History of the Jews in Mexico

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first, it worked to help newly arrived Jews settle in Mexico, but it was also a social and educational center. Today, there are ten main organizations to which most of Mexican Jewry is affiliated. The Beth Israel Community Center is an organization that caters to the English-speaking community that practices Conservative Judaism. The Jewish Sport Center is a neutral meeting place open to all sectors of the Jewish community as sports, culture and social institution with a membership of about 19,000. The Monterrey Community Center is the main organization for this northern city. The North Baja California Community Center served the Tijuana Jewish community. The Ashkenazai Community served the descendants of those who immigrated from Eastern Europe. The Bet El Community is a Conservative organization. The Guadalajara Community Center is for those who live in that city. The Maguen David Community was formed by descendants of immigrants from Aleppo, Syria. The Alianza Monte Sinaí was formed by descendants from Damascus, Syria and the Sephardic Community was formed by descendants of immigrants from the Balkans. There are a number of women's organizations, which mostly focus on humanitarian issues both inside and outside the Jewish community. Women also run most of the educational institutions.

2857: 3169: 2992:(UNAM) began a series of cultural presentations about Judaism in Mexico. However, little attention was paid to the history of Jews in Mexico until the 1990s. In 1992, a study of Jewish communities in Mexico was published by UNAM in collaboration with the Tribuna Israelita and the Comite Central Israelita de Mexico, called Imágenes de un Encuentro: La Presencia Judía en México Durante La Primera Mitad del Siglo XX (Images of an Encounter: The Jewish Presence in Mexico during the First Half of the 20th Century) which received the CANIEM Prize in 1993. It depicts Mexican Jews as well integrated into Mexican society but with more observance of religion in everyday life than most other Jews of the 3133:

institutions. However, the main split is between the Ashkenazim from Russia, Poland, Germany and other parts of Europe from the Sephardim, mostly from Italy and the former Ottoman Empire. The Ashkenazim subdivide among political and ideological axes and tend to be more liberal and secular. They founded several newspapers and other publications such as Mexikaner Idish Lebn, Radikaler Arbeter Tzenter, Unzer Lebn and others to express these different views. The Sephardim tend to be more patriarchal, less well educated and more religiously observant. Those from Syria are further subdivided into Halebis or Maguen David from Aleppo and the Shamis or Monte Sinai from Damascus.

2611:. The reconquest was followed by the Spanish Inquisition, which made the Conversos one of their targets, with accusations of reverting to Judaic practice. During this time, there were two types of Conversos: Crypto-Jews and Jews who fully converted to Catholicism. The Jews who converted were used to report Crypto-Jews to the Catholic Church and consequently, they were awarded with high-power positions within the Catholic Church. Furthermore, during this time, the Catholic Church was in charge of social welfare and was the most powerful entity. Converso migration to the new Spanish colony began in 1530 after most of the violence from the 3104:

converted (back) to Judaism. Sixty two percent of the population over fifteen is married, three percent divorced and four percent widowed. However, younger Jewish women are more likely to be employed outside the home (only 18% of women are housewives) and fertility rates are dropping from 3.5 children of women over 65 to 2.7 for the overall population now. There is a low level of intermarriage with the general Mexican population, with only 3.1% of marriages being mixed. Although the Jewish community is less than one percent of Mexico's total population, Mexico is one of the few countries whose Jewish population is expected to grow.

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mostly non-Jewish audience and has expanded from Mexico City to Guadalajara, Monterrey and Cancún. A radio show on Jewish topics called El Aleph has a mostly non Jewish following. Tribuna Israelita organizes programs at private universities to increase public understanding of Israel and Judaism. Other Jewish social organizations include the Mexican Association of Friends for academic projects, ORT which works to implement technologies in Mexican high schools, Retorno to combat alcohol and drug abuse and Kadima, which works on issues related to the disabled.

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representative body for all Jews in Mexico with the Mexican government and other Jewish communities outside of Mexico such as the World Jewish Congress. The Tribuna Israelita is a part of this organization, whose purpose is to work with other agencies to promote understanding of Jewry in Mexico including publications and also works to influence public opinion about anti-Semitism. Another sub organization is the Mexican Council of Jewish Women, which mostly works on projects related to education and health.

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Comité Unido de Antidifamación (1943), the formation of the Comité Unido de Tribuna Israelita by the Comité Central Israelita and the Logia Mexicana del B'nai B'rith (1944), the founding of the Unión Israelita Maguén David in Tijuana (1946), the Centro Cultural México Israel (1947), the Colegio Israelita de Guadalajara (1949), the Centro Deportivo Israelita (1950), the Beth Israel Community Center for English speakers (1957) and the Nidje Israel Temple in Acapulco Street in Mexico City (1965).

2964:. In the late 1930s, some anti-Jewish demonstrations erupted, mostly by Nazi supporters financed by Berlin. In 1937, an immigrant quota system was initiated, which restricted immigration from certain countries such as Poland to 100 people per year, shutting out many Jewish would-be-immigrants. However, at the same time the Mexican government allowed for some immigration of refugees, for example looking the other way when 200 Jews from Cuba entered the country illegally under the government of 2747:. There were a few very wealthy Portuguese merchants, who were leaders of the community, but most were shopkeepers and craftsmen. A prominent merchant was Simón Váez, whom the Inquisition accused of letting his house serve as a synagogue in the 17th century until the 1642 persecutions began. He had risen from humble circumstances, but he and other wealthy merchants came to socialize with crown officials and play a prominent role among elites. Their wealth was based on 3299: 56: 3216: 3108: 3440: 7089: 2924:(1923), the Bnej Kedem Sephardic community Center (1926), the Nidje Israel Ashkenazi cemetery (1929), the Cámara Israelita de Industria y Comerico in Méxicoand the Unión de Literatos y Artistas Judíos (1931), the Federación de Sociedades Israelitas de México (1932), the Colegio Israelita Hatikva in Monterrey (1932), B'nai B'rith (1934), the Sociedad de Beneficiencia Sdadá Umarpé for the 5069: 3426: 3403:, and converted them to Judaism. They have not only worked with those who know of their Jewish ancestry, but also have reached out to families who observe certain Jewish rituals, such as separating meat and dairy, without knowing why. Although Kulanu is based in the United States, it has worked in Mexico to have these converts recognized by other Jewish communities in Mexico. 5075: 2695:, but they still afforded more opportunities than places farther north. There was a second Inquisition persecution of Conversos from 1642 to 1649. Then, the focus shifted to matters such as blasphemy and moral infractions. However, during the entire colonial period, practicing Jews in Spain or elsewhere could not enter Spanish colonial territory. 3129:

it does not suppress the worship or other activities of other religious groups. The only challenges the community faces are intermarriage and migration out of the country. However, Latin American popular culture can resent apparent Jewish economic success, with the community associated with international capital and international influence.

2710:. With the exception of him and a cousin, the family was Crypto-Jewish. In 1579, Carvajal was granted land in what is now northeastern Mexico, just north of what was then considered New Spain. The area welcomed both Conversos and practicing Jews, with about 75% of the initial settlers being secretly Jewish. Some theories state that 3201:

The Mexican Jewish immigrant community has been described as closed and separate from the rest of Mexican society. About ninety percent of Mexican Jews attend Jewish schools and marry within the faith. There are Scouting and Zionist organizations for Jewish youth. Most who attend Mexican universities

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The current Jewish population in Mexico mostly consists of those who have descended from immigrants from the 19th and early 20th centuries with nationwide totals estimated between 90,000 and 100,000, about 75% of whom are in Mexico City. The exact numbers are not known. One main source for figures is

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because they do not want problems from the Catholic majority and because Orthodox Jews, the dominant group in Mexico, do not proselytize. They insist only those of a Jewish mother are Jewish. The Jewish committee's numbers do not include converts of Crypto-Jews as the two groups do not have contact.

