laying tracks; evidence suggests they were

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From time to time a strange vehicle drew near to the place where they stood – such a vehicle as the lady at the window, in spite of a considerable acquaintance with human inventions, had never seen before: a huge, low omnibus, painted in brilliant colors, and decorated apparently with jangling bells,

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Earlier (in 1879) a steam-hauled broad-gauge line had been opened from Marino, five miles to the south of Glenelg, passing through Brighton and terminating at Jetty Road, Glenelg. The line ran for most of its distance on the edge of scrubby sand hills fronting the beach. It closed after 15 months.

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Horse tram 79 of the Adelaide & Suburban Tramway Company Limited at the Kensington depot, about 1909. Horse trams were built to be as light as possible to maximise payload. Occasionally, when another tram needed to pass, the passengers and the two crew would get out, "derail" the tram and wheel

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By then, Adelaide's horse trams had come to be regarded by the public as a blot on the city's image. Slow speed and subsequent low traffic capacity made them inadequate, especially since the city's population had exceeded 160,000. The unsealed roads the horses needed became quagmires in winter and

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The layover was often hectic for the conductor, taking mails to the General Post Office and collecting mails for delivery down the line, calling for prescriptions phoned in by doctors, and collecting cakes for delivery. The conductor made quite a bit for these deliveries. He would hop off the car

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Horse tram drivers were to be at least 17 years old and conductors 12. The driver and conductor were not to be drunk. No smoking was permitted while on duty. When the hard roads began to trouble their feet, the tramway horses were sold to farmers, who, it was said, could only drive them by using a

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The object sought to be attained in all American vehicles and machines is a maximum of strength with a minimum of weight, and the manner in which this has been effected in the tramway cars is both interesting and wonderful. ... Though rather different in form to anything we have previously seen in

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A sort of an attempt was made some time ago ... to put badges with numbers on their hats. However this regulation, if it be one, is observed only to a limited extent; many of the lads have no badges at all, and it is within our knowledge that the boys change badges and hats too at times – so that

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The men who drove the cars were most "respectable and steady; their daily task severe and protracted. "They worked from twelve to fourteen hours a day and had no special times for meals – they took them when they could. If they were off duty from sickness or any other cause, they had to "place a

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The companies laid tracks and ran trams wherever demand was apparent, and most remained in business for up to three decades. However, Adelaide was eventually the last capital city in Australia to be without faster, higher-capacity, cleaner electric or cable trams; the public eventually saw quaint

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By December 1908 about half of the 87 km (54 mi) of new track due to be laid had been completed and driver training on electric trams was due to start on North Terrace. By the end of 1911 most of the tram system had been electrified. Lines were progressively opened to Kensington, North

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During the horse tram era, and especially during the twilight period, on some occasions when horse trams travelling in opposite directions met on single track, the car with the fewer passengers was derailed and pulled along the road – by horses and humans – to allow the other car to pass. As new

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There are few boys who see as much of life as a tram boy. Take the early morning trams for instance. The working men go by these. Wife stands at the door with a half-dressed kid in her arms, other kids scrambling up the picket fence without much clothes on, and with a great deal of dirt on their

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Newspapers were individually delivered along the tram line, the conductor slinging them across the front fence or passing them on to the family dog trained to take delivery. Meat from a butcher was delivered to the back doors of homes along the tram line. Businessmen often gave conductors their

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Public transport was beyond the financial reach of many people in Adelaide's early days following European settlement in 1836. However, the 1870s brought good harvests and prosperity to South Australia, and one of the consequences was a vast improvement in Adelaide transport services through the

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At the close of the century, Adelaide businessmen had been giving thought to the introduction of a system of electric tramways. The first scheme to appear was promoted by F.H. Snow on behalf of two London companies. Between September 1899 and June 1900 he made arrangements with the Adelaide and

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It was not uncommon to find that a car, licensed to carry 16 passengers inside the saloon and 19 outside (i.e., 16 on the top deck and 3 on the front platform with the driver), would carry as many as 25 inside and more than 30 outside – about 60 per cent overloaded. To remonstrate with the

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of the tramways. However, the electorate evidently considered that the state government should not own tramways, for the socialists had little success at subsequent elections. After much heated debate, the bill to authorise the Snow scheme was passed in parliament on 6 December 1901. In a

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passed the necessary private Act granting powers to construct and operate the line. It was 19 months before that occurred, especially since considerable opposition was raised by the Corporation of the City of Adelaide, mainly over who should have the right to control and license the cars.

