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intellectual property as well as the methods that are in place to protect them. This makes it easier for the insider to circumvent any security controls of which they are aware. Physical proximity to data means that the insider does not need to hack into the organizational network through the outer perimeter by traversing firewalls; rather they are in the building already, often with direct access to the organization's internal network. Insider threats are harder to defend against than attacks from outsiders, since the insider already has legitimate access to the organization's information and assets.
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workplace norms are deemed relevant, and what ‘deviance’ means, e.g., deviation for a justified organization norm or failure to conform to an organizational norm that conflicts with general social values." By treating all employees as potential insider threats, organizations might create conditions that lead to insider threats.
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The Threat Lab and
Defense Personnel and Security Research Center (DOD PERSEREC) has also recently emerged as a national resources within the United States of America. The Threat Lab hosts an annual conference, the SBS Summit. They also maintain a website that contains resources from this conference.
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Adopting sociotechnical approaches, researchers have also argued for the need to consider insider threat from the perspective of social systems. Jordan
Schoenherr said that "surveillance requires an understanding of how sanctioning systems are framed, how employees will respond to surveillance, what
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is a perceived threat to an organization that comes from people within the organization, such as employees, former employees, contractors or business associates, who have inside information concerning the organization's security practices, data and computer systems. The threat may involve fraud, the
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gives some statistics on insider threat incidents: 80% of the malicious acts were committed at work during working hours; 81% of the perpetrators planned their actions beforehand; 33% of the perpetrators were described as "difficult" and 17% as being "disgruntled". The insider was identified in 74%
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maintains the CERT Insider Threat Center, which includes a database of more than 850 cases of insider threats, including instances of fraud, theft and sabotage; the database is used for research and analysis. CERT's
Insider Threat Team also maintains an informational blog to help organizations and
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Insiders may have accounts giving them legitimate access to computer systems, with this access originally having been given to them to serve in the performance of their duties; these permissions could be abused to harm the organization. Insiders are often familiar with the organization's data and
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An insider may attempt to steal property or information for personal gain or to benefit another organization or country. The threat to the organization could also be through malicious software left running on its computer systems by former employees, a so-called
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Complimenting these efforts, a companion podcast was created, Voices from the SBS Summit. In 2022, the Threat Lab created an interdisciplinary journal, Counter
Insider Threat Research and Practice (CITRAP) which publishes research on insider threat detection.
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In the 2022 Data Breach
Investigations Report (DBIR), Verizon found that 82% of breaches involved the human element, noting that employees continue to play a leading role in cybersecurity incidents and breaches.
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Theoretical/conceptual models of insider threat are often based on loose interpretations of research in the behavioral and social sciences, using "deductive principles and intuitions of subject matter expert."
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According to the UK Information
Commissioners Office, 90% of all breaches reported to them in 2019 were the result of mistakes made by end users. This was up from 61% and 87% over the previous two years.
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The US Department of
Defense Personnel Security Research Center published a report that describes approaches for detecting insider threats. Earlier it published ten case studies of insider attacks by
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Schoenherr, Jordan
Richard; Lilja-Lolax, Kristoffer; Gioe, David (2022), "Multiple Approach Paths to Insider Threat (MAP-IT): Intentional, Ambivalent, and Unintentional Pathways to Insider Threats",
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reported that 53% of companies surveyed had confirmed insider attacks against their organization in the previous 12 months, with 27% saying insider attacks have become more frequent.
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of cases. Financial gain was a motive in 81% of cases, revenge in 23% of cases, and 27% of the people carrying out malicious acts were in financial difficulties at the time.
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attack, whereby they receive an email that appears to come from a legitimate source such as a company. These emails normally contain
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theft of confidential or commercially valuable information, the theft of intellectual property, or the sabotage of computer systems.
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Ten Tales of
Betrayal: The Threat to Corporate Infrastructures by Information Technology Insiders Analysis and Observations
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Negligent insiders, which are people who make errors and disregard policies, which place their organizations at risk; and
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Malicious insiders, which are people who take advantage of their access to inflict harm on an organization;
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361:"FBI Counterintelligence: The Insider Threat. An introduction to detecting and deterring an insider spy"
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Infiltrators, who are external actors that obtain legitimate access credentials without authorization.