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heritage one or more of three lines of evidence are usually presented: the existence of Jewish rituals in the family, the existence of Inquisition records with Jewish family names and the oral history of the family. It also generally includes strong secrecy about family history and rituals. For some

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in Russia pushed Jews to leave the country. The Jews settled both in Mexico City and various other areas in the country, including rural areas often as traveling salesmen. About half of Mexico's Jewish population can be linked to this wave of immigration. Another group of Jews that came at this time

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In 1880, Bonifacio Laureano Moyar worked to find and organize the descendants of Conversos or Crypto-Jews with the aim of restoring full Jewish worship among them. These efforts led to the establishment in 1920 of the Kahal Kadosh Bnej Elohim in Venta Prieta, Hidalgo (since 1930 the location of the

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became a popular bullfighter in the early 1920s. There are occasional clashes between the Jewish community and others in Mexico but these are generally solved peacefully. There is an Interfaith Council to help with these issues. While the Catholic Church is dominant both religiously and culturally,

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The largest number of prosecutions by the Mexican Inquisition occurred in the wake of the 1640 dissolution of the Iberian Union, when Spain and Portugal had been ruled by the same monarch. Portuguese merchants more easily entered Spanish America, and a complex community of crypto-Jews connected to

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Most of the Jewish communities’ social and religious organizations were formally founded in the first half of the 20th century. These include the Sociedad Beneficiencia Alianza Monte Sinaí (1912), the Young Men's Hebrew Association in Mexico City. (1917), the first K’tav or Jewish religious school

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there is a building called the Palacio de Mármol (Marble Palace). The site was originally part of a convent, but later it was subdivided and a French style mansion built in the late 19th century. After World War I, it became an important Jewish community center, active for nearly two decades. At

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Despite its strong Catholic identity and history of Inquisition, there has been little intolerance or resistance to Jewish immigration into Mexico. While the Catholic Church did not welcome Jewish immigration in the 19th century, it was still struggling against the government restrictions and saw

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movement or those who consider themselves secular. The Mexican government census lists religion but its categories are confusing, confusing those of some Protestant sects which practice Judaic rituals with Jewish groups. There is also controversy as to whether to count those Crypto-Jews who have

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Jewish community, today the Comunidad Maguén David (1938) and the first Zionist convention (1938) . In addition various newspapers and other periodicals were established in various languages such as Mexicanisher Idish Leben (Yiddish, 1927), Der Veg (Yiddish with Spanish section, 1929), Di shtime

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was not fully established until 1571, when it became a threat to Converso and Jewish communities with an initial purge of them from 1585 to 1601. In 1606, Mexico received an order by the King of Spain to free Conversos in Inquisition prisons. This relaxing of the Inquisition in Mexico, which was

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in the Condesa neighborhood, one of only two in Latin America. The idea is to create a social center for young Jews outside of the western suburbs of Mexico City to make the Jewish community less isolated from the rest of Mexican society. The Mexico International Jewish Film Festival attracts a

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Jewish religious and social institutions coalesced and grew in the mid 20th century with the Centro Cultural Israelita (1941), the Comité Central Israelita legally recognized to represent the Jewish community (1942), the Unión Sefaradí receiving official recognition (1943), the founding of the

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However, there has been resistance to these efforts for various reasons. First is that many of those descended from Jewish ancestry do not want to abandon the Catholic faith. The goal of finding and converting Crypto-Jews is controversial. Established immigrant Jewish communities are resistant

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and the United States. These various Jewish groups formed their own religious congregations and social institutions. Turkish Jews began holding open religious services in 1901 and founded the first Talmud Torah in 1905, as an educational institution for boys. Ashkenazi Jews began holding open

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reinforced freedom of religion, allowing those Jews who arrived after that time Mexican citizenship and full integration. In the 1880s, a significant wave of Jewish immigration began as the Mexican government invited a number of Jewish bankers to operate in the country and the assassination of

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issued an edict of religious tolerance, with representatives from Jewish organizations in Europe and the United States coming to Mexico to explore the possibilities for immigration. From 1864 to 1867, Maximilian invited some European Jews from France, Belgium, and Austria-Hungary to settle in

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After Mexico gained its Independence, it abolished the Inquisition, but the Catholic religion was declared official. Remaining Crypto-Jews still did not openly admit to such but began to observe various Jewish rituals, and from 1825 to 1860, a few European Jews from Germany and Eastern Europe

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Jews in Mexico are less united than those in the United States and Canada. Among those descended from immigrants, social divisions remain, based on place of origin despite unification efforts. Those from Aleppo, Damascus and the Balkans and Eastern Europe have their own synagogues and other

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The Jewish Central Committee of Mexico was formed in 1938 as a response to the situation for European Jews at that time. At first, its function was to help Jews escape from the Nazis but later became an umbrella organization for the various Jewish communities in Mexico. It also acts as a

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Despite ethnic identification all identify as Mexican as well, seeing the two as complementary rather than conflicting. Literature written by Mexican and other Latin American Jewish writers tend to explore the question of what it means to be a Jew in the region. These authors include

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The Mexican Jewish community has strong roots in Mexico and has few problems in its host country. Openly Jewish people serve prominently in government positions and are found in most spheres of Mexico's business, intellectual and artistic communities. One U.S. born Jew by the name of

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Bokser de Liwerant, Paloma Cung Sulkin, Silvia Cherem-Shabot, Ariela Katz Gugenheim, Esther Shabot Cohen, Frida Staropolsky Shwartz. Imágenes de un Encuentro. La presencia judía en México durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. México, UNAM-Tribuna Israelita-Multibanco Mercantil,

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Eva Alexandra Ushmany. "The Participation of New Christians and Crypto-Jews in the Conquest, Colonization, and Trade of Spanish America, 1521-1660," in The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800, Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, eds. New York: Berghahn Books

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found that 297 Mexicans (from the 1288 Mexican individuals studied) had more than 5% genetic markers matching the "Sephardic/East/South Mediterranean" grouping. Specifically for markers matching likely Sephardic ancestry, the median for the 297 individuals was around 3% and the

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were industrialists from France. However many of the French arrivals were not interested in staying permanently and went back after they had their fortunes in Mexico. However, a few married and stayed leaving behind in Mexico City last names such as Herzog, Scherer and Levy.

2526:(1580–1640), when Spain and Portugal were ruled by the same monarch. That political circumstance allowed freer movement by Portuguese crypto-Jewish merchants into Spanish America. When the Portuguese regained their independence from Spain in 1640, Portuguese merchants in 5898: 2739:

transatlantic and trans-Pacific trade networks emerged. Evidence from individual cases prosecuted by the Mexican Inquisition indicates that most crypto-Jews in Mexico or their parents had been born in Portugal, primarily from the Portuguese capital,

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There has not been a new wave of Jewish immigration from the Old World to Mexico in the 21st century, instead small numbers of Jews have arrived as part of larger general migrations from Latin American countries. In 2021, construction began on the

3024:. Dated to the late 16th century, this is the oldest mikveh in the Americas. In 2017, the Mexican Consulate in New York City recovered the Carvajal Manuscript, the oldest known work by a Jewish author in the Americas, after it was stolen from the 5863: 2751:(licenses) for the black slave trade in Mexico since Portugal controlled the African coast, where they were sourced. Portuguese merchants also held contracts for tax farming and supplying the Spanish fleet and forts with stores and munitions. 3366:

were assimilated into the general populace, there are families in Mexico and the southwest United States that practice what appear to be Jewish rituals and customs, knowing or not knowing where these come from. For those claiming direct

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had subsided and the Spanish Inquisition continued. For several decades, the families were able to live peacefully, integrating into Mexico's elite, with some becoming prominent Catholic clergy and some returning to Jewish practice.