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There can be no question that Adelaide is greatly behind many modern cities in facilities for street conveyance, those which are provided being in many respects a long way behind the times. The experience of other cities where railways worked by horse traction have been in use for some time is

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How unhappy the days when tired animals pulled abominably crowded vehicles (antiquities of a forgotten civilisation) around corkscrew hills and up long slopes to the tune of a vigorous whipping, and the sarcastic indignation of those on board. That regime of exhausted horses and exasperated

995:(£280,372.9.3) to a representative of the companies in return for a receipt and the company title deeds. By 1909 at the launch of Adelaide's electric tram services there were 163 horse trams and 650 horses under the control of the MTT. The government funded the assets purchase by issuing 508:

The service became the first permanent tramway system of an Australian city. Ironically, in due course Adelaide would become the last Australian capital city to discard horse trams for more modern public transport – but in 1878 horse trams everywhere were a source of wonder, reflected in

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Of the advantage of street tramways there can be no doubt. Whatever incredulity might at one time have existed upon the subject is now entirely removed by the great success which has attended their introduction in England and on the Continent of Europe, as well as in America. ...

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bell. It appears that the horses, which were trained by the companies and deployed for a few years, were well cared for; it did not pay the companies to do otherwise. Members of the public were not slow to rise in protest at the slightest hint of ill-treatment of the animals.

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Horse trams ran at an average speed of about 5 miles per hour (8 km/h), usually two horses pulling each tram from a pool of four to ten. However, the largest trams were hauled by three horses, especially when going up and down hills. Most of the companies operated

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Until the MTT had upgraded a line for electric services (which included construction of sturdier track), horse trams (and sometimes horse buses) ran from a horse car terminus to a temporary electric terminus. The horse tram service was then retired as the electrified

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The Kensington service was so successful that on 9 December 1878 the Adelaide and Suburban Tramway Company was able to open its North Adelaide line, satisfying a key proviso of the Act that it was to construct 10.8 miles (17.4 km) of track from

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takings to bank in the city during the 20-minute layover. The linen bags, often containing £70 or £80, were thrown under the driver’s stairs. Big cheques were also taken to the city, cashed at the bank, and the change taken down on the next run.

706:, except for the Port Adelaide to Albert Park line, which was built to 5 ft 3 ins (1600 mm) broad gauge to accommodate steam locomotives, all of which in the Adelaide area were to that gauge. (This line was also notable for having 1205:, was on a railway – sometimes called a tramway – 11 km (7 mi) long, which opened in 1854. Horses rather than steam locomotives were deployed as the sole motive power to save costs, and remained so until 1884. The railway ran between 402:

and the ride was far superior. On returning to Adelaide they promoted the concept. In April 1875 they issued a prospectus for a new joint stock company, the Adelaide and Suburban Tramway Company. Private commercial interests lobbied the

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Although it became obvious that the time to convert the tramways to other forms of traction had come, none of the horse tramway companies was in a position to undertake the conversion from its own resources, especially following the

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The MTT opened its electric tram service to North Adelaide in April 1909. Soon afterwards, a new "toast rack" electric tram advances up O'Connell Street. A 30-year-old horse tram, its lightweight construction evident, waits in Ward

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The Tramways of Adelaide, past, present, and future: a complete illustrated and historical souvenir of the Adelaide tramways from the inception of the horse trams to the inauguration of the present magnificent electric trolley car

1146: 917:. By the end of the 1880s steam tramways had opened in Sydney and cable tramways, followed by Australia's first electric tramway, in Melbourne. Adelaide stayed with horses and became the last Australian capital city to electrify. 881: 982:

to construct and work tramways, and for other purposes". The hand-over of assets, including 162 trams, 22 other vehicles and 1056 horses, took place on 4 February 1907 when the state treasurer presented a cheque for 280,372

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process. Regardless, the surfaces were made soft between the rails to aid the horses' traction. The condition of the streets – muddy in winter and dusty in summer – also militated against the introduction of street-level steam

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Another inconvenience was the presence of dogs which were permitted in tram cars "to the great annoyance of persons inside" while the ever-present drunkard was "far more objectionable than a dog in a crowded vehicle".

