3310:
368:
and presumably induce an immune response. A second mechanism depends on alum killing immune cells at the injection site although researchers aren't sure exactly how alum kills these cells. It has been speculated that the dying cells release DNA which serves as an immune alarm. Some studies found that
394:
in mineral oil developed in 1930. It is not safe enough for human use. A version without the bacteria, that is only oil in water, is known as Freund's incomplete adjuvant. It helps vaccines release antigens for a longer time. Despite the side effects, its potential benefit has led to a few clinical
348:
The precise mechanism of aluminium salts remains unclear but some insights have been gained. It was formerly thought that they function as delivery systems by generating depots that trap antigens at the injection site, providing a slow release that continues to stimulate the immune system. However,
996:
Subsequently, the
American National Center for Biotechnology Information published an article discussing the comparative safety of vaccine adjuvants which stated that "the biggest remaining challenge in the adjuvant field is to decipher the potential relationship between adjuvants and rare vaccine
623:
Due to the variety of mechanisms and links between the innate and adaptive immune response, an adjuvant-enhanced innate immune response results in an enhanced adaptive immune response. Specifically, adjuvants may exert their immune-enhancing effects according to five immune-functional activities.
973:. However, with the knowledge that TLR activation is not required for the immune-enhancing effects caused by common adjuvants, we can conclude that there are, in all likelihood, other receptors besides TLRs that have not yet been characterized, opening the door to future research.
62:
In the early days of vaccine manufacture, significant variations in the efficacy of different batches of the same vaccine were correctly assumed to be caused by contamination of the reaction vessels. However, it was soon found that more scrupulous cleaning actually seemed to
364:(IL‑1β), an immune signal that promotes antibody production. Alum adheres to the cell's plasma membrane and rearranges certain lipids there. Spurred into action, the dendritic cells pick up the antigen and speed to lymph nodes, where they stick tightly to a
527:
In order to understand the links between the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response to help substantiate an adjuvant function in enhancing adaptive immune responses to the specific antigen of a vaccine, the following points should be considered:
852:-specific fragments that bind to DQB1*602 in cell culture experiments, leading to the hypothesis that autoimmunity may arise in genetically susceptible individuals, but there is no clinical data to support this hypothesis. The third AS03 ingredient is
401:
is a naturally-occurring organic compound used in human and animal vaccines. Squalene is an oil, made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms, produced by plants and is present in many foods. Squalene is also produced by the human liver as a precursor to
992:
Discussing the safety of squalene as an adjuvant in 2006, the World Health
Organisation stated "follow-up to detect any vaccine-related adverse events will need to be performed." No such followup has been published by the WHO.
902:
methods, and in 1996 the
Vaccine-Associated Feline Sarcoma Task Force was formed to address the problem. However, evidence conflicts on whether types of vaccines, manufacturers or factors have been associated with sarcomas.
2790:
Masoudi S, Ploen D, Kunz K, Hildt E (May 2014). "The adjuvant component α-tocopherol triggers via modulation of Nrf2 the expression and turnover of hypocretin in vitro and its implication to the development of narcolepsy".
419:
is another squalene-containing adjuvant. In addition, squalene-based O/W emulsions have also been shown to stably incorporate small molecule TLR7/8 adjuvants (e.g. PVP-037) and lead to enhanced adjuvanticity via synergism.
655:
Second, adjuvants may provide physical protection to antigens which grants the antigen a prolonged delivery. This means the organism will be exposed to the antigen for a longer duration, making the immune system more
414:
is an oil-in-water emulsion of squalene adjuvant used in some human vaccines. As of 2021, over 22 million doses of one vaccine with squalene, FLUAD, have been administered with no severe adverse effects reported.
55:, meaning to help or aid. "An immunologic adjuvant is defined as any substance that acts to accelerate, prolong, or enhance antigen-specific immune responses when used in combination with specific vaccine
373:. No matter what the mechanism is, alum is not a perfect adjuvant because it does not work with all antigens (e.g. malaria and tuberculosis). However, recent research indicates that alum formulated in a
2313:"T cell proliferation by direct cross-talk between OX40 ligand on human mast cells and OX40 on human T cells: comparison of gene expression profiles between human tonsillar and lung-cultured mast cells"
1370:
959:
These observations suggest that although TLR activation can lead to increases in antibody responses, TLR activation is not required to induce enhanced innate and adaptive responses to antigens.
879:
Aluminium adjuvants have caused motor neuron death in mice when injected directly onto the spine at the scruff of the neck, and oil–water suspensions have been reported to increase the risk of
2865:
1047:
969:
which underlie TLR signaling has been significant in understanding why adjuvants used during vaccinations are so important in augmenting adaptive immune responses to specific
3238:
1965:
2139:
4412:
836:-subtype DQB1*602, which has led to the prediction that it is an autoimmune process. After a series of epidemiological investigations, researchers found that the higher
1132:
3560:
3449:
1999:
3600:
3595:
2827:"Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of the Jansen COVID-19 Vaccine to Prevent Coronavirus Dusease 2019 (COVID-19) in Individuals 18 Years of Age and Older"
3362:
3992:
3215:
861:
345:
for commercial vaccines. Aluminium salts are the most commonly-used adjuvants in human vaccines. Their adjuvant activity was described in 1926.
3610:
4463:
4391:
1244:
107:
3997:
3064:
Kirpensteijn J (October 2006). "Feline injection site-associated sarcoma: Is it a reason to critically evaluate our vaccination policies?".
