525:
2015:
1490:
2630:
411:
1167:
2140:
2097:
581:
1135:
1198:
1505:
801:
1183:
1395:
2117:
1694:
1718:
2167:
1706:
1234:
2039:
880:
2186:
46:
549:
786:
1151:
2074:
1119:
565:
832:
31:
1214:
1730:
1092:
919:
2498:, beginning in the late 18th century, but mainly developing from the 1840s until independence a century later, was mostly designed by British or other European architects, and adopted Islamic or specifically Indian features, usually as a decorative skin on buildings whose essential forms reflected contemporary Western types and uses, whether as office buildings, palaces, courts of justice, railway stations or hotels. The style, which is very variable, thus became one of a number of
1455:
1768:
1107:
4494:
1410:
2059:
2206:
851:
2528:
2225:
1475:
771:
1381:
895:
219:
1742:
1425:
1440:
2361:
601:
1682:
1806:
865:
2300:
1529:
316:
817:
354:, built for the same Delhi rulers, again with corbelled arches and domes. Here Hindu temple columns (and possibly some new ones) are piled up in threes to achieve extra height. Both mosques had large detached screens with pointed corbelled arches added in front of them, probably under Iltutmish a couple of decades later. In these the central arch is taller, in imitation of an
988:
1590:
644:
171:. By the Mughal period, generally agreed to represent the peak of the style, aspects of Islamic style began to influence architecture made for Hindus, with even temples using scalloped arches, and later domes. This was especially the case in palace architecture. Following the collapse of the Mughal Empire, regional nawabs such as in
612:
Significant regional styles developed in the independent sultanates formed when the
Tughlaq empire weakened in the mid-14th century, and lasted until most were absorbed into the Mughal Empire in the 16th century. The sultanates of the Deccan Plateau, Gujarat, Bengal and Kashmir are discussed below.
700:
and four lesser ones at the corners. The large interior has a central hypostyle space, and wide aisles with "transverse" arches springing from unusually low down (illustrated). This distinctive feature is found in other
Bahmanid buildings, and probably reflects Iranian influence, which is seen in
1084:
of
Damascus. The heavy rainfall in Bengal necessitated large roofed spaces, and the nine-domed mosque, which allowed a large area to be covered, was more popular there than anywhere else. After the Islamic consolidation of Bengal was complete, some local features continued, especially in smaller
1259:. They are often in pairs flanking the main entrance, mostly rather thin and with elaborate carving at least at the lower levels. Some designs push out balconies at intervals up the shaft; the most extreme version of this was in the lost upper parts of the so-called "shaking minarets" at the
717:"of wholly Iranian design" in Bidar founded by a chief minister, with parts decorated in glazed tiles imported by sea from Iran. Outside the city the Ashtur tombs are a group of eight large domed royal tombs. These have domes which are slightly pulled in at the base, predating the
1061:, started to be abandoned soon after the conquest of the sultanate by the Mughals in 1576, leaving many grand buildings, mostly religious. The materials from secular buildings were recycled by builders in later periods. While minarets are conspicuously absent in most mosques, the
2014:
1786:, an Islamic empire that lasted in India from 1526 to 1857 left a mark on Indian architecture that was a mix of Islamic, Persian, Arabic, Central Asian and native Indian architecture. A major aspect of Mughal architecture is the symmetrical nature of buildings and courtyards.
2262:, who died in 1631. The main ideas and themes of garden tombs had already been explored by earlier Mughal emperors, and this was the culmination of all those previous works into a national landmark. The white tomb rises above a reflecting pool, within a large walled garden.
984:. For larger mosques, Bengali architects multiplied the numbers of domes, with a nine-domed formula (three rows of three) being one option, surviving in four examples, all 15th or 16th century and now in Bangladesh, although there were others with larger numbers of domes.
462:. Unlike the buildings mentioned previously, it completely lacks carved texts, and sits in a compound with high walls and battlements. Both these tombs have external walls sloping slightly inwards, by 25° in the Delhi tomb, like many fortifications including the ruined
2446:
became exceedingly wealthy and were one of the richest royal families in the world by the mid-20th century. The Nizam commissioned construction of various public works and buildings in their state (often in Indo-Saracenic and Mughal style) such as the
2116:
1876:
are of eastern influence. Although constructed between 16th and 18th centuries, they do not possess any similarity to Mughal architecture. The stonemason works show rather typical Sindhi workmanship, probably from before
Islamic times.
708:
Some later
Bahminid royal tombs are double, with two units of the usual rectangle-with-dome form combined, one for the ruler and the other for his family, as at the Haft Dombad ("Seven Domes") group of royal tombs outside Gulbarga. The
377:
gatehouse at the Qutb complex, from 1311, still shows a cautious approach to the new technology, with very thick walls and a shallow dome, only visible from a certain distance or height. Bold contrasting colours of masonry, with red
338:
again corbelled, is now missing, and the intricate carving has been described as having an "angular harshness", from carvers working in an unfamiliar tradition. Other elements were added to the complex over the next two centuries.
2139:
524:
968:(around 1500), which is in stone, unusually for Bengal, but shares the style and mixes domes and a curving "paddy" roof based on village house roofs made of vegetable thatch. Such roofs feature even more strongly in later Bengal
386:, introduce what was to become a common feature of Indo-Islamic architecture, substituting for the polychrome tiles used in Persia and Central Asia. The pointed arches come together slightly at their base, giving a mild
123:
and other indigenous Indian styles. Both types of building essentially consist of a single large space under a high dome, and completely avoid the figurative sculpture so important to Hindu temple architecture.
300:
in
Afghanistan, of c.1190, a decade or so before the probable start of the Delhi tower. The surfaces of both are elaborately decorated with inscriptions and geometric patterns; in Delhi the shaft is
1197:
945:
or Adina, is often taken to be the earliest surviving square single-domed
Islamic building in Bengal, the standard form of smaller mosques and mausoleums. But there is a small mosque at Molla Simla,
1134:
469:
The
Tughlaqs had a corps of government architects and builders, and in this and other roles employed many Hindus. They left many buildings, and a standardized dynastic style. The third sultan,
949:, that is possibly from 1375, earlier than the mausoleum. The Eklakhi Mausoleum is large and has several features that were to become common in the Bengal style, including a slightly curved
1394:
548:
508:
halls. After the death of Firoz the
Tughlaqs declined, and the following Delhi dynasties were weak. Most of the monumental buildings constructed were tombs, although the impressive
1166:
3131:
1900:. By the late 18th century the style was effectively over. However, by this time versions of Mughal style, often called "post-Mughal", had been widely adopted by the rulers of the
800:
2629:
2096:
434:
with polychrome glazed decoration that remains much closer to the styles of Iran and
Afghanistan. Timber is also used internally. This was the earliest major monument of the
580:
5640:
4339:
3475:
2166:
1489:
1717:
6115:
3348:
1118:
1022:
s; the Sixty Dome Mosque has 26 doors (11 at the front, 7 on each side, and one in the rear). These increased the light and ventilation. Further mosques include the
485:
is a ruin, but parts are in fair condition. Some buildings from his reign take forms that had been rare or unknown in Islamic buildings. He was buried in the large
937:, whereas clay for bricks is plentiful. But stone was used for columns and prominent details, usually re-used from Hindu or Buddhist temples. The early 15th century
5268:
1794:. He systematically designed forts and towns in similar symmetrical styles that blended Indian styles with outside influences. The gate of a fort Akbar designed at
1632:), allowing for the gradual Islamization of the region and the hybridization of Persianate culture and architecture with the indigenous Buddhist styles of Kashmir.
2502:
styles that were available to the Victorian architect. The usual type of Indian architecture borrowed from was Mughal architecture, or its Rajput palace version.
5181:
2415:
emerged as a centre of Ganga-Jamuni culture and Urdu/Hindustani literature. The Nawabs of Awadh sponsored the construction of architectural masterpieces such as
2038:
933:(1352–1576) normally used brick as the primary construction material of large buildings, as pre-Islamic buildings had done. Stone had to be imported to most of
3932:
2185:
785:
3368:
1675:. Both have stone-built cores with elaborately carved wooden exterior galleries, at Amburiq on two levels, in an adaptation of traditional local styles.
518:
gardens, ponds, tombs and mosques) were constructed by the late Lodi dynasty. The architecture of other regional Muslim states was often more impressive.