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The South Australian state treasurer hands over a cheque paying for the assets of Adelaide's horse tram companies to a representative of the companies on 4 February 1907, the day before ownership by the MTT took

978:– but not the companies themselves. An Act was tabled in the South Australian Parliament and assented to on 22 December 1906 "to authorise the Government to purchase certain tramways, and for the creation of a 481:

In addition to rails and sleepers, the Adelaide and Suburban Tramway Company ordered twelve new cars – eight single-decked 18-seaters and four double-decked, with 22 seats downstairs and 24 upstairs – from the

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In 1905, when these young conductors were photographed with their ticketing equipment at the Adelaide and Suburban Tramway Company's Kensington depot, employment laws permitted 12-year-olds to work in that

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This article – one of several about Adelaide’s tramways – covers the three decades before the 1910s when horses provided the motive power for all trams over a 74 miles (120 kilometres) network. Links to an

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Although they were modern at the time they were introduced, the horse trams in Adelaide soon became outdated: tramway technology was advancing rapidly to provide faster, higher-capacity, cleaner

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universal in their favour. The unpleasant jolting which is a general characteristic of a ride in most of our city conveyances is done away with, and greater safety and convenience are ensured.

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The South Australian Parliament subsequently passed legislation authorising other companies to build new lines. Some of the Acts provided for "steam or other power" in addition to horses.

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The figure of 162 trams excludes an unknown quantity of Port Adelaide trams, which were included in the purchase and ran until 1914. The minor horse trams from Glenelg were not purchased.

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The word "permanent" is the operative word in the Adelaide "first tramway" claim: the first tramway to operate in Australia ran along Pitt Street in Sydney in 1861 but closed in 1866.

398:), spent some time inspecting European tramways. They were impressed with horse trams, since one horse hauling a tram could move three to ten times as many people compared with a 1374:

The Glenelg, Brighton and Marino Tramway Company's assets were not purchased; the company continued operating separately until its failure in 1914. (Kingsborough 1965 pp. 43–44.)

684:, circa 1885. Horse drawn-cabs, mainly in the middle, wait for fares as three horse trams seek refuge in a passing loop. Water carts, used to suppress dust, have not long passed. 2669: 878:

shilling for every trip made in their absence." They received a holiday every other Sunday and one week every year, the latter being a concession only introduced in 1881.

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that started in 1895. This was despite the companies being said to earn about 6 per cent interest, although the severe drought had by then reduced their income.

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within two years; the goal for Kensington had been reached in May 1878. By 1907 the company owned 90 trams and 650 horses, and had its own tram factory at Kensington.

1170: : This single-deck car of the former Parkside Tramway Company, retained at the MTT's Hackney depot about 1915, was among the smallest of Adelaide's horse trams. 470: 836:

An Adelaide & Suburban Tramway Co. tram, probably at the Magill depot about 1880, showing how drivers and passengers were "protected" against rain and wind.

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The substantial horse tram depot at Mitcham in 1879, a year after Adelaide's first trams operated. The two cars are double-decked but with no covering upstairs.

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passengers seems never to have existed, so familiar have become the glories of the new system. The people have won the splendid reward of waiting....

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In the chaos of overcrowded cars, passengers often complained about the behaviour of young conductors. Identifying them could be difficult, however:

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Construction of the tram lines, eventually totalling 119 km (74 mi), was entirely by manual labour supplemented for some tasks by horses.