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developed as a commercial center despite its colonial era remoteness because of Crypto-Jewish influence. However, Luis de Carvajal and members of his family were persecuted in 1589 for practicing Judaism. De Carvajal's nephew,

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In 1900, the Mexican census counted 134 Jews in the country. From then until 1950, an estimated 7,300 Jewish people immigrated to Mexico from Eastern Europe, 2,640 from Spain or the former Ottoman Empire, and 1,620 from

3399:, a Hebrew word meaning “all of us” began exploring other aspects of Judaism, such as Jewish ancestry in Mexico, especially that of the Conversos. They have sought out descendants of Conversos, without permission of the 2642:(א), suggesting evidence for a Jewish presence or influence in Mexico in 1536. He notes that nearly all of the dies prepared under the tenure of the first assayer use the purported aleph symbol in place of the Christian 2598:

Jews and Conversos were part of the conquest and colonization in Mexico, and key participants in the transatlantic and transpacific trade networks, as well as development of domestic trade. Conversos accompanied

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During the early 20th century, Jewish immigrants started a large number of religious and social organizations to help the community adapt to life in Mexico and conserve their heritage. On Tacuba Street in the

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described in his writings various execution of soldiers during the conquest of Mexico because they were accused of being practicing Jews, including Hernando Alonzo, who built the boats Cortés used to assault

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arrived. The immigrants were not allowed to become Mexican citizens, but their main challenges to living in Mexico were economic, rather than social or religious. In 1861, a group rented a hall to celebrate

3509: 2832:, forming the Maguén David and Monte Sinaí communities. These with those still coming from Eastern Europe were poorer usually shoemakers, furriers, peddlers and tailors, which first lived in cities such as 4882:

Krause, Corinne A. Los judíos en México. Una historia con énfasis especial en el periodo de 1857 a 1930. Traducción, presentación y notas de Ariela Katz de Gugenheim. México, Universidad Iberoamericana,

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organization (1922), the first Ashkenazi religious school (1922), the Asociación Cultural IL Peretz Farein, later called the Idisher Kultur Guezelshaft (1922), the Har Sinaé synagogue for the

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aimed at the descendants of the Jewish expulsions from Spain. By October 2019, only 8,128 applicants had been processed, of which 815 were granted Spanish citizenship. In early 2021, former

6068: 3274:, the local park. Today, in the area, there is a Jewish museum, archives, synagogue, and kosher deli at Acapulco Street #70, several more small orthodox synagogues hidden inside houses on 5752: 5144: 1728: 4827:

Hordes, Stanley M. (July 1982). "The Inquisition as Economic and Political Agent: The Campaign of the Mexican Holy Office Against the Crypto-Jews in the Mid-Seventeenth Century".

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on the corner of Isabel la Católica and Madero. The Jewish owner of El Salon Rojo, one of the capital's first movie houses, helped to develop the country's first Jewish cemetery.

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Acevedo-Field, Rafaela. "Denunciation of Faith and Family: Crypto-Jews and the Inquisition in Seventeenth-Century Mexico." PhD diss. University of California, Santa Barbara 2012.

3380:). There is also a small community of Conversos practicing Judaism in the Vallejo neighborhood of Mexico City, but the main immigrant Jewish organizations do not recognize them. 1383: 1078: 4532: 1270: 5057: 3872:

Joel Millman (June 15, 2000). "Texas Rabbi Claims Mexico Is Playing Host to a Lost Tribe --- He Inspires Mass Conversions With His Belief That Jews Served in Cortes's Ranks".

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mark, found almost universally on medieval Spanish and Mexican coinage. Nathan goes on to consider possible Jewish family connections to the known early Mexican mint workers.

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descendants, the discovery of Crypto-Jewish heritage leads them to reclaiming all or some of the Sephardic Jewish faith, often by adopting a number of rituals and customs.

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around Jesús María street, "the equivalent of Delancey Street" in New York, according to author Ilan Stavans. In the 1930s and 40s many Jewish residents moved to the leafy

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of Mariana Carvajal has become part of Mexican art and literature. By 1641, the colony had grown, and some of the settlers would later move to establish new settlements in

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many foreigners, including Jews, left the country but immediately after Jews began to arrive in substantial numbers again. Between 1917 and 1920 they began to come from

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were formed to help the new arrivals adapt. In the 1920s, the Jewish community grew and prospered in Mexico. The immigration rate slowed after 1929 because of the

1513: 3520: 6262: 3009: 3278:, and another synagogue at the corner of Montes de Oca and Parral streets. In the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, Jews moved further west to Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, 3202:

belong to the Mexican Federation of Jewish Students (FEMUJ) . However, there have been outreach efforts. In 2009, Alan Grabinsky and Paul Feldmen established a

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to be descended from Sephardic Jews escaping the Mexican Inquisition with some making a connection to the Crypto-Jewish settlers of the New Kingdom of León.

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and the Middle East. The rate increased in 1921 when the United States imposed quotas on its immigration. Ten thousand arrived from Eastern Europe to the

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Ushmany, Eva Alexandra. "The Participation of New Christians and Crypto-Jews in the Conquest, Colonization, and Trade of Spanish America, 1521-1660," in

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but this immigration was not as large as in previous decades as most of those who arrived were those who already had family and friends in the country.

6255: 1691: 5858: 5667: 5050: 3025: 2535: 1714: 2997: 4635: 1064: 4425:

Medina, Manuel F (Spring 2000). "Imaging a space in between: Writing the gap between Jewish and Mexican identities in Rosa Nissan's narrative".

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Carroll, Michael P (Spring 2002). "The debate over a crypto-Jewish presence in New Mexico: The role of ethnographic allegory and orientalism".

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Jewish community, (1923), the first Keren Hayeson or campaign for the National Fund for Palestine (1923), the Centro Israelita and first

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The Jewish population in Mexico was estimated at 21,000 in 1930. From then until the 1940s, the Jews that arrived were those fleeing the

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in 1519. These were members of Jewish families which had been forcibly converted to Christianity to avoid expulsion from Spain after the

5888: 5772: 5043: 5035: 1468: 1285: 1275: 515: 5707: 6421: 5757: 5742: 5602: 5562: 5128: 3112: 2719:, kept memoirs detailing his life and persecution; these are now considered to be the earliest writings by a Jew in the Americas. The 1864: 1814: 1779: 1473: 1338: 1205: 6406: 2522:

During the period of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (1521–1821), a number of Jews came to Mexico, especially during the period of the

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never as severe as in Spain, allowed more to come over in the first half of the 17th century. New Conversos settled in Mexico City,

2464: 1556: 1518: 1493: 1413: 1398: 1245: 1185: 1140: 6401: 5717: 4879:

Katz Gugenheim, Ariela. Boicot. El pleito de Echeverría con Israel. México, Universidad Iberoamericana-Ediciones cal y arena, 2019.

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Warshawsky, Matthew D. (June 2008). "Inquisitorial Prosecution of Tomás Treviño de Sobremonte, a Crypto-Jew in Colonial Mexico".

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has written a number of books related to growing up Jewish in Mexico include Novia que te vea and its sequel Hisho que te Nazca.

2961: 1849: 1831: 1737: 1631: 1483: 1478: 1403: 1368: 1235: 5557: 2976: 7130: 6031: 5712: 5687: 5622: 5567: 3591: 2654: 2367: 2266: 1821: 1804: 1757: 1656: 1566: 1503: 1453: 1433: 1428: 1348: 1322: 1297: 1175: 1165: 1155: 1135: 1130: 6702: 6103: 4082: 3723: 6618: 6469: 6344: 6328: 5702: 5627: 5498: 3387:, influenced by the Venta Prieta experience, began working with those of Jewish heritage starting in 1968, mostly working in 3251: 3190: 3116: 1840: 1826: 1794: 1774: 1742: 1686: 1661: 1636: 1616: 1606: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1561: 1551: 1546: 1523: 1438: 1423: 1343: 1302: 1255: 1250: 1170: 1115: 5222: 5428: 6464: 5642: 5577: 5478: 5207: 4490: 3287: 3173: 3125: 3079: 3012:

has achieved important recoveries of colonial Crypto-Jewish heritage. Including the identification and restoration of the

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services as early as 1904. The first formal Jewish organization in Mexico, the Monte Sinaí community was founded in 1912.