2935:
Satoh M, Kuroda Y, Yoshida H, Behney KM, Mizutani A, Akaogi J, et al. (August 2003). "Induction of lupus autoantibodies by adjuvants".
844:). Those vaccinated with Pandemrix have almost a twelve-times higher risk of developing the disease. The adjuvant of the vaccine contained
2692:"Risk of narcolepsy in children and young people receiving AS03 adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza vaccine: retrospective analysis"
369:
DNA from dying cells causes them to adhere more tightly to helper T cells which ultimately leads to an increased release of antibodies by
4029:
3712:
3565:
986:
449:
4439:
3781:
3751:
3384:
2857:
1224:
1099:
3851:
1040:
3242:
1973:
944:
proteins in TLR signaling), they were still able to induce inflammatory responses, increase T cell activation and generate greater
4418:
3393:
563:
4002:
1867:"Aluminium Nanoparticles as Efficient Adjuvants Compared to Their Microparticle Counterparts: Current Progress and Perspectives"
4039:
4007:
3836:
3786:
2128:
4097:
3707:
3341:
2971:
801:
development, the majority of researchers do not support a causal connection with aluminium. Adjuvants may make vaccines too
558:
In the lymph nodes, dendritic cells mince the engulfed pathogen and then express the pathogen clippings as antigen on their
3895:
3605:
698:
1124:
2831:
2135:
1501:
790:
682:
Fourth, they may induce the release of inflammatory cytokines which helps to not only recruit B and T cells at sites of
660:
as it makes use of the additional time by upregulating the production of B and T cells needed for greater immunological
2836:
4480:
2733:"AS03 adjuvanted AH1N1 vaccine associated with an abrupt increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy in Finland"
2606:
Tomljenovic L (2010). "Aluminum and
Alzheimer's disease: after a century of controversy, is there a plausible link?".
776:
As of 2016, several TLR ligands were in clinical development or being tested in animal models as potential adjuvants.
515:
receptor that is present in a number of cell types of the immune system. The adjuvant CpG 1018 is used in an approved
205:
898:
relationship between VAS and administration of aluminium adjuvated rabies and FeLV vaccines was established through
4017:
3459:
3442:
1996:
1530:"From hit to vial: Precision discovery and development of an imidazopyrimidine TLR7/8 agonist adjuvant formulation"
952:, Freund's complete adjuvant, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, and monophosphoryl-lipid A/trehalose dicorynomycolate (
891:
390:
1612:
Glenny A, Pope C, Waddington H, Wallace U (1926). "The antigenic value of toxoid precipitated by potassium alum".
773:
events that ultimately lead to innate immune responses and the development of antigen-specific acquired immunity.
4067:
2007:
377:
form rather than microparticles can broaden the utility of alum adjuvants and promote stronger adjuvant effects.
4022:
3987:
3982:
3977:
865:
837:
493:
143:
1736:
Leroux-Roels G (August 2010). "Unmet needs in modern vaccinology: adjuvants to improve the immune response".
769:
or in the form of invasive moieties during times of natural infection – to TLRs mark the key
4468:
4401:
4382:
4178:
4150:
4112:
4107:
4087:
3615:
2076:
Stertman L, Palm AE, Zarnegar B, Carow B, Lunderius
Andersson C, Magnusson SE, et al. (December 2023).
833:
570:
3353:
1362:
612:
to allow immune cells of both systems to clear the area of pathogens. In addition, mast cells also release
4449:
4378:
3377:
798:
158:
4444:
4278:
4273:
3729:
3675:
3585:
3205:
2014:
1021:
953:
810:
1217:
Immunopharmacology of infectious diseases: vaccine adjuvants and modulators of non-specific resistance
697:
Finally, adjuvants are believed to increase the innate immune response to antigen by interacting with
4327:
4268:
4059:
3702:
3580:
3531:
3498:
3161:
2744:
2476:
2226:
1916:
Del
Giudice G, Fragapane E, Bugarini R, Hora M, Henriksson T, Palla E, et al. (September 2006).
1831:
1577:
Clements CJ, Griffiths E (May 2002). "The global impact of vaccines containing aluminium adjuvants".
1171:
884:
743:
668:
641:
590:
385:
297:
233:
71:
4512:
4250:
4216:
4102:
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3814:
3645:
3513:
3485:
3437:
2690:
Miller E, Andrews N, Stellitano L, Stowe J, Winstone AM, Shneerson J, et al. (February 2013).
966:
723:
516:
342:
338:
239:
213:
195:
191:
4507:
4283:
4117:
3858:
3824:
3809:
3685:
3655:
3575:
3493:
3187:
3130:
3023:
Richards JR, Elston TH, Ford RB, Gaskell RM, Hartmann K, Hurley KF, et al. (November 2006).
2917:
2731:
Nohynek H, Jokinen J, Partinen M, Vaarala O, Kirjavainen T, Sundman J, et al. (2012-03-28).
2502:
2293:
2195:
2055:
1240:
880:
445:
433:
361:
154:
115:
67:
the effectiveness of the vaccines, and some contaminants actually enhanced the immune response.
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4373:
4352:
4206:
4047:
3937:
3831:
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3517:
3480:
3370:
3319:
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3001:
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2713:
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2553:
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2047:
1947:
1898:
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1343:
1308:
1220:
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1105:
1095:
1083:
1074:
982:
829:
751:
220:) was tested in influenza vaccines in the 1970s, but was never released commercially. The oil
809:. This is often an expected outcome upon vaccination and is usually controlled in infants by
620:
of other immune cells of both the innate and adaptive immune responses to the infected area.