5165:
2321:
1550:
1267:. This carving draws on the traditional skills of local stone-carvers, previously exercised on Hindu temples in the Māru-Gurjara and other local styles.
1255:, roofs, doors, minarets and facades. In the 15th century, the Indo-Islamic style of Gujarat is especially notable for its inventive and elegant use of
1091:
6202:
4473:
3355:
2241:
2045:
2073:
1504:
1150:
6256:
5218:
3166:
831:
2058:
879:
5138:
4415:
3388:
3343:
1182:
564:
1705:
1729:
296:
or victory tower, whose original four stages reach 73 meters (with a final stage added later). Its closest comparator is the 62-metre all-brick
111:
and tombs much the most common, were very different from those previously built in India. The exteriors of both were very often topped by large
3363:
3118:
1409:
1338:
694:
or citadel is unusual in having no courtyard. There are a total of 75 domes, all small and shallow and small except for a large one above the
6224:
5633:
4636:
4262:
4060:
3468:
3334:
1693:
630:
127:
Islamic buildings initially adapted the skills of a workforce trained in earlier Indian traditions to their own designs. Unlike most of the
6591:
6120:
3113:
4050:
770:
5827:
5472:
5261:
5145:
3088:
3078:
2647:
1621:
1213:
277:, now a ruin, was the first structure. Like other early Islamic buildings it re-used elements such as columns from destroyed Hindu and
203:
6586:
6358:
6147:
5822:
3093:
6596:
5186:
5066:
5046:
5035:
4202:
4178:
4124:
4033:
3325:
3126:
3103:
2527:
2347:
1576:
3000:
1454:
732:, not absorbed by the Mughals until 1687, greatly developed the city and its surrounding region, building many mosques such as the
2205:
410:
6229:
6209:
6076:
5990:
5660:
5626:
5072:
4351:
3461:
3228:
3055:
1106:
1904:
and other wealthy people of all religions for their palaces and, where appropriate, tombs. Hindu patrons often mixed aspects of
6098:
5031:
3990:
3304:
3237:
2732:
2192:
705:
and glazed tiles, some actually imported from Iran, used elsewhere. The architect of the mosque is said to have been Persian.
496:
By this time Islamic architecture in India had adopted some features of earlier Indian architecture, such as the use of a high
390:
effect, and their internal edges are not cusped but lined with conventionalized "spearhead" projections, possibly representing
6326:
6284:
6110:
6036:
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5607:
5564:
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5000:
4229:
4156:
4142:
4107:
3499:
3314:
3289:
2325:
1554:
5778:
473:(r. 1351–88) is said to have designed buildings himself, and was the longest ruler and greatest builder of the dynasty. His
6606:
6601:
6214:
6132:
6127:
5985:
5900:
5885:
5693:
5543:
5414:
5025:
5010:
4542:
4304:
3309:
3223:
3015:
2717:
2472:
1264:
1076:
central hall flanked by hypostyle areas. It is said to be the largest mosque in the sub-continent, and modeled after the
139:
of extremely high quality. Alongside the architecture developed in Delhi and prominent centres of Mughal culture such as
6419:
6363:
6219:
6179:
6162:
6152:
6056:
6051:
5409:
5392:
5348:
5208:
5203:
5052:
5015:
4380:
4309:
3159:
2274:
in Delhi is also an important example of Mughal Architecture. It was built during the zenith of the Mughal Empire under
1828:, occasional residence of Mughal rulers, exhibits a multiplicity of important buildings from the empire, among them the
1824:
design elements of Islamic-Persian architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of the Hindustani art.
1741:
1248:
850:
6321:
6189:
6137:
6046:
5783:
5688:
5538:
5518:
5291:
5176:
5088:
5020:
4334:
4112:
3211:
3138:
2495:
1647:, a large wooden congregational mosque that incorporates elements of Buddhist pagoda structure, as well as the wooden
1681:
1439:
816:
281:
temples, including one on the same site whose platform was reused. The style was Iranian, but the arches were still
1424:
6616:
6475:
6299:
6279:
6234:
6197:
6142:
6031:
6026:
5728:
5723:
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5301:
5104:
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4931:
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3320:
3020:
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2279:
1015:
199:
6533:
6516:
6480:
6336:
6172:
6105:
5895:
5880:
5579:
5548:
5528:
5508:
5434:
5114:
5042:
4319:
4255:
3969:
3451:
3108:
2737:
2456:
2025:
1905:
1474:
1299:
1047:
969:
474:
120:
92:, a series of Central Asian dynasties that consolidated much of North, East, and Central India, and later by the
5954:
5832:
3233:
3183:
2982:
2310:
2211:
1970:
1539:
856:
733:
423:
45:
34:
1380:
6611:
6550:
6424:
6093:
5850:
5745:
5665:
5649:
5589:
5569:
5503:
5465:
5377:
5296:
3152:
2722:
2509:
2484:
2464:
2329:
2314:
2149:
1964:
1558:
1543:
1098:
1011:
638:
4197:. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. I.8. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University in Bijapur Press.
1233:
864:
489:
in Delhi, with many other buildings from his period and the later Sultanate, including several small domed
6511:
6434:
6414:
6351:
5980:
5770:
5718:
5683:
5594:
5584:
5513:
5498:
5404:
5368:
5358:
2762:
2452:
1644:
1400:
1386:
1287:
1283:
1260:
1247:
The distinctive Indo-Islamic architecture style of Gujarat drew micro-architectural elements from earlier
913:
894:
447:
415:
301:
195:
6523:
6506:
6501:
6368:
5860:
5765:
5733:
5713:
5574:
5387:
5363:
5328:
5318:
5277:
5131:
4611:
4405:
2742:
2707:
1511:
1291:
1275:
807:
30:
1274:, independent between 1407 and 1543, Gujarat was a prosperous regional sultanate under the rule of the
1348:
Indo-Islamic architecture style of Gujarat presages many of the architectural elements later found in
6560:
6555:
6496:
6444:
6373:
6341:
6016:
5915:
5910:
5875:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5740:
5523:
5424:
5419:
5343:
5094:
4904:
4400:
4395:
4385:
4375:
4370:
4360:
4355:
4314:
4294:
4279:
4248:
3494:
3393:
3035:
3030:
2557:
2499:
2448:
791:
776:
710:
687:
531:
501:
343:
97:
1767:
6565:
6528:
6398:
6383:
6289:
6167:
6066:
5995:
5932:
5905:
5865:
5701:
5460:
5453:
5448:
5429:
5382:
4858:
4815:
4365:
4344:
3398:
3245:
3083:
3040:
2652:
2637:
1928:
1791:
1758:
1495:
1466:
1349:
1331:
1315:
885:
741:
438:(1320–1413), built during the unsustainable expansion of its massive territory. It was built for a
191:
69:
4234:
6388:
6331:
5949:
5399:
5333:
5323:
5171:
4833:
4823:
4667:
4621:
4324:
3912:
3406:
3206:
2858:
2798:
2777:
2597:
2488:
2480:
2385:
2079:
2064:
1956:
1640:
1445:
1307:
725:
470:
2376:
Following the collapse of the Mughal Empire after the Mughal-Maratha Wars, the emergence of the
918:
6545:
6538:
6346:
6086:
6071:
6000:
5944:
5482:
5235:
4805:
4800:
4782:
4739:
4493:
4198:
4174:
4152:
4138:
4128:
4120:
4103:
4056:
4029:
3904:
3294:
3050:
2692:
2682:
2672:
2612:
2607:
2592:
2582:
2572:
2542:
2476:
2443:
1932:
1841:
1771:
1271:
1204:
1173:
1023:
1007:
965:
938:
922:
900:
761:
737:
667:
655:
634:
618:
571:
486:
262:
164:
160:
156:
4192:
4160:
1220:
1141:
1058:
312:
were slow to be used in India, and are often detached from the main mosque where they exist.
6465:
6081:
5706:
5082:
5078:
4918:
4790:
4757:
4677:
4468:
3896:
3413:
3201:
3010:
2782:
2772:
2702:
2677:
2577:
2547:
1974:
1873:
1849:
1656:
1613:
1605:
1295:
1125:
1035:
1003:
946:
930:
749:
463:
270:
168:
152:
183:
continued to commission and patronize the construction of Mughal-style architecture in the
6061:
6041:
5109:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4795:
4729:
4631:
4598:
4515:
4299:
4025:
4018:
3940:
3936:
3437:
3191:
2963:
2838:
2787:
2767:
2727:
2712:
2567:
2283:
2282:
in 2007. As one of the largest forts in India, it served as the official residence of the
2172:
2145:
1960:
1924:
1908:
and traditional Hindu palace architecture with Mughal elements and, later, European ones.