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The Inquisition in the Spanish Dependencies: Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, Milan, the Canaries, Mexico, Peru, and New Granada

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As of the September 2019 deadline, there had been more than 33,000 Mexican applications for Spanish citizenship through

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and new immigration policies which favored those with a more similar ethnic and religious background to that of Mexico.

2716: 1869: 1789: 1752: 1676: 1621: 1488: 1463: 1388: 1363: 1353: 1292: 1215: 1210: 1190: 1180: 1160: 1145: 1038: 506: 501: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5318: 5170: 3247:. Of the sixteen Jewish schools, about a dozen of those are in Mexico City, which also has over two dozen synagogues. 2844:

before migrating to Mexico City. For the Sephardic Jews similar language and culture made it easier for them to adapt.

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In addition to Crypto-Jews in modern Mexico, the history of colonial Mexico extends to the claims of families in the

3359:, suggesting a larger migration of Christian converts (from Judaism and Islam) than indicated by historical records. 2666: 5697: 5607: 5383: 5278: 4136: 6195: 5909: 5572: 5433: 5212: 3454: 2691:

as they provided the most opportunities for mercantile activity. Some did move to the more-outlying areas, such as

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Today, most Jews in Mexico are descendants of this immigration and still divided by diasporic origin, principally

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Jews and Romani originate in the Middle East and South Asia respectively, with most arriving to Mexico via Europe

6354: 6016: 5849: 5468: 3400: 3240: 3060: 2707: 2447: 2140: 1991: 1932: 6021: 4661:"Latin Americans show wide-spread Converso ancestry and imprint of local Native ancestry on physical appearance" 4162: 6046: 5488: 5264: 4935:

Martínez, Maria Elena. "Interrogating Blood Line: 'Purity of Blood,' the Inquisition, and Casta Categories" in

3805:[The Jews in Mexico from 1519 to 1996] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Colegio Hebreo Tarbut. Archived from 2744: 2150: 2130: 1240: 720: 261: 5483: 3142: 2889: 5493: 3806: 6963: 6923: 5998: 5929: 5879: 5373: 5283: 3411: 3052: 2949: 2945: 2291: 2281: 2246: 2125: 2115: 1898: 1069: 1011: 845: 524: 481: 196: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5023: 4659:

Chacón-Duque, Juan-Camilo; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Fuentes-Guajardo, Macarena; et al. (19 December 2018).

2908:(1918), the Talmud Torá Hatihiá (1919), the Congregación Nidje Israel for Ashkenazi Jews (1922), the first 6278: 6226: 5463: 5443: 5333: 5323: 5112: 2777: 2699: 2410: 2145: 2059: 1125: 677: 296: 266: 5408: 5313: 3146: 672: 6613: 5438: 5423: 5418: 5328: 5303: 5217: 4963: 4434: 3396: 3236: 2956:

came in the 1930s during economic depression. Mexican labor unions pressured the government to restrict

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Mexico. By 1867, only twenty Jewish families were living in Mexico, with about a dozen more elsewhere.

3158: 3150: 2649: 7140: 7019: 6675: 6647: 6566: 6441: 6200: 6041: 5358: 5105: 4718:

Jacobs, Janet L (October 31, 1999). "Conversa Heritage, Crypto-Jewish Practice and Women's Rituals".

3479: 3384: 3283: 3232: 3228: 3096: 2905: 2692: 2372: 2324: 2064: 1922: 735: 600: 589: 547: 6630: 6598: 6446: 6436: 6411: 6190: 6180: 5343: 5288: 3138: 3056: 2821: 2675: 2531: 2516: 2425: 798: 665: 568: 561: 491: 379: 254: 2600: 6578: 6386: 6371: 6361: 6310: 6159: 6154: 5824: 5348: 5004: 4862: 4844: 4735: 3763: 3474: 3333: 3162: 2885: 2865: 2688: 2684: 2623: 2573:. It is an insular community with its own religious, social and cultural institutions, mostly in 2515:", referring to those Jews forcibly converted to Catholicism and that then became subject to the 2276: 2226: 2173: 2168: 2082: 1952: 1220: 1049: 808: 728: 582: 148: 4614: 3078:. In 2023, she resigned her position in order to launch her candidacy for the presidency in the 2893: 4693: 55: 7069: 6692: 6687: 6670: 6603: 6541: 6524: 6514: 6491: 6479: 6431: 6376: 6164: 6113: 5353: 5298: 5154: 5029: 4893: 4587: 4581: 4457: 4376: 4238: 4128: 3663: 3356: 3067: 3041: 3037: 2794: 2420: 2362: 2342: 2159: 1719: 1358: 818: 689: 619: 496: 409: 276: 3351:

was around 11%. The average contribution of "Sephardic/East/South Mediterranean" ancestry in

7024: 7014: 6958: 6887: 6736: 6608: 6588: 6529: 6519: 6416: 6381: 6083: 5413: 5338: 4996: 4939:, Susan Schroeder and Stafford Poole, eds. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2007. 4836: 4727: 4668: 4660: 4289: 3755: 3395:. A number of these converts have migrated to Israel. Starting in the 1990s, a group called 3342: 3298: 3271: 3259: 3215: 3092: 2897: 2810: 2789: 2546:, Jews could openly immigrate to Mexico. They came from Europe and later from the crumbling 2390: 2271: 2231: 2195: 1893: 1443: 954: 710: 614: 529: 419: 211: 4290:"A quién beneficia la decisión de España de ofrecer la nacionalidad a los judíos sefardíes" 3275: 7039: 6989: 6948: 6938: 6933: 6816: 6791: 6707: 6680: 6635: 6593: 6561: 6556: 6496: 6474: 6108: 5308: 3727: 3704: 3244: 2993: 2930: 2920:

in Monterrey (1923), the Colegio Israelita de México (1924), the Agudat Ajim community in

2860:

Immigrant registration form of a Jewish Lithuanian woman that emigrated to Mexico in 1934.

2619: 2352: 2311: 2306: 2286: 2208: 2202: 2135: 2087: 1927: 1908: 1059: 788: 700: 683: 227: 132: 100: 96: 6741: 4867:

Diasporas within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World Maritime Empires (1540–1740)

4558: 3972:

Diasporas within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World Maritime Empires (1540–1740)

2996:. In 1995, Tribuna Israelita co sponsored Las Jornadas Contra del Racismo along with the 2671: 4043: 174: 7059: 6801: 6751: 6746: 6642: 6583: 6573: 6551: 6546: 6506: 6456: 6396: 5514: 4983:, Paolo Bernardini and Norman Fiering, eds. New York: Berghahn Books 1991, pp. 186–202. 4958:

To Love, Honor, and Obey in Colonial Mexico: Conflicts over Marriage Choices, 1574-1821

3431: 3368: 3363: 3348: 3310: 3100: 3071: 2952:

lost its opposition to the Jewish presence. The only recorded incidents of significant

2829: 2566: 2562: 2547: 2452: 2251: 2120: 2106: 1986: 1965: 1942: 1937: 1915: 1903: 1498: 979: 913: 878: 856: 793: 631: 609: 471: 450: 426: 192: 108: 4239:"México recupera el Manuscrito de Carvajal, primer documento judío escrito en América" 7119: 7093: 7054: 7044: 7029: 6918: 6665: 6320: 5008: 4739: 4317:"El expresidente mexicano Carlos Salinas de Gortari obtiene la nacionalidad española" 3489: 3484: 3445: 3352: 2953: 2802: 2801:

Jewish immigrants in Mexico City eventually built businesses such as haberdashery on

2769: 2732: 2720: 2523: 2400: 2395: 1601: 1528: 1054: 903: 898: 893: 883: 861: 813: 575: 414: 319: 281: 232: 7049: 6902: 6857: 6842: 6811: 6247: 6185: 6138: 4074: 3720: 3263: 3203: 3177: 3154: 2662: 2643: 2430: 2256: 2097: 2092: 2050: 2003: 1097: 964: 949: 908: 873: 486: 328: 6781: 4944:

Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de sangre, religion, and gender in colonial Mexico

3107: 2948:

as a greater threat than that of the Jewish community. Over the 20th century, the

3321:

The Inquisition in Mexico succeeded in eliminating all practices of colonial-era

2960:

and Jewish immigration. In May 1931, 250 Jewish merchants were expelled from the

17: 7064: 7009: 6953: 6943: 6928: 6882: 6872: 6847: 6786: 6761: 5149: 4438: 3305: 3045: 2929:(Yiddish, 1935) and La Verdad (Spanish, 1936). The first printing press for the 2921: 2881: 2631: 2604: 2582: 2574: 2512: 2415: 2357: 2022: 928: 923: 918: 888: 4672: 4494: 6994: 6867: 6133: 5000: 4557:[Who we are] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Tribuna Israel. Archived from 3697: 3421: 3279: 2805:

that was a center of European fashion and La Esmeralda jewelry store (now the

2785: 2773: 2543: 2539: 2073: 1087: 1016: 974: 803: 783: 342: 249: 169: 4380: 4369:"Mexico City mayor resigns in bid to become country's first female president" 4132: 3941: 3667: 3070:

became the first Jewish person and first elected woman (second after interim

7004: 6852: 3469: 3326: 3017: 2917: 2877: 2817: 2711: 2703: 2698:

One notable episode during the colonial period was the establishment of the

2578: 2570: 2527: 2501: 2236: 2221: 1311: 1259: 1021: 969: 959: 640: 636: 626: 541: 301: 5233: 5074: 4018:

Murphy-Larronde, Suzanne (Jan–Feb 2006). "Guiding Mexico's Jewish Legacy".

3970:

Jonathan I. Israel, "Portuguese Crypto-Judaism in New Spain, 1569-1649" in

3255: 989: 4731: 4185:"Los vestigios del Mikve en Juliantla, Taxco, son reconocidos por el INAH" 3091:

the Comité Central Israelita in Mexico City but its contact is limited to

7034: 6973: 6877: 6837: 6349: 6288: 4124: 3388: 3021: 2913: 2904:(1917), the first federally recognized synagogue under the terms of the 2837: 2748: 2724: 2680: 2405: 2015: 1947: 778: 286: 237: 4974:

La vida entre el judismo y el cristianismo en la Nueva España, 1580-1606

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In the 1920s, the Jewish community in Mexico City still centered in the

3099:

congregations with no contact with Jews that may be affiliated with the

2892:. Jewish organizations such as the Comité de Damas and North American 6999: 6968: 6862: 6832: 6806: 6796: 6756: 5082: 3767: 3322: 3267: 2909: 2841: 2558: 2507: 2381: 2347: 2216: 2010: 999: 994: 866: 757: 652: 648: 644: 393: 388: 365: 347: 222: 217: 207: 185: 160: 120: 104: 4848: 6892: 6771: 6766: 5793: 5186: 5086: 4158: 3839:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Colegio Nacional de México. Archived from 3392: 3013: 2925: 2873: 2869: 2833: 2740: 2635: 2041: 2036: 1996: 1981: 1092: 984: 404: 370: 356: 291: 136: 4265:"In first for Latin America, ultra-Orthodox city planned for Mexico" 3759: 3594:[Jews and their presence in Mexico since the 16th century]. 4951:

Historia del tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición en México.

4888:

Cruzadas y Utopias: El judeocristianismo en las sociedades Ibéricas

4865:, "Portuguese Crypto-Judaism in New Spain, 1569-1649" (chapter 3), 4857:

To the End of the Earth: A History of the Crypto-Jews of New Mexico

4840: 6897: 6776: 4212:"Un tesoro judío en el corazón de Guerrero: la mikve de Juliantla" 3516: 3297: 3214: 3167: 3106: 2975: 2937: 2855: 2825: 2758: 2728: 2648: 2639: 2608: 2551: 1004: 433: 337: 306: 2776:, the first recorded instance of public Jewish worship. In 1865, 5078: 4775:

Jews and the Inquisition of Mexico: The Great Auto de Fe of 1649

4401:

Claudia Sheinbaum projected to be Mexico's first woman president

3692:

Nathan, D. L. “A Hebrew Letter on the New World's First Coins?”

3337: 3314: 2849: 2494: 156: 6251: 5797: 5518: 5237: 5039: 3383:

Efforts to find Jewish descendants have continued. Texas Rabbi

4786:

The Inquisition in New Spain, 1536-1820: A Documentary History

4583:

Return to Centro Histórico: A Mexican Jew Looks for His Roots

3888:"Earliest Jewish manuscript in New World to return to Mexico" 3835:[Unknowns sources of the history of Mexican Judaism] 3048:

from within Mexico as well as immigrants from Latin America.

3325:

in Mexico, however cultural vestiges remain in the forms of

4981:

The Jews and the Expansion of Europe to the West, 1450-1800

3994:

Micahel, Journal of the History of the Jews in the Diaspora

4077:[Following the footsteps of the Jews in Mexico]. 2661:

The persecution of Jews came to New Spain along with the

4916:

The Jews in New Spain: Faith, Flame, and the Inquisition

3592:"Los judíos y su presencia en México desde el siglo XVI" 4525:"In Mexico City, insular community begins to reach out" 4932:, vol. 1, pp. 749–752. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997. 4795:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2012. 3696:. Vol. XXXIX, No. 1, January-February 2006, pp. 8-14. 4816:, vol. 1, pp.340-344. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997. 4343:"Mexico City's 1st Elected Female Mayor Takes Office" 4161:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. 3223:

In Greater Mexico City, notable communities exist in

3082:. In June 2024, she was elected President of Mexico. 4900:

in the Practice of Medicine in the Spanish Empire."

4793:

Death by Effigy: A Case from the Mexican Inquisition

3946:

Jewish Women A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia

3833:"Fuentes desconocidas de la historia Mexicano-Judia" 2020: 2001: 424: 6982: 6911: 6825: 6729: 6720: 6656: 6505: 6455: 6337: 6319: 6303: 6296: 6209: 6173: 6147: 6126: 6096: 6059: 6007: 5989: 5976:

National Conservative Presbyterian Church in Mexico

5956: 5938: 5927: 5907: 5877: 5847: 5838: 5831: 5676: 5550: 5397: 5271: 5195: 5179: 5163: 5137: 5121: 5093: 4918:. Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press 1970. 4823:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1969. 4125:"Jews in Mexico, a struggle for survival: Part Two" 3660:"Jews in Mexico, a struggle for survival: Part One" 3063:obtained Spanish citizenship through this program. 126: 114: 90: 78: 65: 37: 4969:. Translated by Mauro Armiño. Madrid: Tauros 1985. 4946:. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press 2008. 4802:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1999. 4800:Women in the Inquisition: Spain and the New World 4788:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2012. 3715:Hoge, Robert Wilson, Current Cabinet Activities, 2816:During the very late 19th century into the 20th, 5981:Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church of Mexico 4821:The Mexican Inquisition in the Sixteenth Century 4493:. Mexico City: Tribuna Israelita. Archived from 4005:Israel, "Portuguese Crypto-Judaism", pp. 101-02. 3721:http://numismatics.org/magazine/cabinetspring07/ 3176:at its former location on 120 Zacatecas Street, 6073:Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times 6069:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 4928:Martínez, Maria Elena. "Limpieza de Sangre" in 4890:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1984. 4763:. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1993. 4456:. Petaluma, CA: World Trade Press. p. 15. 3340:from Sephardic Jews. A 2018 study published in 3270:, where Yiddish was the unofficial language of 2980:Mexican Ashkenazi Jews of Polish origin in 1961 2653:Execution of Mariana de Carabajal, daughter of 5145:Comité Central de la Comunidad Judía de México 3983:Israel, "Portuguese Crypto-Judaism" pp. 98-99. 3010:National Institute of Anthropology and History 6263: 5809: 5530: 5249: 5051: 4610:Out of sight: The many faces of Jewish Mexico 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 2472: 39: 8: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 3797: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 2622:proposed that the first coins minted in the 2554:, until the first half of the 20th century. 32: 7106:Originated in what is now the United States 4960:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1988. 4859:. New York: Columbia University Press 2005. 4761:Inquisición y sociedad en México, 1571-1700 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3698:http://numismatics.org/collection/2006.13.1 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3510:"Panorama de las religiones en México 2010" 3180:, Mexico City (the building now houses the 716:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 6726: 6300: 6270: 6256: 6248: 5935: 5844: 5835: 5816: 5802: 5794: 5537: 5523: 5515: 5256: 5242: 5234: 5058: 5044: 5036: 4976:. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económico 1992. 4773:Bocanegra, Matias de and Seymour Liebman, 4713: 4711: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4454:Mexico Society and Culture Complete Report 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4075:"Tras las huellas de los judíos en México" 4013: 4011: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 2479: 2465: 2329: 1970: 1043: 850: 455: 324: 143: 54: 31: 4923:Los Judíos en México y en América Central 4812:Gojman de Backal, Alicia. "Conversos" in 4654: 4652: 4037: 4035: 4033: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3826: 3824: 2988:In 1987 the Tribuna Israelita along with 2972:20th century institutions and integration 2702:. In 1567 the Carvajal family arrived to 60:Map of Jewish population by state in 2010 5859:History of the Catholic Church in Mexico 4777:. Lawrence, Kansas: Coronado Press 1974. 4283: 4281: 3803:"Los Judios en México desde 1519 a 1996" 3329:religious rituals and blended cuisine. 4876:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1965. 4809:. Mexico City: Enep-Acatlan, UNAM 1984. 4628:Vivienne Stanton (September 13, 2010), 4044:"The Jewish Palate: The Jews of Mexico" 3501: 2990:Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico 2380: 2332: 2158: 2105: 2072: 2049: 1973: 1839: 1727: 1701: 1536: 1330: 1105: 1077: 936: 770: 699: 599: 514: 458: 378: 355: 327: 155: 5971:Presbyterian Reformed Church of Mexico 5966:National Presbyterian Church in Mexico 5948:Seventh-day Adventist Church in Mexico 4535:from the original on December 15, 2009 3992:Eva A. Uchmany, "Simón Váez Sevilla", 5545:History of the Jews in North America 4638:from the original on October 16, 2013 4139:from the original on December 3, 2013 4085:from the original on November 6, 2012 3952:from the original on November 9, 2020 3602:from the original on 24 November 2020 2824:also began arriving from what is now 7: 4770:. Jerusalem: Hebrew University 1965. 4694:"Fig 1. d) East/South Mediterranean" 4054:from the original on August 30, 2011 3465:History of the Jews in Latin America 3317:, has colonial Crypto-Jewish origins 3290:, where the majority are now based. 79:Regions with significant populations 4967:Los estatutos de limpieza de sangre 4427:Studies in the Literary Imagination 3211:Jewish neighborhoods of Mexico City 3004:21st century and modern immigration 2605:Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula 5129:Historic Synagogue Justo Sierra 71 4210:Huitron, Luis (24 November 2022). 4073:Natalia Gómez (January 24, 2006). 3674:from the original on June 11, 2019 3658:Lenchek, Shep (February 1, 2000). 3113:Historic Synagogue Justo Sierra 71 2962:La Lagunilla Market in Mexico City 2499:began in 1519 with the arrival of 74:self-identified Jews (2010 census) 25: 4580:Ilan Stavans (30 December 2011). 4315:Martín, María (30 October 2022). 4165:from the original on 24 June 2018 3076:Head of Government of Mexico City 2763:Cultural Institute Mexico-Israel. 507:Historical population comparisons 7087: 6279:Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico 5658:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5379:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5073: 5067: 4807:Los conversos en la Nueva España 3974:. Leiden: Brill 2002, pp. 97-98. 3590:Kaminer, José (25 August 2010). 3438: 3424: 3378:Jewish Community of Venta Prieta 1151:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1065:Historical population by country 4631:The many faces of Jewish Mexico 4607:Vivienne Stanton (April 2009), 4123:Lenchek, Shep (March 1, 2000). 2998:Secretaría de Educación Pública 2933:was brought to Mexico in 1930. 2888:at the invitation of President 2809:) with a reputation similar to 2536:Roman Catholic Church in Mexico 5032:from the World Jewish Congress 4989:Colonial Latin American Review 4953:2nd edition. Mexico City 1954. 4925:. Mexico city: Siglo XXI 1971. 4523:Ben Harris (October 5, 2009). 3191:historic center of Mexico City 3117:Historic Center of Mexico City 2828:and the rest of the crumbling 2542:during the nineteenth-century 1: 6079:Jehovah's Witnesses in Mexico 5101:History of the Jews in Mexico 5026:from the Government of Mexico 4768:Conversos ante la inquisición 4042:Dennis Wasko (May 16, 2011). 2755:Post Independence immigration 722:Christianity and Judaism 85:Mexico City Metropolitan Area 7136:Jewish communities in Mexico 7103:Primarily arrived via Canada 5783:United States Virgin Islands 5504:United States Virgin Islands 4491:"Jewish Community in Mexico" 3313:), a type of sandwich using 3086:Jewish communities in Mexico 2717:Luis de Carvajal the Younger 2655:Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal 2613:conquest of the Aztec Empire 5223:Colegio Israelita de México 5203:Colegio Hebreo Maguen David 4911:. New York: Macmillan 1908. 4452:World Trade Press. (2010). 4081:(in Spanish). Mexico City. 3519:. p. 3. Archived from 3182:University of Communication 2534:. When the monopoly of the 2021: 2002: 1729:Latin America and Caribbean 425: 7157: 6022:Episcopal Church in Mexico 5265:Judaism in North America 5208:Colegio Hebreo Monte Sinaí 4673:10.1038/s41467-018-07748-z 3996:, viii (1983), pp. 126-61. 3455:Festival of Santa Esterica 2334:Jewish political movements 2031:Conversion to Judaism 7082: 6285: 5758:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5479:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5024:Comunidad judía de México 5001:10.1080/10609160802025516 4805:Gojman Goldberg, Alicia. 4127:. Mexconnect newsletter. 3662:. Mexconnect newsletter. 3460:Gilberto Bosques Saldívar 3225:Colonia Hipódromo Condesa 3174:Hebreo Monte Sinaí School 3061:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 3008:In the 21st century, the 3000:and other organizations. 737:Hinduism and Judaism 131: 119: 95: 83: 70: 53: 45: 6730:More than 100,000 people 6457:From South and East Asia 5778:Turks and Caicos Islands 5499:Turks and Caicos Islands 4972:Ushmany, Eva Alexandra. 4942:Martínrez, Maria Elena. 4902:Jahrbuch für Geschicte 4 4237:Cultura, Secretaría de. 3294:Crypto-Jewish resurgence 3143:Alicia Freilich de Segal 2667:Bernal Díaz del Castillo 2594:Viceroyalty of New Spain 563:Temple in Jerusalem 256:Bar and bat mitzvah 7126:Ethnic groups in Mexico 6983:Fewer than 1,000 people 6321:From Sub-Saharan Africa 5213:Colegio Hebreo Sefaradí 5171:Israel–Mexico relations 4874:The Spanish Inquisition 3940:Judit Bokser Liwerant. 3876:. New York. p. A1. 3412:Southwest United States 2950:Mexican Catholic Church 2530:were prosecuted by the 525:Twelve Tribes of Israel 7131:Jewish Mexican history 5864:Melkite Greek Catholic 5708:British Virgin Islands 5429:British Virgin Islands 5113:Antisemitism in Mexico 4949:Medina, José Toribio. 