1575:
the only person I knew, English or
Spanish, who went three months in the trenches without a day's illness. People so tough as that do not usually die of appendicitis if they are properly looked after. But when you saw what the Spanish jails were like--the makeshift jails used for political prisoners--you realized how much chance there was of a sick man getting proper attention. The jails were places that could only be described as dungeons. In England you would have to go back to the eighteenth century to find anything comparable. Smillie's death is not a thing I can easily forgive. Here was this brave and gifted boy, who had thrown up his career at Glasgow University in order to come and fight against Fascism, and who, as I saw for myself, had done his job at the front with faultless courage and willingness; and all they could find to do with him was to fling him into jail and let him die like a neglected animal. I know that in the middle of a huge and bloody war it is no use making too much fuss over an individual death. One aeroplane bomb in a crowded street causes more suffering than quite a lot of political persecution. But what angers one about a death like this is its utter pointlessness. To be killed in battle--yes, that is what one expects; but to be flung into jail, not even for any imaginary offence, but simply owing to dull blind spite, and then left to die in solitude--that is a different matter. I fail to see how this kind of thing--and it is not as though Smillie's case were exceptional--brought victory any nearer.
1489:, concerned a night attack in which some of the contingent took part resulting in injuries to Reg Hiddlestone, Paddy Thomas and Douglas Thompson. Injuries were also sustained at other times, Blair himself was famously shot through the throat by a sniper. However, the reality of the contingent's activity was more mundane. It largely consisted of building roads from their dug-out to the nearest Spanish position and creating a dug-out for community purposes where they could meet to talk and receive instructions. In terms of military combat the contingent saw relatively little action.
1566:, officially of appendicitis, on 13 June. Smillie's death has been surrounded in mystery, and has been the subject of much speculation, focussing on accusations that he was "done to death" by the Communists. Although the issue remains controversial, recent scholarship tends to concur with the contemporary findings of the official ILP report into the investigation, conducted by David Murray of Motherwell ILP, found that the authorities were guilty of carelessness rather than violence or direct malice. Orwell had this to say on the matter, in Chapter 14 of
1218:
39:
1457:, where they were initially stationed, on 10 January, a discussion circle was formed. Whilst the discussion group centred on political issues the group was not solely concerned with such topics. A social secretary was also appointed to 'arrange concerts and entertainments' and a sports secretary was elected with a hasty football match organised between the ILPers and a team of Spanish militia-men.
1481:, the ILP's weekly paper, was keen to stress the most 'exciting' aspects of the unit's work. He wrote about scouting within hearing distance along the Nationalist lines with Blair, of holding their position and dealing with the desertion of Nationalists. The main descriptions of fighting against the Nationalists which appears both in
1606:
Despite the suppression of POUM, not all of the ILP contingent returned home immediately. Arthur
Chambers, Bob Williams and Reg Hiddlestone all stayed on to fight in Spain. Williams returned home in December 1938 after being injured three times, Hiddleston was the final member of the contingent left
1561:
members of the contingent, were of particular concern. However, both were eventually released. Milton did not spend long in jail, as McNair ensured his release. Kopp on the other hand, despite attempted intervention on his behalf by the ILP, remained in prison for a further eighteen months. However,
1590:
and other marxist groupings organised an international campaign in solidarity with the POUM prisoners which probably saved their leaders from a similar fate to Nin’s. The IBRSU also sent several delegations to Spain to visit the party’s prisoners and try to secure their release, the first headed by
1533:
argued that the
Communists were on the wrong side of the barricades and were now 'committed to the defence of property', suggesting that the Communist Parties not only in Spain, but everywhere, had ceased to be revolutionary parties. The Communist Party responded by accusing the ILP of 'taking part
1306:
The ILP had begun organising volunteers in
November 1936 following the return to Britain of Bob Edwards from delivering an ambulance sent by the ILP for the POUM militia. Though there had been five times the number of volunteers, the ILP would only accept unmarried men for its contingent and 25 men
1574:
Of course I assumed at once that
Smillie had been shot. It was what everyone believed at the time, but I have since thought that I may have been wrong. I must say this, however. Bob Smillie was only twenty-two years old and physically he was one of the toughest people I have met. He was, I think,
1553:
The situation for the members of the ILP contingent in Spain was made extremely uncomfortable by the attacks on POUM and it became more so as the
Communists banned the ILP's Spanish 'brother party'. The ILP made considerable efforts to get its members home safely and several of the ILP contingent
1541:
murdered. ILP leader John McNair arrived in
Barcelona on 18 June with money and documents to organise the evacuation of the ILP contingent and was promptly arrested as a "POUM agent" but was released when he had proven his identity. He then went into hiding with Orwell and Cottman and managed to
1545:
Meanwhile, in
Britain, the Communist Party press had been accusing both the ILP and POUM of being agents of fascism. The press published two interviews with former contingent member Frank Frankford claiming he had witnessed fraternisation at the front with the enemy, that Kopp was receiving his
1518:
The ILP contingent, although on leave in
Barcelona, were split into groups during this fighting and none of the ILP contingent were drawn into the fighting in any extended way. However, the significance of Barcelona for the ILP lay not so much in the events themselves as in the reaction to the
1837:
The author states that evidence discovered at the
National Historical Archives in Madrid in 1989 of a security police report to the Tribunal for Espionage and High Treason described 'Eric Blair and his wife Eileen Blair, as "known Trotskyists" and as "linking agents of the ILP and the POUM".