4332:
4317:
4173:
4034:
3947:
3333:
3277:
3269:
3169:
3112:
3073:
3036:
3025:"The 2006 American Association of Feline Practitioners Feline Vaccine Advisory Panel report"
2991:
2983:
2944:
2899:
2800:
2762:
2752:
2703:
2662:
2654:
2615:
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2543:
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1413:
1405:
1335:
1298:
1290:
1187:
1179:
1087:
962:
868:
350:
334:
2030:
Alving CR, Beck Z, Matyas GR, Rao M (June 2016). "Liposomal adjuvants for human vaccines".
576:
462:
The combination of QS-21, cholesterol and MPL forms the adjuvant AS01 which is used in the
349:
studies have shown that surgical removal of these depots had no impact on the magnitude of
4337:
4135:
3942:
3900:
3771:
3741:
3724:
3650:
3640:
3570:
3509:
3505:
3454:
3357:
3345:
3210:
2465:"A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity"
2018:
2003:
1016:
1011:
793:. Although there are studies suggesting the role of aluminium, especially injected highly
735:
719:
687:
508:
497:
467:
291:
268:
162:
95:
3258:"Comparative Safety of Vaccine Adjuvants: A Summary of Current Evidence and Future Needs"
2972:"The endogenous adjuvant squalene can induce a chronic T-cell-mediated arthritis in rats"
997:
adverse reactions, such as narcolepsy, macrophagic myofasciitis or
Alzheimer's disease."
3315:
3165:
2748:
2480:
2230:
2102:
2077:
1865:
Nazarizadeh A, Staudacher AH, Wittwer NL, Turnbull T, Brown MP, Kempson I (April 2022).
1835:
1554:
1529:
1528:
Soni D, Borriello F, Scott DA, Feru F, DeLeon M, Brightman SE, et al. (July 2024).
1175:
4474:
4201:
4092:
4052:
3932:
3758:
3697:
3282:
3257:
3009:
2996:
2767:
2732:
2667:
2642:
2571:
Baylor NW, Egan W, Richman P (May 2002). "Aluminum salts in vaccines--US perspective".
2548:
2521:
1942:
1917:
1893:
1866:
1799:
1772:
1713:
1686:
1657:
1632:
1478:
1453:
1418:
1393:
1303:
1278:
1192:
1159:
853:
802:
676:
559:
533:
357:
330:
326:
283:
199:
187:
157:, the presence of an adjuvant in conjunction with the vaccine can greatly increase the
103:
2987:
2948:
2584:
2365:
2264:"Mechanisms underlying acute mast cell-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in vivo"
1918:"Vaccines with the MF59 adjuvant do not stimulate antibody responses against squalene"
1590:
98:
to the vaccine more vigorously, and thus providing increased immunity to a particular
4501:
4357:
4342:
4312:
4307:
4162:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3819:
3665:
3464:
1160:"Adjuvant-enhanced antibody responses in the absence of toll-like receptor signaling"
1158:
Gavin AL, Hoebe K, Duong B, Ota T, Martin C, Beutler B, et al. (December 2006).
727:
365:
279:
275:
91:
3134:
2921:
2297:
2199:
2059:
1326:
El Ashry ES, Ahmad TA (December 2012). "The use of propolis as vaccine's adjuvant".
916:
As of 2006, the premise that TLR signaling acts as the key node in antigen-mediated
4434:
4077:
3972:
3905:
3846:
3670:
3526:
3417:
3397:
3191:
3117:
3100:
2506:
917:
899:
794:
766:
691:
667:
Third, adjuvants may help to increase the capacity to cause local reactions at the
541:
489:
374:
3101:"Immunology. Mouse studies question importance of toll-like receptors to vaccines"
2804:
2215:"T-cell priming by dendritic cells in lymph nodes occurs in three distinct phases"
2093:
2043:
1771:
Hutchison S, Benson RA, Gibson VB, Pollock AH, Garside P, Brewer JM (March 2012).
1749:
1339:
3338:
3077:
2888:"Aluminum adjuvant linked to Gulf War illness induces motor neuron death in mice"
2757:
2658:
2352:
Schijns VE (August 2000). "Immunological concepts of vaccine adjuvant activity".
640:. This will ultimately lead to greater T cell activity resulting in a heightened
593:
and represents a physical link between the innate and adaptive immune responses.
4221:
4211:
4072:
3878:
3873:
3791:
3766:
3734:
3660:
3522:
3413:
3405:
2329:
2312:
1843:
1091:
1006:
921:
821:
755:
739:
633:
582:
548:
485:
403:
170:
166:
127:
90:
are often used to modify or augment the effects of a vaccine by stimulating the
2405:
2388:
2280:
2263:
2078:"The Matrix-M™ adjuvant: A critical component of vaccines for the 21st century"
1469:
1294:
17:
4347:
4322:
4012:
3962:
3273:
1409:
929:
925:
817:
747:
617:
613:
597:
217:
123:
87:
38:
3041:
3024:
2904:
2887:
820:(a chronic sleep disorder) cases in children and adolescents was observed in
746:, cells of the adaptive immunity (T and B lymphocytes) and non-immune cells (
585:
can also activate T cells in a similar approach (but do not do so naturally).