4930:Encyclopedia of Mexico 4819:Greenleaf, Richard E. 4814:Encyclopedia of Mexico 4784:Chuchiak, John F. IV. 3318: 3220: 3185: 3120: 2981: 2861: 2764: 2658: 40: 6826:20,000–100,000 people 5648:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5369:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5218:Colegio Hebreo Tarbut 4937:Religion in New Spain 4869:. Leiden: Brill 2002. 4732:10.1353/sho.1999.0089 4497:on September 23, 2011 3748:Sociology of Religion 3301: 3218: 3171: 3110: 2979: 2946:growing Protestantism 2890:Plutarco Elías Calles 2859: 2807:Museo del Estanquillo 2788:, the Liberals under 2762: 2652: 2628:Spanish Conquistadors 1271:São Tomé and Príncipe 1266:Republic of the Congo 660:Second Temple Judaism 531:Kingdom of Judah 502:Modern historiography 127:Related ethnic groups 5106:List of Mexican Jews 4907:Lea, Henry Charles. 4791:Corteguera, Luis R. 4288:Cueto, José Carlos. 4218:(in Mexican Spanish) 4159:"The Jews of Mexico" 3831:Seymore B. Leibman. 3480:List of Mexican Jews 3338:genetic contribution 3284:Bosques de las Lomas 3233:Lomas de Chapultepec 3219:Synagogue in Polanco 3044:aimed at attracting 2906:Constitution of 1917 2778:Emperor Maximilian I 2540:religious toleration 2373:World Agudath Israel 1514:United Arab Emirates 601:Second Temple period 591:Babylonian captivity 6912:1,000–20,000 people 5899:Antiochian Orthodox 5663:Trinidad and Tobago 5558:Antigua and Barbuda 5384:Trinidad and Tobago 5279:Antigua and Barbuda 5030:Community in Mexico 4863:Israel, Jonathan I. 4561:on November 2, 2012 3874:Wall Street Journal 3846:on December 3, 2013 3809:on February 6, 2013 3355:is higher than the 3332:Additionally, some 3147:Jacqueline Goldberg 3057:President of Mexico 2822:Middle Eastern Jews 2700:New Kingdom of León 2676:Mexican Inquisition 2532:Mexican Inquisition 2517:Spanish Inquisition 666:Hellenistic Judaism 244:Land of Israel 203:Principles of faith 34: 5825:Religion in Mexico 5598:Dominican Republic 5319:Dominican Republic 4964:Sicroff, Albert A. 4921:Liebman, Seymour. 4914:Liebman, Seymour. 4898:Limpieza de Sangre 4896:. "Legitimacy and 4894:Lanning, John Tate 4759:Alberro, Solange. 3726:2020-11-09 at the 3703:2020-11-09 at the 3526:on 21 October 2015 3475:Limpieza de sangre 3319: 3221: 3186: 3121: 2982: 2866:Mexican Revolution 2862: 2765: 2659: 2624:Western Hemisphere 2538:was replaced with 2227:Jewish Koine Greek 1769:Dominican Republic 1050:Judaism by country 729:Jews and Christmas 584:Assyrian captivity 7113: 7112: 7094:Mexico portal 7078: 7077: 6716: 6715: 6657:From Western Asia 6338:From the Americas 6245: 6244: 6122: 6121: 6092: 6091: 6055: 6054: 5910:Oriental Orthodox 5791: 5790: 5680:other territories 5512: 5511: 5401:other territories 5231: 5230: 5155:Tribuna Israelita 4886:Lafaye, Jacques. 4855:Hordes, Stanley. 4349:. 5 December 2018 3357:Iberian Peninsula 3336:have significant 3260:streetcar suburbs 3254:northeast of the 3252:Historic Downtown 3068:Claudia Sheinbaum 3042:planned community 3038:Ixtapan de la Sal 3034:Ciudad de la Torá 3026:National Archives 2795:Czar Alexander II 2489: 2488: 2438: 2437: 2186: 2185: 1933:Reconstructionist 1877: 1876: 1029: 1028: 836: 835: 673:Jewish–Roman wars 621:Hasmonean dynasty 537:Kingdom of Israel 441: 440: 142: 141: 18:Judaism in Mexico 16:(Redirected from 7148: 7092: 7091: 7090: 6924:Chichimeca Jonaz 6727: 6659:and North Africa 6301: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6249: 6084:La Luz del Mundo 6062: 6010: 5992: 5959: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5912: 5894:Russian Orthodox 5882: 5880:Eastern Orthodox 5852: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5795: 5748:Saint Barthélemy 5678:Dependencies and 5551:Sovereign states 5539: 5532: 5525: 5516: 5469:Saint Barthélemy 5399:Dependencies and 5272:Sovereign states 5258: 5251: 5244: 5235: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5060: 5053: 5046: 5037: 5012: 4956:Seed, Patricia. 4852: 4744: 4743: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4667:. p. 5388. 4656: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4613:, archived from 4604: 4598: 4597: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4529:JTA News Service 4520: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4487: 4468: 4467: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4422: 4403: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4375:. 12 June 2023. 4365: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4285: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4120: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4039: 4028: 4027: 4015: 4006: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3968: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3937: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3869: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3845: 3838: 3828: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3799: 3772: 3771: 3743: 3730: 3713: 3707: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3655: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3587: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3525: 3514: 3506: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3434: 3429: 3428: 3427: 3334:Mexican Mestizos 3276:Amsterdam Avenue 3159:Blanca Strepponi 3151:Martha Kornblith 3111:Interior of the 2898:Great Depression 2886:port of Veracruz 2708:Luis de Carvajal 2481: 2474: 2467: 2330: 2211: 2032: 2026: 2007: 1971: 1918: 1865:New Zealand 1817: 1780:El Salvador 1770: 1702:Northern America 1694: 1288: 1044: 955:Crimean Karaites 851: 829: 827: 748: 746: 738: 732: 723: 711:Rabbinic Judaism 692: 686: 680: 668: 656: 622: 615:Maccabean Revolt 592: 585: 579: 571: 564: 558: 550: 532: 456: 430: 325: 257: 245: 144: 137:Israeli diaspora 66:Total population 58: 47: 46:יהודים מקסיקניים 43: 41:judíos mexicanos 35: 21: 7156: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7109: 7088: 7086: 7074: 6978: 6907: 6821: 6712: 6658: 6652: 6501: 6451: 6333: 6315: 6292: 6281: 6276: 6246: 6241: 6232:Oldest churches 6205: 6169: 6143: 6118: 6088: 6060: 6051: 6008: 6003: 5990: 5985: 5957: 5952: 5939: 5928: 5923: 5919:Coptic Orthodox 5908: 5903: 5878: 5873: 5848: 5839: 5827: 5822: 5792: 5787: 5681: 5679: 5672: 5546: 5543: 5513: 5508: 5402: 5400: 5393: 5267: 5262: 5232: 5227: 5191: 5175: 5159: 5133: 5117: 5089: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5020: 5015: 4986: 4826: 4798:Giles, Mary E. 4766:Beinart, Haim. 4752: 4750:Further reading 4747: 4717: 4716: 4709: 4699: 4697: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4658: 4657: 4650: 4641: 4639: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4586:. p. 108. 4579: 4578: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4555:"Quiénes Somos" 4553: 4552: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4522: 4521: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4489: 4488: 4471: 4464: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4424: 4423: 4406: 4399: 4395: 4385: 4383: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4350: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4326: 4324: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4299: 4297: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4246: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4142: 4140: 4122: 4121: 4098: 4088: 4086: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4041: 4040: 4031: 4017: 4016: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3939: 3938: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3870: 3859: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3801: 3800: 3775: 3760:10.2307/3712537 3745: 3744: 3733: 3728:Wayback Machine 3719:, Spring 2007. 3714: 3710: 3705:Wayback Machine 3691: 3687: 3677: 3675: 3657: 3656: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3589: 3588: 3549: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3444: 3439: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3385:Samuel S. Lerer 3296: 3245:State of Mexico 3213: 3126:Sidney Franklin 3115:located in the 3088: 3006: 2974: 2966:Lázaro Cárdenas 2931:Hebrew alphabet 2757: 2706:under nobleman 2674:. However, the 2596: 2591: 2505:, often called 2493:history of the 2485: 2440: 2439: 2327: 2317: 2316: 2307:Judeo-Malayalam 2287:Judaeo-Georgian 2207: 2198: 2188: 2187: 2088:Yiddish theatre 2030: 1968: 1958: 1957: 1916: 1889: 1879: 1878: 1815: 1768: 1692: 1286: 1070:Genetic studies 1041: 1031: 1030: 848: 838: 837: 825: 824: 744: 743: 736: 726: 721: 703:and Middle Ages 701:Rabbinic period 688: 682: 675: 663: 634: 620: 590: 583: 574: 566: 562: 553: 548:in Judaism 545: 530: 453: 443: 442: 322: 312: 311: 255: 243: 188: 133:Jewish diaspora 97:Mexican Spanish 61: 49: 44: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7154: 7152: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7118: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7096: 7083: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7070:Tohono Oʼodham 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6986: 6984: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6829: 6827: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6733: 6731: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6662: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6461: 6459: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6325: 6323: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6313: 6307: 6305: 6298: 6297:Non-Amerindian 6294: 6293: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6252: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6227:Mexican saints 6224: 6219: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6065: 6063: 6061:Nontrinitarian 6057: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6013: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5962: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5933: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5889:Greek Orthodox 5885: 5883: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5853: 5842: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5821: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5798: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5768:Sint Eustatius 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5713:Cayman Islands 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5684: 5682: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5519: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5489:Sint Eustatius 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5434:Cayman Islands 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5090: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5027: 5019: 5018:External links 5016: 5014: 5013: 4995:(1): 101–123. 