1307:
left Britain on 8 January as the vanguard of a larger force to be sent later. However, the day after the contingent left, the British government announced that it would prosecute anyone going to fight in Spain and the ILP did not try to recruit any more volunteers.
1554:
made furtive returns home escaping police arrest. For example, Cottmann, McNair, Blair and his wife Eileen O'Shaughnessy, who had been working for McNair at the ILP office, made an escape across the border by train posing as wealthy English businessmen.
2059:
1607:
in Spain, returning home in February 1939, leaving Barcelona only hours before Barcelona fell. Chambers was the only member of the ILP contingent to be killed in combat in Spain when he was shot by a sniper in August 1938 after transferring to a
1361:
woman who joined up with his brother-in-law, Ramon. With these, and other, additions the ILP contingent numbered somewhere between thirty and thirty-five. They left the front, with the POUM militia, in mid-February 1937 to take part in the
1519:
situation. Immediately after the events the Communist press began to attack POUM, claiming they were solely responsible for the fighting and were in league with the fascists in doing so. These accusations were quickly published in the
2029:
1441:: Martin, who had gone to Spain driving the ambulance with Edwards and who, because of his experience in artillery, had stayed on; Doran; Harry Thomas of London and Arthur Chambers, who died in 1938 after transferring to a
2006:
814:
800:
1507:
Although the ILP contingent did not play a major part in the military side of the Spanish Civil War it was famously and controversially involved in the events surrounding the battles between rival
807:
2049:
1323:
576:
1460:
The training received at the Barracks was notoriously short and at the end of January the ILP contingent, as the British section of the POUM militia, began their journey, stopping off at
1665:
Edwards, Bob, driver of ILP ambulance 9/36; Poum captain - returned to Britain in March 1937 for ILP conference, but because of British anti-volunteer policy he couldn’t return to Spain,
274:
1327:
1330:. However, he became convinced that he would be of most service at the front and persuaded McNair to let him sign up when the ILP contingent came over. He later died in Valencia.
363:
1707:
Martin, W. B. - drove ambulance from Britain to Aragon in September 1936. Had been an artillery man in the first world war and was put in charge of artillery section of 60 men
1341:, some 12 miles to the south west, where they joined by a number of others who had arrived at the front a few weeks earlier, including Eric Blair, not yet using his pen name
279:
743:
1248:
2044:
2014:
1472:. The outposts, on the slope of the hills looking west, were about two hundred yards from the nearest Nationalist lines on the opposite slopes looking east.
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2039:
571:
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unit. Few others, apart from Harry Webb, the stretcher-bearer and O'Hara, who had some training in first aid, had either military or medical experience.
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1838:
Newsinger goes on to state that given Orwell's precarious health, "there can be little doubt that if he had been arrested he would have died in prison."
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on the Aragon Front on 2 February. At the front, the contingent took over three advanced posts, about 100 yards distant from the others, joined by
1346:
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Meanwhile nothing happened, nothing ever happened. The English had got into the habit of saying that this wasn't a war it was a bloody pantomime.