4396:
3967:
3840:
3409:
2826:
2619:
2538:
2441:
2428:
Takeda K, Akira S (January 2005). "Toll-like receptors in innate immunity".
1183:
895:
845:
841:
770:
731:
683:
672:
609:
605:
537:
322:
300:, Freund's incomplete adjuvant, AS01 (combining MPL and Quillaia saponins),
174:
151:
111:
3291:
3126:
3085:
3050:
3005:
2956:
2913:
2812:
2776:
2717:
2676:
2627:
2592:
2557:
2449:
2414:
2373:
2338:
2248:
2191:
2111:
2051:
1951:
1902:
1851:
1822:
Leslie M (July 2013). "Solution to vaccine mystery starts to crystallize".
1808:
1757:
1722:
1703:
1666:
1598:
1563:
1545:
1487:
1347:
1312:
1201:
1109:
1075:"The Use of Conventional Immunologic Adjuvants in DNA Vaccine Preparations"
589:
This process carried out by both dendritic cells and macrophages is termed
3183:
2522:"Immune Adjuvant Effect of Molecularly-defined Toll-Like Receptor Ligands"
2498:
2289:
2166:"Dynamics of CD8+ T cell priming by dendritic cells in intact lymph nodes"
1427:
4238:
4231:
4226:
4196:
3952:
3888:
3883:
1933:
1883:
1789:
970:
848:
that was no more than a day's normal dietary intake. Vitamin E increases
715:
711:
671:
site (during vaccination), inducing greater release of danger signals by
649:
645:
629:
579:
possess characteristics of both the innate and adaptive immune responses.
504:
477:
463:
398:
301:
288:
259:
221:
209:
75:
31:
2239:
2214:
1685:
ApostĂłlico JD, Lunardelli VA, Coirada FC, Boscardin SB, Rosa DS (2016).
657:
307:
Small molecules: TLR7/8 agonists (imidazoquinolines, imidazopyrimidines)
3957:
3719:
3401:
941:
762:
637:
601:
552:
441:
428:
370:
263:
255:
248:
147:
119:
99:
56:
46:
2970:
Carlson BC, Jansson AM, Larsson A, Bucht A, Lorentzen JC (June 2000).
1523:
1521:
1392:
Smith JW, Fletcher WB, Peters M, Westwood M, Perkins FJ (April 1975).
1082:. Methods in Molecular Medicine. Vol. 29. Humana Press. pp.
4260:
4245:
3536:
2708:
2691:
981:
Reports after the first Gulf War linked anthrax vaccine adjuvants to
945:
849:
661:
555:(adaptive immune cells) wait for signals to trigger their activation.
247:. MPL (Monophosphorylated lipid A) is a modified form of a bacterial
244:
1648:
789:
Aluminium salts used in many human vaccines are regarded as safe by
45:
is a substance that increases or modulates the immune response to a
4255:
4140:
3746:
3680:
3174:
3149:
2489:
2464:
2182:
2165:
933:
806:
481:
470:
424:
407:
337:
used for this purpose, but has been almost completely replaced by
139:
135:
894:(VAS) occurs at a rate of 1–10 per 10,000 injections. In 1993, a
3555:
3350:
3237:
The Global
Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (21 July 2006).
3150:"Admission on Gulf War vaccines spurs debate on medical records"
1277:
GuimarĂŁes LE, Baker B, Perricone C, Shoenfeld Y (October 2015).
949:
937:
825:
608:
to effectively increase trafficking to and seal off the site of
512:
456:
416:
411:
225:
3366:
824:
and other
European countries after vaccinations to address the
102:. Adjuvants accomplish this task by mimicking specific sets of
1633:"Towards an understanding of the adjuvant action of aluminium"
840:
correlated with the use of AS03-adjuvanted influenza vaccine (
131:
2011:
1219:. Progress in leukocyte biology. Vol. 6. Alan R. Liss.
70:
There are many known adjuvants in widespread use, including
2389:"[Innate immunity: structure and function of TLRs]"
2311:
Kashiwakura J, Yokoi H, Saito H, Okayama Y (October 2004).
1687:"Adjuvants: Classification, Modus Operandi, and Licensing"
562:
surface by coupling them to a special receptor known as a
2886:
Petrik MS, Wong MC, Tabata RC, Garry RF, Shaw CA (2007).
2463:
Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA (July 1997).
2213:
Mempel TR, Henrickson SE, Von
Andrian UH (January 2004).
924:
have observed antigen-mediated inflammatory responses in
765: – either in the form of adjuvant used in
569:
T cells can then recognize these clippings and undergo a
146:
dinucleotide-containing DNA. Because immune systems have
2262:
Gaboury JP, Johnston B, Niu XF, Kubes P (January 1995).
1454:"Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants"
3029:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
1773:"Antigen depot is not required for alum adjuvanticity"
1452:
Pulendran B, S Arunachalam P, O'Hagan DT (June 2021).
797:
antigen-aluminium complexes when used as adjuvant, in
2387:
Delneste Y, Beauvillain C, Jeannin P (January 2007).