1893:
1885:
1829:
1660:
1648:
1157:
1027:
691:
614:
450:(d. 1325) is more austere, but impressive; like a Hindu temple, it is topped with a small
435:
258:
89:
80:, the development of Indo-Islamic architecture began in earnest with the establishment of
4089:
2122:
1920:
17:
3994:
6294:
6021:
5757:
5058:
4962:
4848:
4724:
4626:
4583:
4578:
3420:
3045:
2898:
2873:
2868:
2823:
2517:
2468:
2424:
1901:
1810:
1668:
1081:
1039:
702:
555:
387:
370:
359:
297:
184:
93:
85:
73:
54:
50:
4225:
265:
introduced a large Islamic state to India, using Central Asian styles. The important
218:
135:
tended to predominate, India had highly skilled builders well used to producing stone
6580:
6251:
6184:
6157:
5927:
4975:
4863:
4744:
4734:
4714:
4616:
3432:
3073:
3025:
3005:
2833:
2828:
2808:
2687:
2587:
2428:
2416:
2408:
1998:
1950:
1837:
1783:
1762:
1342:
1341:, the 16th century capital of Gujarat Sultanate, documents the early Islamic and pre-
1319:
1311:
1237:
1054:
1043:
942:
443:
128:
2360:
2232:, India, widely considered the pinnacle of Islamic architecture in the subcontinent.
210:. Both secular and religious buildings are influenced by Indo-Islamic architecture.
6449:
6429:
6304:
5338:
5223:
4868:
4571:
4561:
4553:
4390:
3841:
3299:
3250:
3098:
2883:
2813:
2697:
2420:
2365:
2255:
2224:
1994:
1984:
1865:
1617:
1430:
1415:
1323:
1303:
1073:
1069:
1031:
996:
659:
587:
509:
478:
391:
374:
274:
266:
231:
227:
1805:
600:
3554:
6393:
6241:
5959:
5937:
5477:
5311:
5306:
4940:
4749:
4719:
4538:
4532:
4524:
4520:
4458:
4271:
4166:
4093:
3379:
2863:
2377:
2299:
2103:
2021:
1942:
1833:
1652:
1593:
1528:
1480:
1327:
1188:
1062:
539:
324:
282:
207:
315:
6261:
6246:
5229:
5213:
4588:
4443:
4428:
3900:
2878:
2818:
2562:
2432:
2381:
2275:
2259:
2129:, uses red sandstone and white marble, like many of the Mughal monuments. The
1988:
1897:
1861:
1821:
1629:
981:
977:
958:
870:
757:
718:
648:
439:
305:
289:
243:
223:
3908:
1018:. These show other distinctive features, such as a multiplicity of doors and
6470:
5975:
5191:
4926:
4528:
2853:
2397:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2157:
2153:
2130:
2107:
2049:
2005:
1946:
1916:
1881:
1869:
1279:
1241:
1077:
992:
841:
837:
753:
729:
679:
651:
505:
431:
379:
351:
331:
320:
176:
148:
101:
1085:
buildings, but the Mughals used their usual style in imperial commissions.
5618:
2923:
987:
402:
screens, are introduced here; they already had been long used in temples.
6439:
6378:
6311:
5353:
5196:
4970:
4853:
4843:
4606:
4463:
3885:"A Self-Conscious Art? Seeing Micro-Architecture in Sultanate South Asia"
2958:
2843:
2792:
2602:
2436:
2271:
2083:
1938:
1636:
1597:
973:
954:
745:
675:
605:
514:
490:
399:
366:
273:, by 1199, and continued under Qutb al-Din Aibak and later sultans. The
247:
5246:
3916:
3884:
1589:
254:, Pakistan, from the year 727, from which only the plan can be deduced.
6316:
4894:
4873:
4453:
3961:
2953:
2928:
2552:
2412:
2369:
2196:
1978:
1799:
1609:
1366:
1256:
950:
714:
643:
482:
459:
451:
335:
309:
293:
238:
The best-preserved example of a mosque from the days of the infancy of
172:
151:, a variety of regional styles developed in regional kingdoms like the
136:
107:
The types and forms of large buildings required by Muslim elites, with
308:
bracketing under the balconies" at the top of each stage. In general
5098:
4946:
4878:
4828:
4698:
4693:
4672:
4657:
4448:
3585:
3268:
3258:
2933:
2918:
2888:
2401:
2176:
1889:
1853:
1845:
1825:
1672:
1664:
1625:
1371:
1354:
1252:
934:
696:
671:
497:
455:
427:
383:
180:
144:
108:
38:
1848:, 1634–1635) as well as numerous other mosques and mausoleums. The
1655:
and the Tomb of Zain-ul-Abidin. Two 14th-century wooden mosques in
96:
during the early 16th century. Both of these dynasties introduced
4936:
4899:
4838:
4652:
4566:
4423:
2893:
2848:
2803:
2393:
2359:
2223:
2087:
2029:
1857:
1804:
1787:
1775:
1766:
1588:
1232:
986:
917:
823:
683:
642:
599:
535:
446:
are much less exuberant. The tomb of the founder of the dynasty,
409:
347:
314:
251:
239:
217:
132:
81:
77:
58:
44:
29:
1868:
Islamic style, as the emperor had recently been campaigning near
4662:
4438:
4433:
4149:
Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh
3280:
2229:
2126:
1814:
1795:
1461:
1360:
658:
in Deccani style, the world's 2nd largest pre-modern dome after
395:
355:
278:
140:
116:
112:
5622:
5250:
4244:
4137:, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
2435:
in Lucknow, as well as Gulab Bari and Bahu Begum ka Maqbara in
2020:
The use of elephant-shaped column brackets in buildings of the
5675:
4240:
2293:
1522:
1065:
was built in Gauda to commemorate Bengali military victories.
1790:, who ruled in the 16th century, made major contributions to
1403:(the upper parts of the minarets at the entrance now lost).
1072:(1374–75) is very large, which is unusual in Bengal, with a
190:
Indo-Islamic architecture has left a large impact on modern
4052:
Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice
2404:
emerged as powerful regional states independent of Delhi.
1778:, the first fully developed Mughal imperial tomb, 1569-70
1140:
Terracotta arabesque on the wall of Khania Dighi Mosque,
4102:, 1995, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art,
3597:
Yale, 164; Harle, 424 (quoted); Blair & Bloom, 149
1322:
and Pattharwali Masjid, as well as structures such as
504:
around its edges, as well as columns and brackets and
373:(d. 1287) in Delhi may be the earliest survival. The
342:
Another very early mosque, begun in the 1190s, is the
3575:
Yale, 164-165; Harle, 423-424; Blair & Bloom, 149
2246:
The best known example of Mughal architecture is the
1723:
Tomb of Zain-ul-Abedin's mother in Srinagar, Kashmir.
674:
broke away from the Tughlaqs in 1347, and ruled from
358:. At Ajmer the smaller screen arches are tentatively
2392:, prosperous provinces of the Mughal Empire such as
1014:, an abandoned city in Bangladesh now featured as a
1010:(completed 1459) and several other buildings in the
6489:
6458:
6407:
6272:
6009:
5968:
5843:
5756:
5674:
5557:
5491:
5284:
5155:
5123:
4999:
4961:
4917:
4887:
4814:
4781:
4772:
4707:
4686:
4645:
4597:
4552:
4508:
4501:
4414:
4287:
4278:
4135:
The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent
1278:, who built lavishly, particularly in the capital,
4017:
3930:"The Shaking Minarets at Ahmedabad, drawn in 1809"
3536:Harle, 421, 425; Yale, 165; Blair & Bloom, 149
76:and purposes. Despite an initial Arab presence in
3132:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)
1282:. The sultanate commissioned mosques such as the
466:opposite the tomb, intended as the new capital.
2133:is a notable exception, as it uses only marble.