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1583:, had been detained at the French border accused of "carrying arms" - a dud hand-bomb was found among the various souvenirs he had with him.
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as police officer, are well known. The backgrounds of the other members of the contingent were diverse. Members were recorded as coming from
483:
341:
144:
1830:
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By November 1937, there were claimed to be 15,000 anti-fascist prisoners in the Republic’s jails, about 1,000 of them from the POUM. The
2054:
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442:
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1971:
Hall, Christopher 'Not Just Orwell':The Independent Labour party Volunteers and the Spanish Civil War, Warren and Pell, Barcelona, 2009
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The main body of the ILP contingent consisting of about 25 men departed from England on 1 January 1937, under the leadership of
1314:, they had two weeks of very basic training, and were joined by Bob Smillie, grandson of the well-known Scottish socialist and
1922:
Hall, Christopher, 'Not Just Orwell': The Independent Labour Party Volunteers and the Spanish Civil War, Warren and Pell, 2009
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Kupinsky/i, Wolf, ("Harry Milton"), In Barcelona's Modelo prison 13.8.37. - released after pressure from US consulate
1464:, where they were visited by the ILP's representative in Spain, John McNair, before leaving for the area surrounding
1557:
Of those closely associated with the ILP contingent, the arrest of Kopp, the unit commander, and Milton, one of the
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Buchanan, Tom "The Death of Bob Smillie, the Spanish Civil War and the Eclipse of the Independent Labour Party",
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The ILP contingent was attached to the POUM’s English-speaking contingent, as part of the centuria commanded by
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On 16 June, the POUM was made illegal, accused of collaborating with the enemy. Its leaders were arrested and
1048:
1337:. Once at the front, the initial group of twenty-five was sent to the front at Monte Oscuro, within sight of
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2007:
Documents on the contingent from "Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War through the eyes of organised labour"
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most attention both at the time and since, has focused on the case of Bob Smillie who died in jail in
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leave the country. Most of the rest of the contingent returned to Britain over the next six months.
1986:
1809:
The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell Volume 1 - An Age Like This 1945-1950
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2009:, a digitised collection of more than 13,000 pages of documents from the archives of the British
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Jones, Uriah, served until early 1938; after the disbanding of the Poum militia joined Psuc unit
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of 21 May carried extensive comment on the 'Counter-Revolution in Spain'. ILP General Secretary
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The Failure of a Dream; The Independent Labour Party from disaffiliation to World War II
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Thwaits, Peter "The Independent Labour Party Contingent in the Spanish Civil War",
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Wingate, Sybil, joined ILP contingent (she was already in Barcelona) as nurse.
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1269:. The contingent fought alongside the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (
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Military units and formations of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
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Chambers, Bill, corporal, killed after transferring to another unit 8/37
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Foreign volunteers in the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction)
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Blair, Eric (George Orwell), corporal; wounded by sniper 20.5.37
1599:. A third delegation went in November headed by another ILP MP,
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882:
544:
156:
1595:. In August, another delegation arrived including the ILP MP
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Durgan, Andy “International Volunteers in the POUM Militias”
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Parker, Thomas "Buck", corporal, wounded during advance 4/37
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Clinton, Arthur, wounded in shoulder during shelling 3/37
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Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan
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International Bureau for Revolutionary Socialist Unity
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Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
1824:
Newsinger, John "Orwell and the Spanish Revolution"
1737:
Thomas, Harry, Welshman wounded in night attack 4/37
1947:Buchanan, Tom 'The Death of Bob Smillie: a reply',
2050:Anti-fascist organisations in the United Kingdom
744:Romanian resistance movement during World War II
1882:The Hoover Institution. Retrieved on 2008-12-23
1743:Thompson, Douglas, wounded in night attack 4/37
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1848:George Orwell (2001) . "Homage to Catalonia".