466:
vaccine approved in 2017, as well as in the approved
4427:
4366:
4298:
4189:
4161:
4128:
3802:
3633:
3626:
3545:
3473:
3425:
1502:"COVAXIN® (BBV152) – Inactivated, COVID-19 vaccine"
231:Bacterial products: killed bacteria of the species
2647:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1073:
1041:"Guideline on Adjuvants in Vaccines for Human Use"
628:First, adjuvants may help in the translocation of
304:(combining Quillaia saponins and two types of fat)
4413:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
1680:
1678:
1676:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
832:. Narcolepsy has previously been associated with
484:(ISCOM) consisting of nanospheres made of QS-21,
2071:
2069:
1394:"Response to influenza vaccine in adjuvant 65-4"
49:. The word "adjuvant" comes from the Latin word
161:to the antigen by augmenting the activities of
1997:Pandemrix – Summary of product characteristics
710:The ability of the immune system to recognize
3378:
8:
1631:Marrack P, McKee AS, Munks MW (April 2009).
321:There are many adjuvants, some of which are
3206:"Illegal vaccine link to Gulf war syndrome"
2123:
2121:
1871:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
50:
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2707:
2666:
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2279:
2238:
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2101:
1941:
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1702:
1656:
1553:
1477:
1417:
1302:
1191:
251:protein that is used in several vaccines.
2743:(3). Benjamin J. Cowling (ed.): e33536.
948:abundancy using conventional adjuvants (
2082:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
1992:
1990:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1125:"Deciphering Immunology's Dirty Secret"
1032:
3239:"Squalene-based adjuvants in vaccines"
1966:"Squalene-based adjuvants in vaccines"
1279:"Vaccines, adjuvants and autoimmunity"
325:, that carry the potential to augment
108:pathogen-associated molecular patterns
1241:"Immunization schedule in India 2016"
928:in the absence of TLR signaling. One
532:Innate immune response cells such as
7:
985:in American and British troops. The
887:in rats already prone to arthritis.
718:is, in part, due to the presence of
701:(PRRs) on or within accessory cells.
690:events leading to a net increase of
547:Dendritic cells then migrate to the
2520:Toussi DN, Massari P (April 2014).
1080:DNA Vaccines: Methods and Protocols
987:United States Department of Defense
444:(MPL), a detoxified version of the
427:is a liposome made up of two plant
4440:Eradication of infectious diseases
4197:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
2643:"Is the Aluminum Hypothesis dead?"
2145:from the original on 24 April 2019
1373:from the original on 9 August 2021
1363:"Peanut Oil Used in a New Vaccine"
1078:. In Lowrie DB, Whalen RG (eds.).
920:responses has been in question as
573:resulting in their own activation.
360:and other immune cells to secrete
25:
4030:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
2976:The American Journal of Pathology
2012:European Medicines Agency website
1247:from the original on 28 June 2021
1053:from the original on 14 June 2018
1046:. The European Medicines Agency.
726:(TLRs) that are expressed on the
4419:Alternative vaccination schedule
3394:Artificial induction of immunity
3308:
3218:from the original on 10 May 2023
664:in the adaptive immune response.
636:where they can be recognized by
564:major histocompatibility complex
262:(the bark of a soap bark tree),
2868:from the original on 2022-10-13
2839:from the original on 2023-08-02
2164:Bousso P, Robey E (June 2003).
2032:Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
1922:Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
1135:from the original on 2020-08-09
106:conserved molecules, so called
4251:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
3118:10.1126/science.314.5807.1859a
3099:Wickelgren I (December 2006).
2858:"AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine"
2608:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
1691:Journal of Immunology Research
1458:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
1361:Jones SV (19 September 1964).
455:, interacts with the receptor
1:
3787:Group B streptococcal disease
3606:Vaccines for Children Program
3256:Petrovsky N (November 2015).
2988:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65077-8
2949:10.1016/S0896-8411(03)00083-0
2805:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.085
2585:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00166-4
2366:10.1016/S0952-7915(00)00120-5
2354:Current Opinion in Immunology
2094:10.1080/21645515.2023.2189885
2044:10.1517/17425247.2016.1151871
1750:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.021
1591:10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00168-8
1340:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.095
932:found that in the absence of
883:in mice. Squalene has caused
860:80 is also found in both the
699:pattern recognition receptors
616:which result in the positive
492:. It is used in the approved
388:is a solution of inactivated
3078:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.04.010
2832:Food and Drug Administration
2758:10.1371/journal.pone.0033536
2659:10.1097/jom.0000000000000063
2136:Food and Drug Administration
989:strongly denied the claims.
791:Food and Drug Administration
459:to enhance immune response.
437:, a Chilean soap bark tree.
150:to recognize these specific
2330:10.4049/jimmunol.173.8.5247
1844:10.1126/science.341.6141.26
714:that are broadly shared by
200:calcium phosphate hydroxide
4529:
3148:Butler D (November 1997).
2281:10.4049/jimmunol.154.2.804
1637:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1470:10.1038/s41573-021-00163-y
1295:10.1016/j.phrs.2015.08.003
1072:Sasaki S, Okuda K (2000).
892:vaccine-associated sarcoma
482:immune stimulating complex
391:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
386:Freund's complete adjuvant
298:Freund's complete adjuvant
122:, components of bacterial
29:
4458:
3274:10.1007/s40264-015-0350-4
2129:"Shingrix package insert"
2008:European Medicines Agency
1410:10.1017/s0022172400024323
1123:Travis K (January 2007).
1092:10.1385/1-59259-688-6:241
813:medication if necessary.