1911:Major examples of Mughal architecture include:
5182:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
3127:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989)
2487:, as well as palaces like Hyderabad House and
119:. Both of these features were hardly used in
5634:
5262:
4256:
4194:Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates
4119:, 2013 (reprint, 1940 1st edn.), Read Books,
3469:
3160:
1053:Both capitals of the Bengal Sultanate, first
8:
4226:Characteristics of Indo-Islamic architecture
4100:The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250-1800
430:, Pakistan is a large octagonal brick-built
4237:in the Introduction to Islamic Architecture
2328:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2028:on Mughal Architecture during the reign of
1735:Chaqchan Mosque in Khaplu, Gilgit-Baltistan
1557:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1345:city that has remained without any change.
554:Possibly the first "true" arches in India;
442:rather than a sultan, and most of the many
27:Islamic architecture in Indian subcontinent
5641:
5627:
5619:
5269:
5255:
5247:
5166:Islamic Art: Mirror of the Invisible World
4778:
4505:
4284:
4263:
4249:
4241:
3651:Blair & Bloom, 151-156; Harle, 425-426
3476:
3462:
3178:
3167:
3153:
2504:
1836:(16th and 17th centuries) with the famous
1364:(perforated screens carved in stone), and
686:until overrun by the Mughals in 1527. The
621:has also left some significant buildings.
365:By around 1300 true domes and arches with
4191:Michell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999).
2348:Learn how and when to remove this message
2242:Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal
2179:, Pakistan, late Mughal, built 1673–1674.
1860:was built under, and probably largely by
1608:established a sultanate encompassing the
1577:Learn how and when to remove this message
957:at the corners, and decoration in carved
202:, as in the case of its influence on the
88:in 1193. Succeeding the Ghurids was the
5219:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
4117:Indian Architecture (The Islamic Period)
5139:Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands
4098:Blair, Sheila, and Bloom, Jonathan M.,
3993:. Worldheritagesite.org. Archived from
3511:
3445:
3378:
3333:
3279:
3197:
3190:
2516:
2372:, 1784, from the rear, during flooding.
2010:
1880:Later Mughal architecture, built under
1677:
1639:in modern Indian-administered Kashmir,
1376:
1087:
766:
520:
4171:Islamic Art and Architecture: 650-1250
3687:Blair & Bloom, 154-156; Harle, 425
3624:Blair & Bloom, 149-150; Harle, 425
3119:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
2407:In Awadh (encompassing modern eastern
2067:, one of the largest mosques in India.
1802:gryphon, Indian elephants, and birds.
1604:By 1339, Shams-ud-din Shah Mir of the
1339:Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park
3777:Brown, XXIX; Hasan, 34-35; Harle, 428
1207:, late 15th and early 16th centuries
631:Architecture of the Deccan sultanates
7:
3557:, UNESCO Tentative list; Yale, 28-29
3114:Muslim chronicles for Indian history
3089:All India Ulema & Mashaikh Board
2326:adding citations to reliable sources
1747:Amburiq Mosque in Gilgit-Baltistan.
1711:Khanqah-e-Moula in Srinagar, Kashmir
1555:adding citations to reliable sources
1229:Indo-Islamic architecture of Gujarat
1124:Ruined mihrabs and arabesque inside
1042:. Single-domed mosques include the
964:These features are also seen in the
5146:Hajj: Journey to the Heart of Islam
4055:. Hurst & Company. p. 63.
4024:. Thames and Hudson, Ltd. pp.
3079:All India Muslim Personal Law Board
1097:Shat Gombuj (Sixty Dome) Mosque in
1080:of Ctesiphon, Iraq, as well as the
822:A row of Bahminid tombs at Ashtur,
214:Architecture of the Delhi Sultanate
4169:and Marilyn Jenkins-Madina, 2001,
3732:Blair & Bloom, 156; Harle, 433
3714:Harle, 426; Blair & Bloom, 156
3669:Blair & Bloom, 154; Harle, 425
3094:Ahle Sunnat Movement in South Asia
1687:Jamia Masjid in Srinagar, Kashmir.
1418:(Three-Gate) entrance to Ahmedabad
1112:Interior of the Shat Gambuj Mosque
779:(begun construction in the 1460s).
226:(left, begun c. 1200) next to the
25:
5047:Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem
3104:All India Shia Personal Law Board
1651:mosque. Also in Srinagar are the
334:was added by 1236; its dome, the
4492:
3842:"BENGAL – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
3056:Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College
2628:
2526:
2298:
2290:Post-Mughal Islamic architecture
2204:
2184:
2165:
2138:
2115:
2095:
2072:
2057:
2037:
2013:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1527:
1503:
1488:
1473:
1453:
1438:
1423:
1408:
1393:
1379:
1212:
1196:
1181:
1165:
1149:
1133:
1117:
1105:
1090:
893:
878:
863:
849:
830:
815:
799:
784:
769:
744:and Toli Mosque, as well as the
713:(begun 1460s) is a large ruined
596:Pre-Mughal regional architecture
579:
563:
547:
523:
288:Beside it is the extremely tall
5430:Thantra-Samuchayam/Shilparatnam
3972:from the original on 2019-09-03
3883:LAMBOURN, ELIZABETH A. (2010).
2756:Famous Families and ethnicities
1884:(ruled 1658–1707), include the
1203:Corner tower with arabesque on
1002:Buildings in the style are the
362:, for the first time in India.
285:in the traditional Indian way.
5608:Category:Architecture in India
4230:Archaeological Survey of India
4049:Valentine, Simon Ross (2008).
3615:Yale, 164 (quoted); Harle, 425
3500:History of domes in South Asia
3001:Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College
1872:. Singularly, the innumerable
104:into the Indian subcontinent.
1:
5901:Anatolian Seljuk architecture
4235:Islamic Architecture in India
4165:"Yale":Richard Ettinghausen,
3016:Darul Huda Islamic University
2718:Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal
1699:Interior of the Jamia Masjid.
604:Arches in the main mosque at
586:Tomb of Sikander Lodi in the
369:were being built; the ruined
5204:Mathematics and architecture
3966:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
3962:"Historic City of Ahmadabad"
1643:(died 1413) constructed the
794:(b. 1367), pictured in 1880.
115:, and made extensive use of
6592:Indian architectural styles
3139:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen
2496:Indo-Saracenic architecture
493:supported only by columns.
68:is the architecture of the
6633:
3678:Blair & Bloom, 154-156
3584:Also two huge minarets at
3021:Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya
2390:British East India Company
2280:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2235:
2152:, built by Mughal emperor
2001:, Athpullah and Barapullah
1756:
1612:(consisting of modern-day
1016:UNESCO World Heritage Site
911:
628:
6587:Indo-Islamic architecture
5656:
5603:
5187:Influences on Western art
4490:
4173:, Yale University Press,
3901:10.1163/22118993_02701007
3452:Islamization of knowledge
3335:Science in medieval times
3109:Indian Muslim nationalism
2738:E. K. Aboobacker Musliyar
1906:Hindu temple architecture
1249:Maru-Gurjara architecture
1048:Shankarpasha Shahi Masjid
972:, with types such as the
970:Hindu temple architecture
953:, large round decorative
701:other features such as a
512:(adorned with fountains,
475:Firoz Shah Palace Complex
269:in Delhi was begun under
204:Indo-Saracenic Revivalism
121:Hindu temple architecture
66:Indo-Islamic architecture
18:Indo-Islamic Architecture
6597:Architecture in Pakistan
3795:Hasan, 36-37; Harle, 428
2983:List of mosques in India
2212:Shalimar Gardens, Lahore
2102:Tomb of Nithar Begum at
1864:, but strongly reflects
1288:Jama Masjid at Champaner
1284:Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad
857:Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad
750:tombs of the Qutb Shahis
721:of Mughal architecture.
613:The architecture of the
426:(built 1320 to 1324) in
424:tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam
246:is the ruined mosque at
200:Bangladeshi architecture
37:(built 1320 to 1324) in
35:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam
5666:History of construction
5650:History of architecture
4016:Lewis, Bernard (2002).
2912:Religious jurisprudence
2733:Panakkad Shihab Thangal
2723:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
2150:Aurangabad, Maharashtra
1832:(built 1673–1674), the
1370:(pavilions topped with
1292:Jami Masjid at Khambhat
1012:Mosque City of Bagerhat
639:Qutb Shahi architecture
323:, Delhi, by 1236, with
5661:Architectural timeline
5177:Indo-Saracenic Revival
3705:Blair & Bloom, 156
3696:Blair & Bloom, 149
3660:Blair & Bloom, 151
3642:Blair & Bloom, 151
2763:Islam in Uttar Pradesh
2373:
2286:for nearly 200 years.