2499:"Goolwa – Port Elliot Railway and Extensions to Victor Harbor and Strathalbyn, A Statement of the Engineering Heritage Significance of the Railway" 1567:"Goolwa – Port Elliot Railway and extensions to Victor Harbor and Strathalbyn, a statement of the engineering heritage significance of the railway" 1339:

Not all of the companies made a profit. The Adelaide & Hindmarsh Tramway Company, for example, had never paid a dividend in its operating life.

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The route map in the infobox shows the horse tram network in the 1900s, when they were at their maximum extent. City-centred routes had termini at

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Transit in Adelaide: the story of the development of street public transportation in Adelaide from horse trams to the present bus and tram system

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The Corporation of the City of Adelaide took responsibility for controlling the disparate services. By-laws imposed a speed limit of 8

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Horse tram crews were well known to passengers and other people along the lines. One man reminiscing about the Henley Beach line said:

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from 1878 until 1907 on routes that eventually ran for more than 100 kilometres within a 16 km (10 mi) radius of the

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Various streets needed to be widened especially for tram lines, including Brougham Place, North Adelaide by 10 feet (3 m) and

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travelling on one car at different times of the day may ring the changes and baffle if not quite prevent positive identification.

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Links to other articles about Adelaide tramways, including those that followed the horse tram era, are accessible by clicking

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sources of dust in summer. The 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of manure each horse left behind daily was also not well regarded.

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By 1878 two horse-drawn passenger services were already operating in South Australia. The older service, operated by the

1125: : In North Terrace, a "toast rack" electric tram passes a horse tram running a service until its line was upgraded. 442:

The Adelaide and Suburban Tramway Company had prudently refrained from committing itself to ordering equipment until the

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Many youths from working-class families, some as young as 12, were employed as conductors. A newspaper editor remarked:

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of Adelaide, and from 1897 the largest of the companies, the Adelaide & Suburban Tramway Company, built its own at

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with an enclosed saloon at the bottom and an open top deck, although some were single-decked. Many were built by the

1110: : Trams of the Glenelg, Brighton & Marino Tramway ran near the coast; they did not serve central Adelaide. 3237: 3089: 2940: 2488: 2477: 832: 781: 745: 607: 204: 3099: 2862: 1202: 801: 769: 761: 749: 652: 627: 623: 617: 3247: 2970: 2627: 979: 797: 777: 648: 635: 603: 463: 363: 316: 306: 268: 88: 34: 1261:

Adelaide Prospect, Nailsworth and Enfield Tramway Company (Adelaide & Suburban Tramway Company from 1895)

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In accordance with the horse tramway companies' enabling Acts, all lines were built to a gauge of 4 ft

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Adelaide's horse tramway routes at their maximum extent, in the 1900s (click map to enlarge).

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driver about overloading was to no avail: he would take on passengers as long as he could pack them in.

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119 km (74 mi) by 1901; double track nearer the city, mainly single with passing loops further out.

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1907–1974 Development of street transport in Adelaide, official history of the Municipal Tramways Trust

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became operational. The first stages of electric services were mostly at the city end of each route.

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By 1901 the horse tram companies had 74 miles (119 km) of tramlines, 162 cars and 1062 horses.

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in September 1877 rhapsodised about the American tram cars then being assembled by Adelaide company

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Within six years of the first line being authorised, companies were operating the following lines:

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floated to encourage land speculation, as well as being a speculative investment themselves.

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in Australia in 1907 equates to approximately 41.4 million Australian dollars in 2018.

999:– an amount reduced, following a Supreme Court decision, from an asking price of £410,000. 3212: 3170: 3140: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2589: 1617:

Seymour, Colin (February 2018). "The horse tramways of Moonta, Gawler and Victor Harbor".

996: 945: 495: 339:. The trams were extremely popular, since they were more comfortable than the horse-drawn 238: 63: 2475:

Eardley, Gifford (June 1961). "The Adelaide and Hindmarsh–Henley Beach Tramway Company".

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decided to negotiate to purchase seven of the eleven horse tramway companies' assets –

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restoring the road surface in which a horse tram track has been laid in the suburb of

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that operated on the poorly formed roads of the time. The majority of people in the

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suburban area, as it was then, were within walking distance of a horse tram route.