540:through a process called
505:cytosine phosphoguanosine
216:). Adjuvant 65 (based on
3782:Clostridioides difficile
3042:10.2460/javma.229.9.1405
2430:International Immunology
2406:10.1051/medsci/200723167
2002:October 7, 2009, at the
1283:Pharmacological Research
675:releasing cells such as
523:Adaptive immune response
494:Novavax Covid-19 vaccine
406:and is present in human
333:was the first aluminium
224:is used in the adjuvant
4040:Tick-borne encephalitis
3066:Veterinary Microbiology
2937:Journal of Autoimmunity
2892:Neuromolecular Medicine
2620:10.3233/JAD-2010-101494
2539:10.3390/vaccines2020323
1184:10.1126/science.1135299
816:An increased number of
805:, which often leads to
571:cellular transformation
362:Interleukin 1 beta
173:by mimicking a natural
4450:List of vaccine topics
3450:Mathematical modelling
2641:Lidsky TI (May 2014).
1546:10.1126/sciadv.adg3747
1398:The Journal of Hygiene
1215:Majde JA, ed. (1987).
159:innate immune response
130:nucleic acids such as
118:, molecular cages for
51:
4445:Vaccinate Your Family
3896:Japanese encephalitis
3321:immunologic adjuvant
2442:10.1093/intimm/dxh186
2317:Journal of Immunology
2268:Journal of Immunology
1022:Pharmaceutic adjuvant
780:Medical complications
686:but also to increase
503:Several unmethylated
186:Inorganic compounds:
27:Component of vaccines
4328:John Franklin Enders
3245:on November 4, 2012.
2862:dailymed.nlm.nih.gov
2653:(5 Suppl): S73–S79.
2579:(Suppl 3): S18–S23.
1934:10.1128/CVI.00191-06
1884:10.3390/ijms23094707
1790:10.1096/fj.11-184556
1744:(Suppl 3): C25–C36.
1704:10.1155/2016/1459394
1585:(Suppl 3): S24–S33.
885:rheumatoid arthritis
744:natural killer cells
591:antigen presentation
234:Bordetella pertussis
30:For other uses, see
3514:Virus-like particle
3438:Vaccine ingredients
3166:1997Natur.390Q...3B
3111:(5807): 1859–1860.
2749:2012PLoSO...733536N
2481:1997Natur.388..394M
2240:10.1038/nature02238
2231:2004Natur.427..154M
1976:on November 4, 2012
1836:2013Sci...341...26L
1243:. Superbabyonline.
1176:2006Sci...314.1936G
1170:(5807): 1936–1938.
799:Alzheimer's disease
724:toll-like receptors
706:Toll-like receptors
517:Hepatitis B vaccine
448:from the bacterium
343:aluminium phosphate
339:aluminium hydroxide
312:Inorganic adjuvants
240:Mycobacterium bovis
214:preclinical studies
196:aluminium phosphate
192:aluminium hydroxide
140:single-stranded DNA
136:double-stranded RNA
4485:Never to phase III
4284:Hexavalent vaccine
4098:Epstein–Barr virus
3993:Oxford–AstraZeneca
3686:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
3356:2020-05-14 at the
3344:2012-02-27 at the
3318:has a profile for
2905:10.1385/NMM:9:1:83
2017:2013-07-15 at the
1614:J Pathol Bacteriol
881:autoimmune disease
862:Oxford–AstraZeneca
446:lipopolysaccharide
434:Quillaja saponaria
423:The plant extract
116:lipopolysaccharide
4495:
4494:
4407:Vaccines and SIDS
4294:
4293:
4068:Hepatitis A and B
4044:Varicella zoster
3506:Subunit/component
3324:
3268:(11): 1059–1074.
2799:(25): 2980–2988.
2702:(feb26 2): f794.
2475:(6640): 394–397.
2393:MĂ©decine/Sciences
2225:(6970): 154–159.
2170:Nature Immunology
983:Gulf War syndrome
869:COVID-19 vaccines
752:endothelial cells
596:Upon activation,
381:Organic adjuvants
356:Alum can trigger
16:(Redirected from
4520:
4386:MMR autism fraud
4333:Maurice Hilleman
4318:Hilary Koprowski
3631:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3364:
3334:Adjuvant therapy
3322:
3312:
3311:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3241:. Archived from
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3214:. 30 July 2001.
3202:
3196:
3195:
3177:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3120:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3044:
3035:(9): 1405–1441.
3020:
3014:
3013:
3008:. Archived from
2999:
2982:(6): 2057–2065.
2967:
2961:
2960:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2907:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2760:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2709:10.1136/bmj.f794
2687:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2541:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2492:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2323:(8): 5247–5257.
2308:
2302:
2301:
2283:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2185:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2133:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2073:
2064:
2063:
2027:
2021:
1994:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1972:. Archived from
1962:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1928:(9): 1010–1013.
1913:
1907:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1783:(3): 1272–1279.
1768:
1762:
1761:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1706:
1682:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1540:(27): eadg3747.
1534:Science Advances
1525:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1449:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1274:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1155:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1037:
859:
830:pandemic in 2009
811:over-the-counter
720:immune receptors
509:oligonucleotides
292:oligonucleotides
144:unmethylated CpG
110:, which include
54:
21:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4475:Clinical trials
4454:
4423:
4362:
4338:Stanley Plotkin
4300:
4290:
4202:Cancer vaccines
4185:
4179:Schistosomiasis
4157:
4151:Trypanosomiasis
4124:
4088:Cytomegalovirus
3998:Pfizer–BioNTech
3798:
3622:
3571:Vaccine wastage
3541:
3469:
3421:
3391:
3358:Wayback Machine
3346:Wayback Machine
3339:Animal research
3330:
3329:
3328:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3211:TheGuardian.com
3204:
3203:
3199:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3022:
3021:
3017:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2871:
2869:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2842:
2840:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2019:Wayback Machine
2004:Wayback Machine
1995:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1830:(6141): 26–27.