1680:Hiddlestone, Reg, wounded in night attack 4/37
810:Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia
1318:. Smillie had been in Barcelona working with
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2015:Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
1974:Newsinger, John "The Death of Bob Smillie",
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152:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals
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660:Polish resistance movement in World War II
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1873:"Harry Milton - The Man Who Saved Orwell"
1373:Eric Blair's background, prep school and
1087:(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang
1265:sent a small contingent to fight in the
827:Liberation Front of the Slovenian People
1765:
1345:; an Australian, Harvey Buttonshaw; US
477:Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance
177:Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias
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582:Japanese People's Emancipation League
484:National Committee for a Free Germany
7:
2045:Anti-fascist organisations in Spain
501:Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization
472:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
95:Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany
2040:Anti-fascism in the United Kingdom
1609:ConfederaciĂłn Nacional del Trabajo
1550:even supplied the POUM with arms.
1511:groups in Barcelona, known as the
1453:Arriving at the Lenin Barracks in
1074:Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice
342:People's Liberation Insurgent Army
14:
893:Anti-fascist research group Kafka
1546:orders from Huesca and that the
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1174:Anti-Germans (political current)
37:
1826:International Socialism Journal
1683:Hunter, Philip, leg injury 4/37
1659:Donovan, (Paddy) John, sergeant
1632:Braithwaite (Branthwaite), John
1316:miners' leader of the same name
1475:Bob Edwards, reporting in the
855:Post–World War II anti-fascism
240:Resistance during World War II
1:
1093:Red and anarchist black metal
650:Norwegian resistance movement
594:Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
562:National Liberation Committee
332:Bulgarian resistance movement
110:Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold
1347:Revolutionary Workers League
796:Yugoslav resistance movement
786:Moldovan resistance movement
253:National Liberation Movement
212:Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion
1734:"Tanky" (James Arthur Cope)
1725:Smillie, Bob died in prison
1080:This machine kills fascists
940:Aktion Kinder des Holocaust
638:Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten
557:Italian resistance movement
467:German resistance to Nazism
428:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
280:Latvian resistance movement
145:Concentrazione Antifascista
130:1922 Italian general strike
70:Republikanischer Schutzbund
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2055:Anti-fascist organizations
1994:Imperial War Museum Review
1852:. Penguin UK. p. 64.
1713:O’Hara, Patrick, first aid
873:Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander
386:Danish resistance movement
369:Jan Žižka partisan brigade
1437:. Four had fought in the
354:Anti-Fascist Organisation
305:Belgian National Movement
2035:Independent Labour Party
1534:in the fascist rising'.
1492:As Orwell later put it:
1263:Independent Labour Party
817:Liberation of Yugoslavia
759:Slovak National Uprising
664:Polish Underground State
85:Antifaschistische Aktion
1833:17 October 2018 at the
1591:its General Secretary,
803:Liberation of Macedonia
310:Front de l'Indépendance
192:Abraham Lincoln Brigade
1976:The Historical Journal
1949:The Historical Journal
1942:The Historical Journal
1731:Stearns, Douglas Clark
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1470:communication trenches
1377:and his experience in
1370:, some 50 miles away.
1353:; and Bob Williams, a
1322:as the representative
613:Jewish Labor Committee
187:International Brigades
115:Roter Frontkämpferbund
2011:Trades Union Congress
1966:George Orwell: A Life
1287:Contingent membership
1201:Libertarian socialism
1049:Grândola, Vila Morena
970:Unite Against Fascism
930:Antifascistisk Aktion
903:Armed Forces Movement
706:Narodowe Siły Zbrojne
701:Kampfgruppe Auschwitz
623:Luxembourg resistance
285:Lithuanian resistance
1828:Issue 62 Spring 1994
1760:Notes and references
1581:Stalinist repression
1297:Member of Parliament
1126:Diversity of tactics
608:during the Holocaust
1987:Homage to Catalonia
1623:Avory, Lewis Ernest
1568:Homage to Catalonia
1548:Nationalist faction
1503:Suppression of POUM
1483:Homage to Catalonia
1385:(Buck Parker), the
1280:Homage to Catalonia
1223:Politics portal
1105:Tactics and methods
1062:Rock Against Racism
1056:Nazi Punks Fuck Off
1035:First they came ...