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Eardley, Gifford (May 1974). "The Adelaide, Unley and Mitcham Tramway Company".

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Horse tram no. 18 of the Adelaide & Suburban Tramway Company, now at the

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The Adelaide tramways, pocket guide. A catalogue of rolling stock 1909–1974

1966:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 16:40, 16:41. 1600: 1188:

John Stephenson, an American coachbuilder, invented and patented the first

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Public expectations were favourable, reflected by an editorial comment in

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process that is standard today, which was not introduced until the 1920s.

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before it stopped, dash up to the back door, pick up his waiting coin –

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1907–1917: Municipal Tramways Trust while electrification was introduced

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Port Adelaide, Queenstown, Alberton and Portland Estate Tramway Company

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Ricketts, Jonathan T.; Loftin, M. Kent; Merritt, Frederick S. (2004).

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starts up; runs horse trams while electrifying between 1909 and 1917.

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Australian Electric Transport Museum, St Kilda, South Australia

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Andrews, C.A.; Fenner, L.M.; Hoffmann, J.W.; White, R. (1982).

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Goodman, W.G.T. (August 2017) . "Adelaide electric tramways".

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1914: MTT's horse tram services cease except for the isolated

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A brief history of Adelaide trams and trolley buses 1878–1963

717:, although some heavily trafficked roads were built with the 271:(1907–1975); includes the electric street network (1909–1958) 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 599:(not connected with the lines radiating from Adelaide): 1879 2521:. Adelaide: Libraries Board of South Australia. p. 15. 2226:. Loftus, NSW: Australian Electric Traction Association: 3. 1409: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 2031:. Adelaide: Australian Electric Traction Museum (SA) Inc. 101:

1917: Last MTT horse tram service ceases at Port Adelaide.

1941:(4th ed.). Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 169, 298. 1792:

The horse tramways of Adelaide and its suburbs, 1875–1907

1515:"Adelaide and Suburban Tramway 39 and 40 Vic., 1876, Pte" 1448:"Prospectus of the Adelaide and Suburban Tramway Company" 2519:

The horse tramways of Adelaide and its suburbs 1875-1907

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digital newspaper archive)). 7 September 1877. p. 5

2549:. Salisbury, South Australia: Lions Club of Salisbury. 2547:

The history and development of St Kilda South Australia

1866:

The tramways and buses of Adelaide's north-east suburbs

1695:. The Corporation of the City of Enfield. p. 139. 2272:

digital newspaper archive). 6 February 1907. p. 7

498:

ceremoniously laid the first rail on 29 October 1877.

1991:. Adelaide: The Corporation of the City of Prospect. 1492:

digital newspaper archive)). 14 April 1876. p. 4

1460:

digital newspaper archive)). 24 April 1875. p. 3

501:

The company began its first service from Adelaide to

170:

except one line of 1600 mm (5 ft 3 in)

1723:. Sydney: Australian Electric Traction Association. 3183: 3108: 3077: 3036: 3029: 2958: 2931: 2910: 2896: 2871: 2845: 2802: 2788: 2768: 2730: 2716: 2374:

Tramway Museum, St Kilda, Adelaide, South Australia

1764:

Tramway Museum, St Kilda, Adelaide, South Australia

1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1606:. Adelaide: Supplement to The Critic. 9 March 1909. 203: 198: 190: 182: 174: 148: 143: 124: 108: 69: 55: 50: 20: 1357:Based on the Retail Price Index calculated by the 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1275:Glenelg, New Glenelg and Somerton Tramway Company 494:. Another 12 months therefore elapsed before the 2376:. Australian Electric Traction Association. 2018 1912:Oglesby, Clarkson H.; Hicks, Russell G. (1982). 1766:. Australian Electric Traction Association. 2018 1426:. Adelaide: Libraries Board of South Australia. 1278:Adelaide, Payneham and Paradise Tramway Company. 865:– plunk down the parcel and run back to his car. 411:'s objections related to licensing and control. 1794:. Adelaide: Libraries Board of South Australia. 1318:process, invented in the early 19th century by 243:The overview article about Adelaide's trams is 230: 2489:Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin 2478:Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin 1859: 1857: 1855: 1509: 1507: 1250:(also to Henley Beach, and for a time, Grange) 1044:in the panel at the beginning of this article. 221:and other articles are in the following panel. 3007: 2663: 2470:. Australian Electric Transport Museum. 1974. 2321:. Adelaide: State Transport Authority. 1978. 1714: 1712: 8: 2528:Adelaide road passenger transport, 1836–1958 1424:Adelaide road passenger transport, 1836–1958 1272:Glenelg, Brighton and Marino Tramway Company 362:bought the companies' assets and formed the 2966:Department for Infrastructure and Transport 2638:List of public transport routes in Adelaide 2462:. Adelaide: Municipal Tramways Trust. 1974. 2454:. Adelaide: Municipal Tramways Trust. 1975. 2370:"Formation of the Municipal Tramways Trust" 2012:Kingsborough, L.S.; Steele, C.J.M. (1965). 1806:"Search ("tramways steam or other power ")" 1245:Adelaide, Unley and Mitcham Tramway Company 944:formed a Public Tramways League to promote 505:without further ceremony on 10 June 1878. 297:Department for Infrastructure and Transport 3218:Melbourne Tramcar Preservation Association 3033: 3014: 3000: 2992: 2907: 2897: 2799: 2789: 2727: 2717: 2670: 2656: 2648: 2396:"The tramways. A review of the operations" 2144:"The tramways. The City Council Committee" 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 17: 1785: 1783: 1781: 737:to a total width of 60 feet (18 m). 2526:Radcliffe, J.C.; Steele, C.J.M. (1974). 1989:Prospect 1872–1972, a portrait of a city 1829: 1827: 1686: 1684: 1422:Radcliffe, J.C.; Steele, C.J.M. (1974). 1248:Adelaide & Hindmarsh Tramway Company 1014: 960: 880: 831: 676: 469: 454: 413: 3294:History of transport in South Australia 2063:Quoted in Manning, Geoffrey H. (2001). 1387: 1293:first operational electric tram service 1181: 1052: 647:Another isolated route was opened from 80:1907: Assets of most companies sold to 1576:. Institution of Engineers, Australia. 1521:. Flinders University. 27 October 1876 1264:Adelaide and Hyde Park Tramway Company 710:to avoid swampy ground and flooding.) 77:1878–1907: Owned by private companies. 2016:. Adelaide: Municipal Tramways Trust. 1964:Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers 1267:Adelaide and Parkside Tramway Company 1256:Adelaide and Goodwood Tramway Company 1240:Adelaide and Suburban Tramway Company 1192:to run on rails in the United States. 233:The article you are reading concerns 7: 2884:List of railway stations in Adelaide 2576:Adelaide Tramway Museum at St. Kilda 2197:"The tramways. Views of the Premier" 2510:Institution of Engineers, Australia 1647:– via University of Adelaide. 275:W.G.T. Goodman, General Manager MTT 178:Usually two horses, sometimes three 3243:Tramway Museum Society of Victoria 2633:Henwood v Municipal Tramways Trust 388:Kensington and Norwood Corporation 14: 3274:Tram transport in South Australia 2879:List of railway lines in Adelaide 2238:Municipal Tramways Trust Act 1906 1916:. Wiley & Sons. p. 652. 1693:Enfield and the Northern Villages 2984:denotes services yet to commence 2602: 2588: 2402:. Adelaide, SA. 14 December 1908 2344:"Purchase of the horse tramways" 2091:"Electric tramways for Adelaide" 1160: 1145: 1130: 1115: 1100: 1085: 1070: 1055: 331:Many private companies operated 194:162 cars and 1056 horses in 1907 26: 2428:. Adelaide, SA. 15 January 1910 2342:Nesbit, Paris (13 March 1909). 