1821:
1820:
1816:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1684:
1683:
1674:
1649:10.1038/nri2510
1630:
1629:
1625:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1527:
1526:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1451:
1450:
1435:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1276:
1275:
1260:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1157:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1102:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1017:Immunostimulant
1012:Immunomodulator
1003:
979:
954:Ribi's adjuvant
914:
909:
877:
857:
787:
782:
761:The binding of
736:dendritic cells
708:
688:transcriptional
679:and mast cells.
648:throughout the
534:dendritic cells
525:
498:malaria vaccine
468:malaria vaccine
440:Monophosphoryl
383:
358:dendritic cells
319:
317:Aluminium salts
314:
269:Polygala senega
183:
163:dendritic cells
84:
72:aluminium salts
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Immune adjuvant
15:
12:
11:
5:
4526:
4524:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4500:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4472:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4431:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4353:Katalin KarikĂł
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4304:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4167:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4108:Herpes simplex
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4008:Sinopharm BIBP
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3958:Bharat Biotech
3955:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3586:Vaccine injury
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3549:
3547:
3546:Administration
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3520:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3351:Vaxjo database
3348:
3336:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:External links
3300:
3298:
3297:
3248:
3229:
3197:
3140:
3091:
3056:
3015:
3012:on 2003-11-21.
2962:
2927:
2878:
2849:
2818:
2782:
2723:
2682:
2633:
2614:(4): 567–598.
2598:
2563:
2532:(2): 323–353.
2512:
2455:
2420:
2379:
2360:(4): 456–463.
2344:
2303:
2274:(2): 804–813.
2254:
2205:
2176:(6): 579–585.
2156:
2117:
2088:(1): 2189885.
2065:
2038:(6): 807–816.
2022:
1986:
1957:
1908:
1857:
1814:
1763:
1728:
1672:
1643:(4): 287–293.
1623:
1604:
1569:
1517:
1493:
1464:(6): 454–475.
1433:
1404:(2): 251–259.
1384:
1367:New York Times
1353:
1318:
1258:
1232:
1226:978-0845141052
1225:
1207:
1145:
1115:
1101:978-0896035805
1100:
1064:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1002:
999:
978:
975:
913:
910:
908:
905:
876:
873:
854:polysorbate 80
786:
783:
781:
778:
707:
704:
703:
702:
695:
680:
677:helper T cells
665:
653:
587:
586:
580:
574:
567:
556:
545:
524:
521:
500:R21/Matrix-M.
382:
379:
327:immunogenicity
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
296:Combinations:
294:
286:
272:
252:
229:
202:
188:potassium alum
182:
179:
104:evolutionarily
83:
80:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4525:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4358:Drew Weissman
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4343:H. Fred Clark
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Louis Pasteur
4311:
4309:
4308:Edward Jenner
4306:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4279:DTwP-HepB-Hib
4277:
4275:
4274:DTaP-IPV-HepB
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4265:combination:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4163:Helminthiasis
4160:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4064:combination:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
3765:
3764:
3763:combination:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3676:Meningococcus
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Leptospirosis
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:Vaccine court
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:GAVI Alliance
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3317:
3301:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3175:10.1038/36158
3171:
3167:
3163:
3160:(6655): 3–4.
3159:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2898:(1): 83–100.
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2490:10.1038/41131
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2183:10.1038/ni928
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:FASEB Journal
1774:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1134:
1130:
1129:The Scientist
1126:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1065:
1049:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
988:
984:
976:
974:
972:
968:
964:
963:Investigating
960:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
912:TLR signaling
911:
906:
904:
901:
900:epidemiologic
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
874:
872:
870:
867:
863:
856:. Polysorbate
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
784:
779:
777:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
705:
700:
696:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:
659:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:
625:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
568:
565:
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:
529:
522:
520:
518:
514:
511:activate the
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
490:phospholipids
487:
483:
479:
476:The adjuvant
474:
472:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
452:
447:
443:
438:
436:
435:
430:
426:
421:
418:
413:
409:
405:
400:
396:
393:
392:
387:
380:
378:
376:
372:
367:
366:helper T cell
363:
359:
354:
352:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
316:
311:
306:
303:
299:
295:
293:
290:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
271:
270:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
241:
236:
235:
230:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:
180:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:immune system
89:
86:Adjuvants in
81:
79:
77:
73:
68:
66:
60:
58:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4435:Epidemiology
4411:
4383:
4269:DTaP-IPV/Hib
4060:Yellow fever
3973:EpiVacCorona
3730:Tuberculosis
3703:Pneumococcal
3671:Lyme disease
3499:Heterologous
3432:
3398:Immunization
3320:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3243:the original
3232:
3222:20 September
3220:. Retrieved
3209:
3200:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3072:(1): 59–65.
3069:
3065:
3059:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3010:the original
2979:
2975:
2965:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2870:. Retrieved
2861:
2852:
2841:. Retrieved
2830:
2821:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2650:
2646:
2636:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2399:(1): 67–73.