4984: 4977: 4970: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4905: 4891: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4872:Kamen, Henry. 4870: 4860: 4853: 4841:10.2307/981268 4824: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4778: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4707: 4696:. Nature. 2018 4685: 4648: 4620: 4599: 4592: 4572: 4546: 4508: 4469: 4462: 4444: 4404: 4393: 4360: 4334: 4307: 4294:BBC News Mundo 4277: 4256: 4229: 4202: 4176: 4150: 4096: 4065: 4048:Jerusalem Post 4029: 4007: 3998: 3985: 3976: 3963: 3905: 3894:. 4 March 2017 3879: 3857: 3820: 3773: 3731: 3708: 3685: 3613: 3598:(in Spanish). 3547: 3537: 3515:(in Spanish). 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3435: 3432:Judaism portal 3419: 3416: 3349:third quartile 3295: 3292: 3212: 3209: 3087: 3084: 3072:Rosario Robles 3059:(1988 - 1994) 3053:a 2015 program 3005: 3002: 2973: 2970: 2830:Ottoman Empire 2756: 2753: 2745:Castelo Branco 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2567:Judaeo-Spanish 2548:Ottoman Empire 2544:Liberal reform 2487: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2456: 2455: 2450: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2368:Territorialism 2365: 2360: 2355: 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1696: 1693:United Kingdom 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1126:Bilad-el-Sudan 1123: 1118: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1082: 1081: 1079:Land of Israel 1075: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1042: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 987: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 939: 938: 937:Related groups 934: 933: 932: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 870: 869: 864: 849: 844: 843: 840: 839: 834: 833: 832: 831: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 794:Jewish atheism 791: 786: 781: 773: 772: 768: 767: 766: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745:Islamic–Jewish 740: 733: 718: 713: 705: 704: 697: 696: 695: 694: 670: 657: 629: 624: 617: 612: 610:Yehud Medinata 604: 603: 597: 596: 595: 594: 587: 580: 572: 559: 551: 539: 534: 527: 519: 518: 516:Ancient Israel 512: 511: 510: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 472:Land of Israel 469: 461: 460: 454: 449: 448: 445: 444: 439: 438: 437: 436: 431: 427:Shulchan Aruch 422: 417: 412: 407: 399: 398: 397: 396: 391: 383: 382: 376: 375: 374: 373: 368: 360: 359: 353: 352: 351: 350: 345: 340: 332: 331: 323: 318: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 252: 247: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 205: 200: 193:God in Judaism 189: 184: 183: 180: 179: 178: 177: 172: 164: 163: 153: 152: 140: 139: 129: 128: 124: 123: 117: 116: 112: 111: 109:Judaeo-Spanish 93: 92: 88: 87: 81: 80: 76: 75: 68: 67: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 38: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7153: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7105: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 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5826: 5819: 5814: 5812: 5807: 5805: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5675: 5669: 5668:United States 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5396: 5390: 5389:United States 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5259: 5254: 5252: 5247: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5236: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138:Organizations 5136: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5061: 5056: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5042: 5041: 5038: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4624: 4621: 4617:on 2013-10-17 4616: 4612: 4611: 4603: 4600: 4595: 4593:9780813552262 4589: 4585: 4584: 4576: 4573: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4534: 4531:. Jerusalem. 4530: 4526: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4463:9781607803942 4459: 4455: 4448: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4433:(1): 93–106. 4432: 4428: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4397: 4394: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4308: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4230: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4203: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4066: 4053: 4050:. Jerusalem. 4049: 4045: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3842: 3834: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3496: 3491: 3490:Old Christian 3488: 3486: 3485:New Christian 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3447: 3446:Mexico portal 3436: 3433: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3369:Crypto-Jewish 3365: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3353:Latin America 3350: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272:Parque México 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3217: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139:Sonia Chocron 3134: 3130: 3127: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3080:2024 election 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2978: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954:anti-Semitism 2951: 2947: 2941: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803:Madero Street 2799: 2796: 2791: 2790:Benito Juárez 2787: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2770:Rosh Hashanah 2761: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2734: 2733:New Santander 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2663:conquistadors 2656: 2651: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2601:Hernán Cortés 2593: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2524:Iberian Union 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2292:Judeo-Aramaic 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2282:Judeo-Italian 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2262:Ghardaïa Sign 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1887:Denominations 1883: 1882: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1715:United States 1713: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1201:Guinea-Bissau 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1055:Lists of Jews 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 986: 983: 982: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 942: 941: 940: 935: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 868: 865: 863: 860: 859: 858: 855: 854: 853: 852: 847: 842: 841: 830: 822: 820: 817: 815: 814:The Holocaust 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 776: 775: 774: 769: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 741: 739: 734: 730: 724: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 707: 706: 702: 698: 691: 685: 679: 674: 671: 667: 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 607: 606: 605: 602: 598: 593: 588: 586: 581: 577: 573: 570: 565: 560: 556: 552: 549: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 528: 526: 523: 522: 521: 520: 517: 513: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 463: 462: 457: 452: 447: 446: 435: 432: 429: 428: 423: 421: 418: 416: 415:Mishneh Torah 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 402: 401: 400: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 385: 384: 381: 377: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 362: 361: 358: 354: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 335: 334: 333: 330: 326: 321: 316: 315: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 253: 251: 248: 246: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 213: 209: 206: 204: 201: 198: 194: 191: 190: 187: 182: 181: 176: 175:Who is a Jew? 173: 171: 168: 167: 166: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 145: 138: 134: 130: 125: 122: 118: 113: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 89: 86: 82: 77: 73: 69: 64: 57: 52: 42: 36: 27: 19: 6843:Chontal Maya 6812:Yucatec Maya 6697: 6614:Scandinavian 6287: 6186:Cristero War 6139:Santa Muerte 6104:Bahá'í Faith 5840:Christianity 5773:Sint Maarten 5753:Saint Martin 5632: 5494:Sint Maarten 5474:Saint Martin 5180:Publications 5100: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4873: 4866: 4856: 4835:(1): 23–38. 4832: 4829:The Americas 4828: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4723: 4719: 4698:. 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Retrieved 3807:the original 3751: 3747: 3717:ANS Magazine 3716: 3711: 3693: 3688: 3678:November 28, 3676:. Retrieved 3604:. Retrieved 3596:Diario Judío 3595: 3540: 3528:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

History of the Jews in Mexico

Index