960:Anti-Fascist Action
689:Bataliony Chłopskie
275:Estonian resistance
265:Austrian resistance
248:Albanian resistance
202:Dabrowski Battalion
182:Confederal militias
65:Arbeiter-Schutzbund
1878:2009-02-24 at the
1793:2009-01-08 at the
1692:Justessen, Charles
1635:Buttonshaw, Harvey
1513:Barcelona May Days
1191:Left-wing politics
985:Anti-Racist Action
837:Yugoslav Partisans
822:Croatian Partisans
725:Organizacja Bojowa
300:Belgian Resistance
222:Thälmann Battalion
135:Aventine Secession
1859:978-0-14-118516-3
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1179:Anti-Japaneseism
1169:Anti-nationalism
1042:Fischia il vento
1014:A las Barricadas
965:Anti-Nazi League
781:Soviet partisans
754:Slovak partisans
633:Dutch resistance
540:Greek resistance
516:Oster conspiracy
506:Schwarze Kapelle
450:National Council
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1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
995:Refuse Fascism
992:
990:Redneck Revolt
987:
982:
975:United States
973:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
943:
942:
933:
932:
923:
922:
920:Spanish Maquis
913:
912:
905:
896:
895:
886:
885:
876:
875:
870:
859:denazification
853:
850:
849:
846:
845:
842:
841:
840:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
812:
805:
789:
788:
783:
774:
773:
771:Spanish Maquis
764:
763:
762:
761:
747:
746:
737:
736:
735:
734:
727:
720:
713:
708:
703:
698:
691:
686:
679:
674:
653:
652:
643:
642:
641:
640:
626:
625:
616:
615:
610:
603:
596:
587:
586:
585:
584:
574:
565:
564:
559:
550:
549:
548:
547:
537:
528:
527:
526:
525:
520:
519:
518:
513:
503:
498:
493:
492:
491:
481:
480:
479:
460:
459:
457:National Front
454:
447:
440:
438:Libération-sud
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
404:
403:
389:
388:
379:
378:
377:
376:
371:
357:
356:
347:
346:
345:
344:
339:
325:
324:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
293:
292:
287:
282:
277:
270:Baltic states
268:
267:
258:
257:
256:
255:
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
207:ILP Contingent
204:
199:
194:
184:
179:
165:
164:
159:
154:
149:
142:
137:
132:
123:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
78:
77:
72:
67:
58:
57:
50:
47:
46:
43:
42:
34:
33:
27:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2077:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1982:George Orwell
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:Bernard Crick
1960:
1957:
1954:Cohen, Gidon
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1749:Williams, Bob
1748:
1745:
1742:
1740:Thomas, Parry
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:Smith James J
1727:
1724:
1722:Ritchie, John
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1677:Gross, George
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1601:John McGovern
1598:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1543:
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1535:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
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1480:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:Golders Green
1432:
1428:
1424:
1421:(Tom Coles),
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1387:United States
1384:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:married to a
1356:
1352:
1351:Wolf Kupinski
1348:
1344:
1343:George Orwell
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:Youth section
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1275:George Orwell
1272:
1268:
1264:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:Popular front
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:Direct action
1119:
1117:
1116:Deplatforming
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
976:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
946:
941:
938:
937:
936:
931:
928:
927:
926:
921:
918:
917:
916:
911:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
894:
891:
890:
889:
884:
881:
880:
879:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
860:
856:
848:
847:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
813:
811:
806:
804:
799:
798:
797:
794:
793:
792:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
777:
776:Soviet Union
772:
769:
768:
767:
760:
757:
756:
755:
752:
751:
750:
745:
742:
741:
740:
733:
732:Zwiazek Walki
728:
726:
721:
719:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
692:
690:
687:
685:
680:
678:
677:Armia Krajowa
675:
673:
668:
667:
665:
661:
658:
657:
656:
651:
648:
647:
646:
639:
636:
635:
634:
631:
630:
629:
624:
621:
620:
619:
614:
611:
609:
604:
602:
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
524:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
490:
487:
486:
485:
482:
478:
475:
474:
473:
470:
469:
468:
465:
464:
463:
458:
455:
453:
448:
446:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
413:Armée secrète
411:
409:
406:
402:
399:
398:
397:
394:
393:
392:
387:
384:
383:
382:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
362:
361:
360:
355:
352:
351:
350:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
330:
329:
328:
321:
320:Witte Brigade
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
301:
298:
297:
296:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
272:
271:
266:
263:
262:
261:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
245:
244:
241:
233:
232:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
174:
173:
172:
170:
163:
162:Volante Rossa
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
126:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
81:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
56:
53:
52:
45:
44:
40:
36:
35:
32:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
2013:held in the
1993:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1868:
1849:
1843:
1825:
1808:
1752:Wilton, Mike
1704:Mcneil, Hugh
1698:Levin, Louis
1653:Connor, Jock
1611:(CNT) unit.