2396:
2392:
2382:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2085:
2081:
2035:
2031:
2025:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:the original
1969:
1960:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1694:
1690:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1537:
1533:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:
1496:
1461:
1457:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1366:
1356:
1334:(1): 31–39.
1331:
1327:
1321:
1286:
1282:
1249:. Retrieved
1235:
1216:
1210:
1167:
1163:
1137:. Retrieved
1128:
1118:
1079:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1035:
995:
991:
980:
961:
958:
918:inflammatory
915:
889:
878:
828:"swine flu"
822:Scandinavian
815:
795:bioavailable
788:
775:
767:vaccinations
760:
709:
692:immune cells
622:
595:
588:
542:phagocytosis
526:
502:
475:
461:
450:
439:
432:
422:
397:
389:
384:
375:nanoparticle
355:
347:
320:
267:
238:
232:
206:paraffin oil
85:
69:
64:
61:
42:
36:
4471:from market
4367:Controversy
4301:researchers
4217:Hepatitis B
4103:Hepatitis C
4048:Chicken pox
3874:Hepatitis E
3869:Hepatitis B
3864:Hepatitis A
3815:Chikungunya
3792:Shigellosis
3646:Brucellosis
3532:Therapeutic
3486:Inactivated
3426:Development
3414:Inoculation
3406:Vaccination
3262:Drug Safety
2436:(1): 1–14.
1877:(9): 4707.
1697:: 1459394.
1506:www.who.int
1289:: 190–209.
1007:Beta-glucan
940:(essential
922:researchers
907:Controversy
803:reactogenic
756:fibroblasts
740:macrophages
694:as a whole.
634:lymph nodes
583:Macrophages
549:lymph nodes
496:and in the
486:cholesterol
404:cholesterol
274:Cytokines:
171:macrophages
167:lymphocytes
128:endocytosed
74:, oils and
4513:Immunology
4502:Categories
4402:Thiomersal
4348:Paul Offit
4323:Jonas Salk
4299:Inventors/
4170:research:
4147:research:
4084:research:
4013:Skycovione
4003:Sanofi–GSK
3948:SARS-CoV-2
3859:Hantavirus
3825:rVSV-ZEBOV
3810:Adenovirus
3778:research:
3656:Diphtheria
3494:Attenuated
2943:(1): 1–9.
2872:2021-04-06
2843:2021-04-06
1980:2019-01-10
1511:2024-07-14
1139:2018-09-14
1028:References
967:mechanisms
930:researcher
926:leukocytes
850:hypocretin
818:narcolepsy
748:epithelial
734:including
732:leukocytes
618:chemotaxis
614:chemokines
598:mast cells
577:γδ T cells
451:Salmonella
353:response.
218:peanut oil
124:cell walls
88:immunology
39:immunology
4508:Adjuvants
4481:Phase III
4469:Withdrawn
4397:Pox party
4207:ALVAC-CEA
4129:Protozoan
4018:Sputnik V
3968:CoronaVac
3938:Rotavirus
3841:Pandemrix
3693:Pertussis
3634:Bacterial
3518:Synthetic
3481:Conjugate
3433:Adjuvants
3410:Infection
3323:(Q967453)
1377:27 August
890:In cats,
846:vitamin E
842:Pandemrix
838:incidence
771:molecular
728:membranes
716:pathogens
712:molecules
684:infection
673:chemokine
669:injection
642:clearance
610:infection
606:histamine
538:pathogens
471:Mosquirix
453:Minnesota
323:inorganic
212:(only in
175:infection
152:antigenic
112:liposomes
76:virosomes
4239:Prostvac
4232:Gardasil
4227:Cervarix
4174:Hookworm
4053:Shingles
4035:Smallpox
3953:Corbevax
3889:Gardasil
3884:Cervarix
3627:Vaccines
3581:Schedule
3552:Global:
3460:Timeline
3402:Vaccines
3354:Archived
3342:Archived
3292:26446142
3216:Archived
3135:31553418
3127:17185572
3086:16769184
3051:17078805
3006:10854227
2957:12892730
2922:15839936
2914:17114826
2866:Archived
2837:Archived
2813:24721530
2777:22470453
2737:PLOS ONE
2718:23444425
2677:24806729
2628:21157018
2593:12184360
2558:26344622
2526:Vaccines
2450:15585605
2415:17212934
2374:10899018
2339:15470070
2298:17839603
2249:14712275
2200:26642061
2192:12730692
2140:Archived
2112:37113023
2103:10158541
2060:30639153
2052:26866300
2015:Archived
2010:website
2000:Archived
1952:16960112
1903:35563097
1852:23828925
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1758:20713254
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1555:11221515
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1313:26275795
1245:Archived
1202:17185603
1133:Archived
1110:21374324
1048:Archived
1001:See also
971:antigens
650:organism
646:pathogen
630:antigens
600:release
478:Matrix-M
464:Shingrix
429:saponins
399:Squalene
395:trials.
302:Matrix-M
260:Quillaia
256:saponins
222:squalene
210:propolis
155:moieties
120:antigens
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57:antigens
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4374:General
4136:Malaria
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3978:Janssen
3963:CanSino
3943:Rubella
3901:Measles
3772:Td/Tdap
3742:Typhoid
3725:Tetanus
3720:Q fever
3651:Cholera
3641:Anthrax
3510:Peptide
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3455:Storage
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3192:5116290
3184:9363878
3162:Bibcode
3105:Science
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2793:Vaccine
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1894:9101817
1832:Bibcode
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875:Animals
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3879:HPV
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