2278:. It was designated a
2233:
2193:Tombs of Ustad-Shagird
1817:
1779:
1601:
1401:Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad
1387:Jama Mosque, Champaner
1261:Jama Mosque, Ahmedabad
1244:
999:
926:
914:Architecture of Bengal
810:(d. 1422), in Gulbarga
663:
609:
448:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
419:
416:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
327:
275:Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque
235:
84:as the capital of the
62:
42:
6203:America and Australia
5823:Medieval Scandinavian
5278:Architecture of India
5132:Empire of the Sultans
3846:www.iranicaonline.org
3545:Harle, 424; Yale, 165
2743:K. Ali Kutty Musliyar
2708:Zainuddin Makhdoom II
2473:The Assembly building
2380:and the invasions of
2363:
2227:
1808:
1770:
1592:
1512:Jami Mosque, Khambhat
1265:an earthquake in 1819
1263:, which fell down in
1251:and employed them in
1236:
990:
921:
808:Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah
646:
629:Further information:
603:
510:Lodi Gardens in Delhi
413:
318:
221:
48:
33:
6607:Architectural styles
6602:Islamic architecture
6445:Critical regionalism
5095:Arab World Institute
4905:Ottoman illumination
4151:, 2007, I.B.Tauris,
3991:"Champaner-Pavagadh"
3495:Indo-Persian culture
3263:(Islamic monotheism)
3229:Early social changes
3224:Early historiography
3036:Al Jamiatul Ashrafia
3031:Al-Jame-atul-Islamia
2558:Cheraman Juma Masjid
2500:revival architecture
2481:Osmania Arts College
2449:Telangana High Court
2322:improve this section
2250:. It was built as a
2048:(Great Gate) of the
1957:Jama Masjid of Delhi
1551:improve this section
1300:Rani Rupamati Mosque
1176:, early 15th-century
1099:Bagerhat, Bangladesh
792:Jama Mosque Gulbarga
777:Mahmud Gawan Madrasa
711:Mahmud Gawan Madrasa
690:(1367) in the large
532:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
406:Tughlaq architecture
344:Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra
100:and art styles from
98:Islamic architecture
72:produced by and for
6384:Stripped Classicism
6359:International style
6342:Rationalist-Fascist
5991:Portuguese Colonial
5741:Pre-Islamic Persian
3084:Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind
3041:Darul Uloom Deoband
1792:Mughal architecture
1759:Mughal architecture
1753:Mughal architecture
1496:Dada Harir Stepwell
1352:, including ornate
1350:Mughal architecture
1332:Dada Harir Stepwell
886:Hayat Bakshi Mosque
840:at the Old City in
742:Hayat Bakshi Mosque
70:Indian subcontinent
6389:Postconstructivism
6332:Streamline Moderne
5172:Aniconism in Islam
5110:Toronto (Aga Khan)
5067:Khalili Collection
4932:Geometric patterns
4340:Bahmani and Deccan
4020:The World of Islam
3935:2022-09-25 at the
3068:Influential bodies
2947:Schools of thought
2799:Hyderabadi Muslims
2778:Rajasthani Muslims
2598:Kunhali Marakkar I
2489:Chowmahalla Palace
2442:In Hyderabad, the
2386:Ahmad Shah Durrani
2374:
2234:
2065:Jama Masjid, Delhi
1834:fortress of Lahore
1818:
1780:
1635:In the capital at
1602:
1467:Sidi Sayyid Mosque
1446:Sidi Bashir Mosque
1433:complex, Ahmedabad
1316:Sidi Sayyed Mosque
1308:Sidi Bashir Mosque
1276:Muzaffarid dynasty
1245:
1000:
927:
726:Qutb Shahi dynasty
664:
619:Jaunpur sultanates
610:
558:(d. 1287) in Delhi
477:(started 1354) at
420:
328:
236:
230:gatehouse (1311);
169:Kashmir Sultanates
63:
43:
6617:Islam in Pakistan
6574:
6573:
5616:
5615:
5244:
5243:
4913:
4912:
4768:
4767:
4740:Hardstone carving
4637:Chinese influence
4488:
4487:
4474:Stucco decoration
4159:, 9781845113810,
4062:978-1-85065-916-7
3997:on 6 October 2012
3486:
3485:
3238:Modern philosophy
3177:
3176:
2693:Nizamuddin Auliya
2683:Moinuddin Chishti
2673:Sheikh Ubaidullah
2613:Malabar Rebellion
2608:Kingdom of Mysore
2593:Deccan sultanates
2583:Gujarat Sultanate
2573:Bahmani Sultanate
2543:Sheikh Ubaidullah
2477:Niloufer Hospital
2444:Asaf Jahi dynasty
2358:
2357:
2350:
2228:The Taj Mahal in
1842:Wazir Khan Mosque
1641:Sikandar Shah Mir
1622:Jammu and Kashmir
1610:region of Kashmir
1587:
1586:
1579:
1272:Gujarat Sultanate
1205:Choto Sona Mosque
1174:Eklakhi Mausoleum
1057:, then from 1450
1024:Baro Shona Masjid
1008:Sixty Dome Mosque
966:Choto Sona Mosque
939:Eklakhi Mausoleum
923:Choto Sona Mosque
901:Khairtabad Mosque
806:"Double" tomb of
762:Taramati Baradari
738:Khairtabad Mosque
668:Bahmani Sultanate
656:Bijapur Sultanate
635:Bahmani Sultanate
625:Deccan sultanates
572:Hauz Khas Complex
570:Pavilions in the
487:Hauz Khas Complex
263:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
257:The start of the
16:(Redirected from
6624:
6466:Deconstructivism
6225:Spanish Colonial
5986:Spanish Colonial
5886:Western Chalukya
5694:Ancient Egyptian
5643:
5636:
5629:
5620:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5248:
5083:Majorelle Garden
4779:
4612:Hispano-Moresque
4506:
4496:
4305:Anatolian Seljuk
4285:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4242:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4147:Hasan, Perween,
4076:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4023:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3864:Hasan, 35-36, 39
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3558:
3555:Port of Banbhore
3552:
3546:
3543:
3537:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3423:
3416:
3414:Classical Arabic
3272:
3264:
3179:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3011:Aliah University
2977:Mosques in India
2783:Gujarati Muslims
2773:Kashmiri Muslims
2703:Sarkar Waris Pak
2678:Malik bin Deenar
2632:
2578:Bengal Sultanate
2553:Cheraman Perumal
2548:Malik bin Deenar
2530:
2520:
2505:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2302:
2294:
2208:
2188:
2169:
2142:
2119:
2099:
2076:
2061:
2041:
2026:Hindu influences
2017:
1971:Shalimar Gardens
1874:Chaukhandi tombs
1850:Shahjahan Mosque
1840:, the colourful
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1657:Gilgit-Baltistan
1649:Khanqah-e-Moulah
1614:Gilgit-Baltistan
1606:Shah Mir dynasty
1582:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1562:
1531:
1523:
1507:
1492:
1477:
1457:
1442:
1427:
1412:
1397:
1383:
1296:Qutbuddin Mosque
1219:Dakhil Doorway,
1216:
1200:
1185:
1169:
1153:
1137:
1126:Darasbari Mosque
1121:
1109:
1094:
1036:Darasbari Mosque
1004:Nine Dome Mosque
991:Interior of the
947:Hooghly district
931:Bengal Sultanate
908:Bengal Sultanate
897:
882:
867:
853:
834:
819:
803:
788:
773:
583:
567:
551:
527:
464:Tughlaqabad Fort
418:(d. 1325), Delhi
271:Muhammad of Ghor
21:
6632:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6621:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6485:
6454:
6403:
6337:Totalitarianism
6327:New Objectivity
6268:
6121:Serbo-Byzantine
6116:Russo-Byzantine
6005:
5964:
5839:
5816:Islamic Persian
5752:
5670:
5652:
5647:
5617:
5612:
5599:
5553:
5487:
5410:Badami Chalukya
5280:
5275:
5245:
5240:
5209:Moorish Revival
5157:
5151:
5119:
5036:Calligraphy Art
5002:
4995:
4957:
4909:
4883:
4810:
4774:
4764:
4730:Enamelled glass
4703:
4682:
4641:
4593:
4548:
4509:Regional styles
4497:
4484:
4410:
4381:Sudano-Sahelian
4288:Regional styles
4274:
4269:
4222:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4190:
4187:
4185:Further reading
4088:"Banglapedia":
4085:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4063:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3975:
3973:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3941:British Library
3937:Wayback Machine
3928:
3924:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3850:
3848:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3491:
3482:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3372:
3366:
3319:
3270:
3262:
3255:
3216:
3192:Islamic studies
3173:
3144:
3143:
3069:
3061:
3060:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2948:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2839:Dakhini Muslims
2788:Konkani Muslims
2768:Bengali Muslims
2757:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2728:Syed Ahmad Khan
2713:Ahmad Raza Khan
2667:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2568:Delhi Sultanate
2538:
2518:
2485:Medical College
2354:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2319:
2303:
2292:
2268:
2244:
2236:Main articles:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2200:
2189:
2180:
2173:Badshahi mosque
2170:
2161:
2160:for his mother.