1605:
1597:James Maxton
1585:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1526:
1522:Daily Worker
1520:
1517:
1506:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1459:
1452:
1383:South Africa
1372:
1335:Georges Kopp
1332:
1309:
1305:
1301:Labour Party
1290:
1278:
1261:The British
1260:
1146:United front
1021:¡Ay Carmela!
974:
944:
935:Switzerland
934:
924:
914:
897:
888:Netherlands
887:
877:
862:
808:Anti-fascist
790:
775:
765:
748:
738:
670:Anti-Fascist
654:
644:
628:Netherlands
627:
617:
588:
566:
551:
529:
511:20 July plot
496:Rote Kapelle
461:
423:Franc-Tireur
390:
380:
358:
348:
326:
294:
269:
259:
242:
236:World War II
206:
166:
124:
120:Three Arrows
79:
59:
31:Anti-fascism
15:
1746:Webb, Harry
1638:Castle, Les
1620:Agnew, John
1485:and in the
1320:John McNair
1293:Bob Edwards
1186:Anti-racism
1131:Milkshaking
791:Yugoslavia
618:Luxembourg
408:Armée Juive
315:Secret Army
55:Black Lions
2024:Categories
1650:Coles, Tom
1539:Andreu Nin
1527:New Leader
1509:Republican
1487:New Leader
1478:New Leader
1431:Twickenham
1415:Manchester
1295:, later a
1111:Black bloc
1028:Bella ciao
910:Revolution
523:White Rose
105:Iron Front
90:Black Band
1455:Barcelona
1312:Barcelona
1196:Anarchism
908:Carnation
898:Portugal
749:Slovakia
601:partisans
327:Bulgaria
51:Ethiopia
1876:Archived
1831:Archived
1791:Archived
1564:Valencia
1559:American
1423:Dartford
1411:Anglesey
1403:Larkhall
1355:Welshman
1339:Zaragoza
1299:for the
1158:See also
1141:Squadism
955:62 Group
950:43 Group
863:Germany
739:Romania
730:Zydowski
723:Żydowska
462:Germany
381:Denmark
359:Czechia
295:Belgium
260:Austria
243:Albania
147:Italiana
80:Germany
48:Interwar
23:a series
21:Part of
1427:Bingley
1419:Bristol
1407:Glasgow
1399:Chorley
1395:Belfast
1359:Spanish
1349:member
1326:of the
925:Sweden
851:Postwar
694:Gwardia
655:Poland
645:Norway
589:Jewish
530:Greece
391:France
167:Spain (
1996:, 1987
1978:, 1998
1968:, 1980
1958:, 2007
1951:, 2000
1944:, 1997
1937:, 1942
1856:
1689:Julius
1466:Huesca
1462:Lerida
1368:Huesca
980:Antifa
915:Spain
878:Italy
868:Antifa
766:Spain
716:Warsaw
696:Ludowa
684:Ludowa
599:Jewish
567:Japan
552:Italy
418:Combat
401:Maquis
349:Burma
175:
125:Italy
1719:Ramon
1668:Evans
1391:Wales
1379:Burma
1364:siege
711:Olimp
682:Armia
2065:POUM
1854:ISBN
1433:and
1375:Eton
1271:POUM
883:ANPI
672:Bloc
545:ELAS
489:AKFD
157:TIGR
1443:CNT
1366:of
2026::
1984:,
1964:,
1933:,
1887:^
1816:^
1801:^
1768:^
1603:.
1570::
1515:.
1429:,
1425:,
1417:,
1413:,
1405:,
1401:,
1393:,
1303:.
1283:.
861:)
666:)
171:)
25:on
1862:.
1250:e
1243:t
1236:v
1089:"
1085:"
1082:"
1078:"
1070:"
1066:"
1058:"
1054:"
1051:"
1047:"
1044:"
1040:"
1037:"
1033:"
1030:"
1026:"
1023:"
1019:"
1016:"
1012:"
857:(
662:(
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