2169:Proud, C. (21 September 1904). 1939:Dictionary of Civil Engineering 1544:. Wakefield Press. p. 16. 1480:"Another street tramway scheme" 1453:The South Australian Advertiser 1359:Australian Bureau of Statistics 976:properties, plant and equipment 3253:Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram 3223:Perth Electric Tramway Society 2150:. Adelaide, SA. 27 August 1901 2097:. Adelaide, SA. 19 August 1889 2014:Map of the 1907 horse tramways 1235:The companies were as follows: 713:Most streets at the time were 407:for legislative support, over 263:Glenelg ("South Terrace") line 1: 1663:The South Australian Register 927:sustained large-scale drought 682:King William Street, Adelaide 444:Parliament of South Australia 131:Until 1907: private companies 3279:Town tramway systems by city 2679:Public transport in Adelaide 2623:Transport in South Australia 2116:Proud, C. (12 August 1901). 1864:Steele, Christopher (1986). 1719:Steele, Christopher (1981). 1542:Postcards: On the road again 337:Adelaide General Post Office 246:Trams in Adelaide 2517:Kingsborough, L.S. (1967). 2422:"An out of date photograph" 2203:. Adelaide, SA. 8 July 1901 1812:. Flinders University. 2018 1790:Kingsborough, L.S. (1965). 1291:In this period the world's 496:Governor of South Australia 378:During the early 1870s Sir 360:South Australian Government 3310: 3238:Tasmanian Transport Museum 2260:"The passing of the trams" 1574:Engineers Australia Portal 1540:Hickey, Alan, ed. (2004). 2979: 2685: 1810:Flinders Academic Commons 1519:Flinders Academic Commons 1213:and the ocean harbour at 1203:South Australian Railways 933:Electrification proposals 519:, published in that year: 451:The first horse tram line 281:State Transport Authority 25: 3248:Tramway Museum, St Kilda 2971:Trolleybuses in Adelaide 2628:Municipal Tramways Trust 2497:Kemp, D.C. (June 1991). 1838:. Adelaide: Austaprint. 1836:North Adelaide 1937–1901 1565:Kemp, D.C. (June 1991). 1295:opened in Berlin (1881). 980:Municipal Tramways Trust 958:but they were abortive. 702: ins (1435 mm 364:Municipal Tramways Trust 317:Tramway Museum, St Kilda 307:Trolleybuses in Adelaide 269:Municipal Tramways Trust 89:Municipal Tramways Trust 35:Tramway Museum, St Kilda 3289:Light rail in Australia 3203:Brisbane Tramway Museum 3193:Ballarat Tramway Museum 2571:Adelaide's Tram History 2293:"How much is it worth?" 2118:"The tramways question" 1937:Scott, John S. (1992). 1691:Lewis, H. John (1985). 1485:The Register (Adelaide) 1258:(also to Clarence Park) 828:Life on the horse trams 814:John Stephenson Company 484:John Stephenson Company 333:horse trams in Adelaide 228:about trams in Adelaide 226:Links to other articles 39:John Stephenson Company 21:Horse trams in Adelaide 2610:South Australia portal 1760:"Horse Tram Companies" 1659:"The new tramway cars" 1036: 1021: 967: 906: 897: 887: 867: 837: 685: 548:Adelaide's city centre 543: 526: 475: 467: 440: 420: 323: 257:Tram types in Adelaide 241:'s capital city. 119: 3284:Transport in Adelaide 3233:Sydney Tramway Museum 2618:Transport in Adelaide 2545:Taylor, Edna (2003). 1987:Lamshed, Max (1972). 1834:Nagel, Paula (1971). 1632:James, Henry (1878). 1269:(also to Glen Osmond) 1031: 1018: 964: 953:Government takes over 901: 892: 884: 846: 835: 804:were isolated lines. 680: 562:Growth of the network 538: 521: 473: 458: 429: 419:it aside to make way. 417: 409:Adelaide City Council 392:Adelaide City Council 314:A related article is 293:from 2000 (1994–2010) 117: 2297:Thom Blake Historian 2291:Blake, Thom (2019). 386:, both prominent in 251:Other articles are: 205:Track length (total) 175:Propulsion system(s) 3228:Portland Cable Tram 3208:Hawthorn tram depot 2923:Proposed extensions 2171:"The Tramways Bill" 1914:Highway engineering 1324:"tar-bound macadam" 818:Duncan & Fraser 534:Duncan & Fraser 3023:Trams in Australia 2643:Trams in Australia 2240:. 