2146:Bibi Ka Maqbara
2143:
2134:
2120:
2111:
2100:
2091:
2077:
2068:
2062:
2053:
2046:Darwaza-i-Rauza
2042:
2033:
2018:
1983:Caravansaries:
1961:Badshahi Masjid
1929:Safdarjung Tomb
1925:Bibi ka Maqbara
1902:princely states
1894:Bibi ka Maqbara
1886:Badshahi Mosque
1830:Badshahi mosque
1809:King's Gate at
1765:
1757:Main articles:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1736:
1733:
1724:
1721:
1712:
1709:
1700:
1697:
1688:
1685:
1667:(1370) and the
1661:Chaqchan Mosque
1583:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1548:
1532:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1499:
1493:
1484:
1478:
1469:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1419:
1413:
1404:
1398:
1389:
1384:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1201:
1192:
1191:, Gauda, 1480s
1186:
1177:
1170:
1161:
1158:Pathrail Mosque
1154:
1145:
1138:
1129:
1122:
1113:
1110:
1101:
1095:
1055:Pandua or Adina
1028:Pathrail Mosque
916:
910:
903:
898:
889:
883:
874:
868:
859:
854:
845:
835:
826:
820:
811:
804:
795:
789:
780:
774:
692:Kalaburagi Fort
641:
627:
598:
591:
584:
575:
568:
559:
552:
543:
528:
436:Tughlaq dynasty
408:
259:Delhi Sultanate
216:
185:princely states
90:Delhi Sultanate
74:Islamic patrons
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6630:
6628:
6620:
6619:
6614:
6612:Islam in India
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6579:
6578:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6504:
6499:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6322:Constructivism
6319:
6314:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6297:
6295:Prairie School
6292:
6287:
6282:
6276:
6274:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6176:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5930:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5890:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5847:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5828:Pre-Romanesque
5825:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5773:
5768:
5762:
5760:
5758:1st millennium
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5716:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5623:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5473:Indo-Saracenic
5470:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5400:Hindu-southern
5397:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5351:
5346:
5334:Hindu-northern
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5299:
5294:
5292:Ancient Indian
5288:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5251:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5236:Topkapı Scroll
5233:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5161:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5091:
5086:
5075:
5070:
5059:British Museum
5055:
5050:
5043:Islamic Museum
5039:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5005:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4949:
4944:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4820:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4754:Stained glass
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4725:Damascus steel
4722:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4536:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4289:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4232:
4221:
4220:External links
4218:
4217:
4216:
4203:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4163:
4145:
4131:
4110:
4096:
4090:"Architecture"
4084:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:Harle, 443-444
4068:
4061:
4041:
4034:
4008:
3982:
3953:
3951:Harle, 429-430
3944:
3922:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3806:
3797:
3788:
3779:
3770:
3761:
3752:
3743:
3734:
3725:
3723:Harle, 431-432
3716:
3707:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3662:
3653:
3644:
3635:
3626:
3617:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3577:
3568:
3566:Harle, 423-424
3559:
3547:
3538:
3529:
3520:
3518:Harle, 423-424
3510:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3251:Concept of God
3248:
3242:
3240:
3231:
3226:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3051:Ma'din Academy
3048:
3046:Manzar-e-Islam
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:Shershahabadia
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2869:Iraqi Biradari
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2824:Bihari Muslims
2821:
2816:
2811:
2809:Dawoodi Bohras
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2648:Indo-Saracenic
2645:
2640:
2634:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2519:Islam in India
2514:
2513:
2494:The so-called
2469:Asafia Library
2457:Public Gardens
2425:Chota Imambara
2356:
2355:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2267:
2264:
2258:, the wife of
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2190:
2183:
2181:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1991:
1981:
1979:Verinag Garden
1967:
1953:
1935:
1933:Humayun's Tomb
1811:Fatehpur Sikri
1772:Humayun's Tomb
1754:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1679:
1669:Amburiq Mosque
1585:
1584:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1358:and minarets,
1334:in Ahmedabad.
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1223:, 16th-century
1218:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1160:, 15th-century
1155:
1148:
1146:
1144:, 15th-century
1139:
1132:
1130:
1128:, 15th-century
1123:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1082:Umayyad Mosque
1074:barrel vaulted
1040:Kusumba Mosque
912:Main article:
909:
906:
905:
904:
899:
892:
890:
884:
877:
875:
869:
862:
860:
855:
848:
846:
836:
829:
827:
821:
814:
812:
805:
798:
796:
790:
783:
781:
775:
768:
703:four-iwan plan
626:
623:
597:
594:
593:
592:
585:
578:
576:
569:
562:
560:
556:Tomb of Balban
553:
546:
544:
542:, some cusped.
530:Screen of the
529:
522:
407:
404:
388:horseshoe arch
371:Tomb of Balban
298:Minaret of Jam
261:in 1206 under
215:
212:
86:Ghurid dynasty
55:Fatehpur Sikri
51:Buland Darwaza
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6629:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6540:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6476:New Classical
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6420:Structuralism
6418:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6364:Functionalism
6362:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6300:Expressionism
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6252:Liberty style
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6185:Neo-Manueline
6183:
6181:
6178:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6158:Monumentalism
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6148:Mediterranean
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5928:Romano-Gothic
5926:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5729:Ancient Roman
5727:
5725:
5724:Ancient Greek
5722:
5721:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5639:
5637:
5632:
5630:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5544:Uttar Pradesh
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5272:
5267:
5265:
5260:
5258:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4777:
4771:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4745:Ivory carving
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4495:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4254:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4206:
4204:0-521-56321-6
4200:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4179:9780300088694
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4133:Harle, J.C.,
4132:
4130:
4126:
4125:9781447494829
4122:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4035:0-500-27624-2
4031:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4012:
4009:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3792:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3527:Yale, 164-165
3524:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3479:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3369:Ophthalmology
3365:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:Jurisprudence
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Muslim Jamaat
3072:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:Jamiatur Raza
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Jamia Nizamia
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2943:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Arabs (India)
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:Tamil Muslims
2832:
2830:
2829:Oriya Muslims
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:Bakhtiar Kaki
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2666:Major figures
2663:
2662:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:Mughal Empire
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:Sikandar Bagh
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:Bara Imambara
2414:
2410:
2409:Uttar Pradesh
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2349:
2341:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2307:This section
2305:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2004:Milemarkers:
2003:
2000:
1999:Mughal Bridge
1996:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:Idrakpur Fort
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:Central Asian
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1838:Alamgiri Gate
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1798:exhibits the
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:Mughal Empire
1777:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1763:Mughal garden
1760:
1752:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1581:
1578:
1570:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1536:This section
1534:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1320:Nagina Mosque
1317:
1313:
1312:Kevada Mosque
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1239:
1238:Kevada Mosque
1235:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1172:Single-domed
1168:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1078:Ayvan-e Kasra
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:Gauda or Gaur
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1044:Singar Mosque
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
994:
989:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:Pandua, Malda
940:
936:
932:
925:(around 1500)
924:
920:
915:
907:
902:
896:
891:
887:
881:
876:
872:
866:
861:
858:
852:
847:
843:
839:
833:
828:
825:
818:
813:
809:
802:
797:
793:
787:
782:
778:
772:
767:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
746:Golconda Fort
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
706:
704:
699:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
661:
657:
653:
650:
645:
640:
636:
632:
624:
622:
620:
616:
607:
602:
595:
589:
582:
577:
573:
566:
561:
557:
550:
545:
541:
540:Corbel arches
537:
533:
526:
521:
519:
517:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Tughlaq tombs
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
417:
412:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
337:
333:
326:
325:corbel arches
322:
319:Mausoleum of
317:
313:
311:
307:
304:with "superb
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
233:
229:
225:
220:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
129:Islamic world
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
94:Mughal Empire
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
36:
32:
19:
6534:Mesoamerican
6481:Contemporary
6459:2000–present
6450:Neo-futurism
6430:Blobitecture
6257:Modern Style
6173:Neoclassical
5921:Indo-Islamic
5920:
5896:Great Seljuk
5881:Vijayanagara
5775:East Slavic
5689:Mesopotamian
5444:Indo-Islamic
5443:
5435:Vijayanagara
5349:Māru-Gurjara
5228:
5224:Pseudo-Kufic
5164:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5053:Kuala Lumpur
4951:
4478:
4330:Indo-Islamic
4329:
4320:Great Seljuk
4280:Architecture
4210:14 September
4208:. Retrieved
4193:
4170:
4161:google books
4148:
4134:
4129:google books
4116:
4113:Brown, Percy
4099:
4071:
4051:
4044:
4019:
4011:
4001:23 September
3999:. Retrieved
3995:the original
3985:
3974:. Retrieved
3965:
3956:
3947:
3925:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3869:
3860:
3849:. Retrieved
3845:
3836:
3827:
3822:Hasan, 44-49
3818:
3813:Hasan, 41-44
3809:
3804:Hasan, 23-25
3800:
3791:
3786:Hasan, 35-39
3782:
3773:
3764:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3446:Other topics
3394:Architecture
3300:Etiquettical
3259:
3236: /
3099:Raza Academy
2995:Universities
2884:Goan Muslims
2864:Sunni Bohras
2698:Amir Khusrow
2643:Indo-Islamic
2642:
2625:Architecture
2493:
2483:and Osmania
2465:Jubilee Hall
2460:
2459:, (formerly
2453:City College
2441:
2421:Rumi Darwaza
2406:
2375:
2366:Rumi Darwaza
2344:
2335:
2320:Please help
2308:
2269:
2256:Mumtaz Mahal
2245:
2123:Akbar's Tomb
1995:Shahi Bridge
1985:Akbari Sarai
1975:Bagh-e-Babur
1921:Akbar's Tomb
1910:
1879:
1819:
1781:
1645:Jamia Masjid
1634:
1618:Azad Kashmir
1603:
1573:
1564:
1549:Please help
1537:
1510:Interior of
1460:
1431:Sarkhej Roza
1416:Teen Darwaza
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1336:
1324:Teen Darwaza
1304:Sarkhej Roza
1269:
1246:
1156:Multi-domed
1070:Adina Mosque
1067:
1052:
1032:Bagha Mosque
1019:
1001:
997:Adina Mosque
995:hall of the
963:
928:
888:in Hyderabad
873:in Hyderabad
734:Mecca Masjid
723:
707:
695:
665:
662:in Istanbul.
660:Hagia Sophia
611:
588:Lodi Gardens
513:
500:, and often
495:
468:
454:and a round
421:
375:Alai Darwaza
364:
341:
330:The Tomb of
329:
287:
267:Qutb Complex
256:
237:
232:Qutb Complex
228:Alai Darwaza
206:of the late
189:
126:
106:
65:
64:
6394:PWA Moderne
6280:Rationalism
6242:Art Nouveau
6230:Territorial
6210:Renaissance
6194:Queen Anne
6067:Elizabethan
5960:Plateresque
5955:Renaissance
5938:Sondergotik
5833:Carolingian
5779:Kievan Rus'
5565:Bhubaneswar
5539:Uttarakhand
5519:Maharashtra
5156:Principles,
5124:Exhibitions
5077:Marrakech (
5073:Los Angeles
5041:Jerusalem (
5003:collections
4954:Calligraphy
4834:Indo-Muslim
4816:Calligraphy
4750:Mosque lamp
4708:Other media
4627:Mina'i ware
4516:Bangladeshi
4272:Islamic art
4167:Oleg Grabar
4094:Banglapedia
3895:: 121–156.
3873:Banglapedia
3831:Banglapedia
3768:Banglapedia
3399:Calligraphy
3356:Mathematics
3326:Theological
3246:Eschatology
2461:Bagh-e-Aaam
2378:Sikh Empire
2191:One of the
2104:Khusro Bagh
2080:Lahori Gate
2022:Lahore Fort
1965:Moti Masjid
1943:Lahore Fort
1820:During the
1653:Aali Masjid
1594:Aali Masjid
1498:, Ahmedabad
1483:, Ahmedabad
1481:Bhadra Fort
1448:, Ahmedabad
1328:Bhadra Fort
1189:Firoz Minar
1068:The ruined
1063:Firoz Minar
719:onion domes
688:main mosque
654:, c. 1650,
538:, c. 1229;
208:British Raj
57:, built by
53:gateway to
6581:Categories
6551:Portuguese
6425:Postmodern
6374:Organicism
6262:Modernisme
6247:Jugendstil
6106:Revivalism
6094:Industrial
6077:Portuguese
5851:Romanesque
5746:Achaemenid
5534:Tamil Nadu
5466:Qutb Shahi
5378:Hemadpanti
5230:Stilfragen
5158:influences
5030:Istanbul (
4963:The garden
4919:Decoration
4888:Other arts
4783:Miniatures
4668:Embroidery
4622:Lustreware
4481:Decoration
4444:Mashrabiya
4352:Indonesian
4157:1845113810
4143:0300062176
4108:0300064659
4083:References
3976:2019-09-26
3851:2019-07-15
3759:Harle, 433
3750:Harle, 433
3741:Harle, 433
3633:Harle, 425
3606:Harle, 429
3407:Literature
3349:Inventions
3305:Hygienical
3269:Mysticism
3207:Philosophy
2879:Kayamkhani
2819:Vora Patel
2563:Ghaznavids
2433:Ghantaghar
2396:, Bengal,
2382:Nader Shah
2338:April 2024
2276:Shah Jahan
2260:Shah Jahan
2214:, Pakistan
1989:Bara Katra
1898:Aurangabad
1862:Shah Jahan
1822:Mughal era
1630:Aksai Chin
1600:, Kashmir.
1567:April 2024
1270:Under the
1046:, and the
1038:, and the
982:char-chala
978:jor-bangla
959:terracotta
955:buttresses
871:Char Kaman
758:Char Kaman
649:Gol Gumbaz
471:Firuz Shah
440:Sufi saint
382:and white
306:stalactite
290:Qutb Minar
244:South Asia
224:Qutb Minar
41:, Pakistan
6512:Dravidian
6471:Neomodern
6435:High-tech
6415:Brutalism
6408:1950–2000
6352:Stalinist
6285:Mycenaean
6273:1900–1950
6111:Byzantine
6087:Ukrainian
6072:Naryshkin
6037:Edwardian
6010:1750–1900
5981:Palladian
5976:Manueline
5969:1500–1750
5844:1000–1500
5784:Muscovite
5771:Byzantine
5719:Classical
5707:Mycenaean
5684:Neolithic
5580:Hyderabad
5549:Telangana
5529:Rajasthan
5509:Karnataka
5405:Dravidian
5192:Grotesque
5105:Singapore
5089:Melbourne
4927:Arabesque
4356:Malaysian
3909:0732-2992
3389:Astrology
3344:Astronomy
3321:Political
3123:Samastha
2854:The Saits
2398:Hyderabad
2309:does not
2252:mausoleum
2248:Taj Mahal
2238:Taj Mahal
2220:Taj Mahal
2158:Azam Shah
2154:Aurangzeb
2131:Taj Mahal
2108:Allahabad
2050:Taj Mahal
2024:reflects
2006:Kos Minar
1993:Bridges:
1969:Gardens:
1955:Mosques:
1947:Agra Fort
1917:Taj Mahal
1882:Aurangzeb
1870:Samarkand
1538:does not
1280:Ahmedabad
1242:Champaner
993:hypostyle
842:Hyderabad
838:Charminar
754:Charminar
730:Hyderabad
682:and then
680:Karnataka
652:mausoleum
506:hypostyle
502:mouldings
491:pavilions
432:mausoleum
380:sandstone
367:voussoirs
352:Rajasthan
336:squinches
332:Iltutmish
321:Iltutmish
283:corbelled
196:Pakistani
177:Hyderabad
149:Allahabad
102:West Asia
6524:Japanese
6502:Colonial
6490:Regional
6440:Arcology
6379:Art Deco
6369:Futurism
6312:De Stijl
6215:Romanian
6133:Egyptian
6128:Colonial
6082:Siberian
5892:Islamic
5861:Ottonian
5856:Galician
5766:Sasanian
5734:Herodian
5714:Etruscan
5492:By state
5415:Chalukya
5393:Rock-cut
5388:Nilachal
5354:Shikhara
5329:Harappan
5319:Buddhist
5197:Moresque
5057:London (
5001:Museums,
4986:Paradise
4971:Charbagh
4952:See also
4854:Nastaliq
4844:Muhaqqaq
4775:the book
4687:Woodwork
4646:Textiles
4607:Fritware
4479:See also
4464:Muqarnas
4459:Mocárabe
4416:Elements
3970:Archived
3933:Archived
3917:25769695
3889:Muqarnas
3489:See also
3364:Medicine
3315:Military
3295:Economic
3290:Criminal
3271:(Sufism)
3212:Theology
3184:a series
3182:Part of
2959:Deobandi
2844:Nawayath
2795:(Kerala)
2793:Mappilas
2603:Ali Raja
2510:a series
2508:Part of
2437:Faizabad
2388:and the
2272:Red Fort
2266:Red Fort
2199:, India.