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Understanding
Surveillance Societies: Social Cognition and the Adoption of Surveillance Technologies
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Insider threat and information security management. In Insider threats in cyber security (pp. 45-71)
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2020 International Conference on Cyber Security and Protection of Digital Services (Cyber Security)
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Insider Threat Study: Illicit Cyber Activity Involving Fraud in the U.S. Financial Services Sector
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Multiple classification systems and ontologies have been proposed to classify insider threats.
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Cummings, Adam; Lewellen, Todd; McIntire, David; Moore, Andrew; Trzeciak, Randall (2012),
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Cybersecurity experts believe that 38% of negligent insiders are victims of a
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Insider threat monitoring, detection and mitigation technology [ShadowSight
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Insider threat is an active area of research in academia and government.
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Traditional models of insider threat identify three broad categories:
601:, Department of Defense Personnel Security Research Center, TR 09-02
499:"The fight for your data: mitigating ransomware and insider threats"
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Critics have argued that insider threat is a poorly defined concept.
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A report published in July 2012 on the insider threat in the U.S.
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is notoriously difficult, and requires novel techniques such as
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Data supporting insider threat is generally proprietary (i.e.,
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674:"Insider Threat Detection: A Solution in Search of a Problem"
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475:"Verizon 2022 Data Breach Investigations Report (DBIR)"
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Perceived risk originating from within an organization
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Naval Espionage - Stopping a Dangerous Insider Threat
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businesses defend themselves against insider crime.
716:Coles-Kemp, Lizzie; Theoharidou, Marianthi (2010),
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
765:Ponemon Institute Cost of an Insider Threat Report
30:"Inside job" redirects here. For other uses, see
592:Shaw, Eric; Fischer, Lynn; Rose, Andrée (2009),
265:Insider threat research has been criticized.
672:Schoenherr, Jordan; Thommson; Robert (2020),
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660:Counter Insider Threat Research and Practice
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
686:10.1109/CyberSecurity49315.2020.9138862
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770:2020 Insider Threat Report - Gurucul
318:Naval Criminal Investigative Service
218:information technology professionals
65:adding citations to reliable sources
612:Shaw, Eric; Fischer, Lynn (2005),
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595:Insider Risk Evaluation and Audit
387:"The CERT Insider Threat Center"
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52:needs additional citations for
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547:"2018 INSIDER THREAT REPORT"
525:"Insider Threat 2018 Report"
453:"Voices from the SBS Summit"
731:Schoenherr, Jordan (2020),
32:Inside job (disambiguation)
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178:Carnegie-Mellon University
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363:. Fbi.gov. Archived from
239:Typologies and ontologies
527:. Cybersecurity Insiders
174:CERT Coordination Center
554:Crowd Research Partners
338:Shrinkage (accounting)
275:investigating insider
646:Insider threat report
431:"Insider Threat Blog"
409:"Insider Threat Blog"
281:stochastic forensics
61:improve this article
367:on 10 February 2014
720:, Springer, Boston
628:on 14 October 2012
556:. 4 September 2017
790:Security breaches
785:Computer security
737:, IEEE ISTAS 2020
695:978-1-7281-6428-1
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59:Please help
54:verification
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531:13 December
455:. ThreatLab
433:. ThreatLab
779:Categories
389:. Cert.org
344:References
277:data theft
261:Criticisms
233:hyperlinks
203:whitepaper
159:logic bomb
87:newspapers
18:Inside job
704:220606121
415:10 August
632:18 March
302:See also
225:phishing
189:Findings
165:Research
148:Overview
560:14 June
509:20 June
459:17 July
437:17 July
393:8 March
371:8 March
229:malware
201:A 2018
101:scholar
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483:23 May
411:. CERT
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108:JSTOR
94:books
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634:2013
562:2024
533:2018
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461:2022
439:2022
417:2012
395:2014
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172:The
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