22 December 1906 1891:John Loudon McAdam 1721:The Burnside lines 1320:John Loudon McAdam 1022: 968: 888: 838: 686: 550:to the suburbs of 476: 468: 421: 396:mayors of Adelaide 120: 96:Port Adelaide 82:SA Government 3261: 3260: 3179: 3178: 2989: 2988: 2954: 2953: 2892: 2891: 2784: 2783: 810:double-deck trams 728:Glenelg tram line 213: 212: 186:19 company depots 3301: 3198:Bendigo Tramways 3034: 3016: 3009: 3002: 2993: 2908: 2901: 2800: 2793: 2728: 2721: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2649: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2598: 2596:Transport portal 2593: 2592: 2560: 2541: 2522: 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1419: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1331: 1328:asphalt concrete 1312: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1289: 1283: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1199: 1193: 1186: 1164: 1149: 1134: 1119: 1104: 1089: 1074: 1059: 915:public transport 701: 700: 696: 693: 405:state government 394:(and both later 343:, carriages and 167: 166: 162: 159: 30: 18: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3264: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3213:Ida Bay Railway 3185: 3175: 3104: 3073: 3025: 3020: 2990: 2985: 2975: 2950: 2941:Flexity Classic 2927: 2888: 2867: 2841: 2780: 2764: 2758:Torrens Transit 2753:Torrens Connect 2748:Transit Systems 2712: 2681: 2676: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2584: 2567: 2557: 2544: 2538: 2525: 2516: 2501: 2496: 2485: 2474: 2466: 2458: 2450: 2447: 2445:Further reading 2442: 2441: 2431: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2405: 2403: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2353: 2351: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2290: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2243: 2241: 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Built by the 32: 12: 11: 5: 3307: 3305: 3297: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3266: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3184:Heritage & 3181: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3100:Sunshine Coast 3097: 3092: 3087: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3040: 3038: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3011: 3004: 2996: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2943: 2937: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2914: 2912: 2905: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2872:Infrastructure 2869: 2868: 2866: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2839: 2830: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2804: 2797: 2786: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2772: 2770: 2769:Infrastructure 2766: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2745: 2740: 2734: 2732: 2725: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2694: 2691:Adelaide Metro 2686: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2667: 2660: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2599: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2565:External links 2563: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2542: 2536: 2523: 2514: 2494: 2483: 2472: 2464: 2456: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2413: 2387: 2361: 2350:. Adelaide, SA 2334: 2327: 2310: 2283: 2251: 2229: 2214: 2188: 2177:. Adelaide, SA 2161: 2135: 2124:. Adelaide, SA 2108: 2082: 2069:State Library 2044: 2037: 2019: 2004: 1997: 1979: 1973:978-3540772293 1972: 1954: 1947: 1929: 1922: 1904: 1894:, bruzzone.org 1881: 1874: 1851: 1844: 1823: 1797: 1777: 1736: 1729: 1708: 1701: 1680: 1650: 1624: 1609: 1579: 1557: 1550: 1532: 1503: 1471: 1439: 1432: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1367: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1307: 1297: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1254: 1251: 1246: 1243: 1237: 1228: 1219: 1194: 1180: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1166: 1159: 1157: 1151: 1144: 1142: 1136: 1129: 1127: 1121: 1114: 1112: 1106: 1099: 1097: 1091: 1084: 1082: 1076: 1069: 1067: 1061: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1010:infrastructure 1004: 1001: 997:treasury bills 954: 951: 934: 931: 910: 907: 829: 826: 704:standard gauge 674: 673:Infrastructure 671: 644: 643: 621: 611: 600: 590: 587:North Adelaide 583: 575: 563: 560: 556:North Adelaide 452: 449: 371: 370:Investigations 368: 328: 325: 311: 310: 304: 301:Adelaide Metro 294: 291:Adelaide Metro 284: 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