2148:tomb in
2110:, India.
2090:, India.
2084:Red Fort
1939:Red Fort
1800:Assyrian
1659:are the
1637:Srinagar
1598:Srinagar
1367:chattris
1330:and the
1257:minarets
1006:and the
974:do-chala
676:Gulbarga
606:Gulbarga
534:mosque,
515:charbagh
414:Tomb of
400:openwork
398:, stone
310:minarets
248:Banbhore
234:in Delhi
131:, where
6561:Spanish
6556:Russian
6497:Chinese
6317:Bauhaus
6220:Russian
6198:Britain
6180:Moorish
6163:Baroque
6153:Mission
6099:British
6062:Petrine
6057:Maltese
6052:Italian
6042:English
6017:Baroque
5916:Ottoman
5911:Timurid
5876:Hoysala
5872:Indian
5811:Fatimid
5806:Abbasid
5801:Moorish
5796:Umayyad
5791:Islamic
5698:Aegean
5590:Lucknow
5570:Chennai
5558:By city
5504:Gujarat
5425:Kadamba
5420:Hoysala
5369:Sekhari
5359:Bhumija
5344:Kalinga
5214:Mudéjar
5115:Tripoli
5093:Paris (
5063:V&A
4991:Persian
4981:Ottoman
4895:Muraqqa
4874:Thuluth
4859:Persian
4806:Persian
4801:Ottoman
4773:Arts of
4758:Shabaka
4632:Persian
4599:Pottery
4584:Turkish
4579:Persian
4554:Carpets
4543:Ottoman
4539:Turkish
4533:Safavid
4521:Persian
4454:Minaret
4429:Banna'i
4401:Umayyad
4396:Timurid
4386:Swahili
4376:Ottoman
4371:Moorish
4361:Iranian
4335:Bengali
4315:Fatimid
4310:Chinese
4300:Ayyubid
4295:Abbasid
3438:Pottery
3310:Marital
3202:History
2954:Barelwi
2929:Hanbali
2924:Shafi`i
2537:History
2413:Lucknow
2370:Lucknow
2330:removed
2315:sources
2284:emperor
2197:Nakodar
2156:'s son
2082:of the
1937:Forts:
1915:Tombs:
1813:, near
1559:removed
1544:sources
1519:Kashmir
1465:at the
1372:cupolas
1355:mihrabs
961:brick.
951:cornice
715:madrasa
670:in the
590:, Delhi
574:, Delhi
483:Haryana
460:kalasha
458:like a
452:amalaka
294:minaret
173:Lucknow
165:Jaunpur
157:Gujarat
137:masonry
109:mosques
61:in 1601
6566:Somali
6546:Newari
6529:Korean
6507:Indian
6399:Googie
6305:Cubism
6290:Modern
6190:Pueblo
6168:Rococo
6138:Gothic
6047:French
6022:Andean
5996:Mughal
5933:Gothic
5906:Mamluk
5866:Norman
5702:Minoan
5595:Mumbai
5585:Jaipur
5524:Odisha
5514:Kerala
5499:Bengal
5461:Sharqi
5454:Akbari
5449:Mughal
5383:Meitei
5364:Latina
5339:Nagara
5302:Bengal
5099:Louvre
5079:Museum
5026:Ghazni
5011:Berlin
4976:Mughal
4947:Zellij
4879:Tughra
4829:Diwani
4824:Arabic
4796:Mughal
4791:Arabic
4699:Minbar
4694:Khatam
4678:Suzani
4673:Soumak
4658:Damask
4589:Prayer
4572:Motifs
4469:Sitara
4449:Mihrab
4406:Yemeni
4366:Mamluk
4345:Mughal
4201:
4177:
4155:
4141:
4123:
4106:
4059:
4032:
3915:
3907:
3586:Ghazni
3421:Poetry
3260:Tawhid
2964:Salafi
2934:Maliki
2919:Hanafi
2889:Chaush
2849:Bearys
2814:Memons
2653:Sharqi
2638:Mughal
2479:, the
2402:Mysore
2177:Lahore
1890:Lahore
1854:Thatta
1846:Lahore
1826:Lahore
1673:Shigar
1665:Khaplu
1628:, and
1626:Ladakh
1343:Mughal
1253:mihrab
1034:, the
1030:, the
1026:; the
1020:mihrab
980:, and
935:Bengal
844:, 1591
697:mihrab
672:Deccan
637:, and
608:, 1367
498:plinth
456:finial
428:Multan
394:buds.
384:marble
360:cusped
302:fluted
192:Indian
181:Mysore
161:Deccan
153:Bengal
145:Lahore
117:arches
39:Multan
6517:Hindu
6235:Tudor
6143:Mayan
6032:Dutch
6027:Czech
5950:Aztec
5945:Incan
5575:Delhi
5324:Dzong
5312:Ratna
5307:Chala
5297:Assam
5285:Types
5016:Cairo
4941:tiles
4937:Girih
4900:Hilya
4869:Taliq
4849:Naskh
4839:Kufic
4735:Glass
4720:Brass
4715:Music
4653:Batik
4617:Iznik
4567:Kilim
4529:Qajar
4525:Early
4424:Ablaq
4391:Tatar
4325:Hausa
3913:JSTOR
3506:Notes
3433:Music
3234:Early
2894:Siddi
2804:Khoja
2394:Awadh
2088:Delhi
2030:Akbar
1858:Sindh
1788:Akbar
1776:Delhi
1221:Gauda
1142:Gauda
824:Bidar
684:Bidar
615:Malwa
536:Ajmer
479:Hisar
392:lotus
348:Ajmer
252:Sindh
240:Islam
133:brick
113:domes
82:Delhi
78:Sindh
59:Akbar
6539:Maya
6347:Nazi
6001:Sikh
5483:Sikh
5478:Jain
5032:Arts
5021:Doha
4864:Sini
4663:Ikat
4502:Arts
4439:Jali
4434:Iwan
4212:2011
4199:ISBN
4175:ISBN
4153:ISBN
4139:ISBN
4121:ISBN
4104:ISBN
4057:ISBN
4030:ISBN
4003:2012
3905:ISSN
3380:Arts
2431:and
2400:and
2364:The
2313:any
2311:cite
2270:The
2254:for
2240:and
2230:Agra
2127:Agra
2044:The
1987:and
1977:and
1963:and
1949:and
1931:and
1892:and
1815:Agra
1796:Agra
1782:The
1761:and
1542:any
1540:cite
1462:Jali
1361:jali
1337:The
929:The
760:and
724:The
666:The
647:The
617:and
422:The
396:Jali
356:iwan
292:, a
279:Jain
222:The
198:and
179:and
167:and
147:and
141:Agra
49:The
5676:BCE
4562:Gul
4228:at
4092:in
4026:306
3897:doi
2859:Meo
2463:),
2411:),
2368:in
2324:by
2175:in
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