197:) with health and vigor independently of external factors, stressing the role of inbreeding (combined with strong selection) in stabilizing character inheritance for preserving or developing new races. To illustrate the concept he used sheep, chicken, cattle and horse breeds as examples, although he also applied it to the human species by considering populations of isolated Hungarian villages, in which he had observed degenerative mental and physical characteristics. Festeticsâs observations highlighted important correlations between variability, adaptation, and development. He also noted the consequences of selection and its role in heredity, believing that variability and his postulated laws of genetics were connected, acting together in breeding as well as in the natural processes controlling populations of different animals, including humans.
141:). His father Count PĂĄl Festetics (1722-1782) of Tolna was a court councillor. His mother was JĂșlia BossĂĄnyi, who took an interest in his education, with home tutor Jeromos Nagy teaching him German, Latin, and history. His brother Count György Festetics (1755-1819) would later found the Georgikon, a centre for agricultural education, in Keszthely in 1797. In 1782 he served in the Levenehr light cavalry regiment seeing action against Turks. Wounded in Bucharest, he resigned after eight years in 1790. Along with his brother György he travelled to England where he examined sheep breeding. He married Krisztina Boronkay (1774â1807) in 1791 and they had three children. He began to breed sheep from around 1803 and had access to a vast library consisting of nearly 80,000 books. He married BorbĂĄla VĂzkeleti in 1812 and they lived in a palace in KĆszeg.
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129:(2 October 1764 â 1 April 1847) was a Hungarian noble landowner, sheep breeder, and a pioneer geneticist. He was the first to use the word "genetics". In 1817 he exhibited a sheep breed called Mimush that he had developed through in-breeding and selection for specific characters and in 1819 he introduced the phrases "kĂŒnstliche Zuchtwahl" (or artificial selection) and "die genetischen Gesetze der Natur" (the genetic laws of nature).
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Animals possessing desirable traits that have been inherited over many generations can sometimes have offspring with divergent traits. Such progeny are variants or freaks of nature, and are unsuitable for further propagation if the aim is the heredity of specific
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turned his attention to inheritance in peas he was just the latest in a line of
Moravian researchers and agriculturalists who had been thinking about inheritance, and many of the principles had already been sketched out by Festetics.
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Many of the central principles the discipline of genetics were formulated by
Festetics through the study of sheep. Festetics formulated a number of rules of heredity and was the first to refer to these as "genetic laws of nature"
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SzaboÂŽ A.T. (2009) Phaseolus as a model taxon for monitoring trends in
European home garden diversity: a methodological approach and proposal. Bailey A, Eyzaguirre P, Maggioni L, editors. Crop
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Poczai P, Bell N, Hyvönen J (2014) Imre
Festetics and the Sheep Breeders' Society of Moravia: Mendel's Forgotten âResearch Networkâ. PLoS Biol 12(1): e1001772. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001772
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Festetics, Emmerich. 1820. Bericht des Herrn
Emmerich Festetics als ReprĂ€sentanten des SchafzĂŒchter-Vereins im Eisenburger Comitate. Oekonomische Neuigkeiten und Verhandlungen 4(19): 25â27.
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Festetics, Emmerich. 1819. ErklÀrung des Herrn Grafen
Emmerich von Festetics. (Vergleichen Nr. 38, 39. u. 55, 1818). Oekonomische Neuigkeiten und Verhandlungen 2: 9â12.
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In these ââGenetic Laws,ââ Festetics was the first to recognize empirically the segregation of characters in the second hybrid generation. He also linked heredity (
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Festetics, Emmerich. 1818. Ueber die
Emporbringung des Ackerbaues mittelst Erweiterung der Schafzucht. Oekonomische Neuigkeiten und Verhandlungen 69: 547â552.
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283:"Mimush Sheep and the Spectre of Inbreeding: Historical Background for Festetics's Organic and Genetic Laws Four Decades Before Mendel's Experiments in Peas"
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Festetics, Emmerich. 1815. Aus einem
Schreiben des Herrn Grafen Emmerich Festetics zu GĂŒns in Ungarn. Oekonomische Neuigkeiten und Verhandlungen 69: 547â548.
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in
European home gardens. Proceedings of a Workshop, 3â4 October 2007, Ljubljana, Slovenia. Rome: Biodiversity International (IPGRI) Press. pp. 37â54.
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Festetics, Emmerich. 1822. Ăber einen
Aufsatz des Hrn. I. R. in 3ten Hefte des Jahrganges 1821. Oekonomische Neuigkeiten und Verhandlungen 92: 729â731.
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Festetics, Emmerich. 1819. Weitere ErklĂ€rung des Herrn Grafen Emmerich Festetics Ueber Inzucht. Oekonomische Neuigkeiten und Verhandlungen 22: 169â170.
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Festetics, however, was ultimately hindered by the complex nature of his study traits, aspects of wool quality that are now known to be
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Festetics, Emmerich. 1819. ErklĂ€rung des Herrn Grafen Emmerich von Festetics. Oekonomische Neuigkeiten und Verhandlungen 3: 18â20.
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did so in his personal letter to Adam Sedgwick. Festetics created this new term to clearly distinguish his rules of heredity, or
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Festetics, Emmerich. 1820. Ăuserung des Herrn Grafen Festetics. Oekonomische Neuigkeiten und Verhandlungen 15(20): 115â119.
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Festetics, Imre. 1815. HĂradĂĄs a juhtenyĂ©sztĂ©s jobbĂtĂĄsĂĄt Ă©s pallĂ©rozĂĄsĂĄt ĂłhajtĂł hazafiakhoz . Nemzeti Gazda 10: 145â147.
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Traits of grandparents that are different from those of the immediate progeny may reappear in later generations.
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Healthy plants and robust animals are able to propagate and inherit their specific characteristics.
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Poczai, PĂ©ter; Santiago-Blay, Jorge A.; SekerĂĄk, JiĆĂ; Bariska, IstvĂĄn; SzabĂł, Attila T. (2022).
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A precondition for successful application of inbreeding is scrupulous selection of stock animals.
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A Festetics- RejtĂ©ly. A Genetika TörtĂ©nete Ăs Festetics Imre RejtĂ©lyes HagyatĂ©ka
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