177:âPerhaps the most striking difference between the Old English Judith and the Vulgate version is the setting of the story. In the Vulgate version of the story, Judithâs people, the citizens of Bethulia in particular and the Israelites in general, are shown as more religious than martial, led by priests and elders,rather than kings and generals. The Old English poet deliberately chose to place Judith in a more military setting. Thus, the seeming paradox of a woman as the military leader of her people is not just the result of a difficulty in adapting a biblical story to a Germanic heroic idiom.â
120:
171:Ălfricâs Judith is quite like that of the poem; furthermore, the characters seem to have served the same purposeâto stand as an example to the people in a time of war. Judith's city of Bethulia was being plundered by Assyrians. Holofernes was an Assyrian general and king, often drunk and constantly monstrous.
91:, the Book of Judith was removed from the Protestant Bible. However, it is still present in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Bibles. Many discrepancies exist between the poem and Book, most notably in regards to the portrayal of Holofernes and the exaggeration of Judithâs righteousness in the poem.
82:
The poem is incomplete: the version in the manuscript is 348 lines long, divided in three sections marked with the numbers X, XI, and XII. The numbers correspond to the 10th verse of chapter twelve, the 11th verse of chapter thirteen, and the 12th verse of chapter fourteen. Only the last three out of
314:
Conversely, The Life of St
Christopher does not contain any <io> spellings, which leads to Lucasâ claim, that it is âextremely probable that Quire 14, containing Judith, is the nearest surviving part of the manuscript to its lost beginning, and that the quire was linked to the present Quire by
180:
There are also key narrative details: the Old
English Judith, after severing the head of Holofernes, proudly displayed his head to her Hebrew army and led them into a victorious battle against the Assyrians. In contrast, in the Book of Judith, the Assyrians simply fled Bethulia after discovering the
139:
Both moral and political, the poem tells of a brave womanâs efforts to save and protect her people. Judith is depicted as an exemplar woman, grounded by ideal morale, probity, courage, and religious conviction. Judith's character is rendered blameless and virtuous, and her beauty is praised. In line
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was likely composed during a time of war as a model for the Anglo-Saxon people. The Abbot Ălfric similarly created his own homiletic interpretation of the Book of Judith. At the time of his creation, Vikings were ransacking
England. Ălfric professed that Judith was to serve as an example to the
156:(line 13), "elf-shining", "beautiful". Although Judith kills a man, she appears to be doing God's will; Holofernes, while described to some extent as a standard military leader in the Beowulfian vein, is also cast as a salacious drunk and becomes monstrous in his excess.
193:, including alliteration. The poem used the same kind of variation as do other Old English poems. An example is found in the description of God, who at various times is referred to as 'ĂŚlmihtigan' (the Almighty), 'mihtig Dryhten' (mighty Lord) and 'Scyppende' (Creator).
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signed the manuscript in the 1500s. The quantity of the missing text is widely debated. Some scholars use the
Apocryphal Judith as evidence for the text missing, while others refute this as unreliable as the Old English poet is not loyal to this source.
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signature has led many not to attribute authorship to him. Stylistically, the poem so strongly reflects the
Cynewulfian school that it may just as likely been written by one of Cynewulfâs successors. The existing manuscript text of
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was first discovered as an appendage to the Nowell Codex. Though it is certain that the poem is a derivative of the Book of Judith, still present in the Roman
Catholic Bible, its authorship and year of origin remain a mystery.
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has been modified and set within the framework of the Old
English present. Much of the geographic and political structures relevant to a Hebrew culture have been removed or adapted, relevant to an Old English audience.
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made sure to use regularised <eo> spellings in âThe Letter of
Alexander the Great to Aristotleâ, (66 instances,) and 'The Marvels of the East,â (2 instances).
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would be considered one of the most laudable Old
English works. What is certain about the origin of the poem is that it stems from the Book of Judith. After the
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twelve cantos have been preserved. What remains of the poem opens in the middle of a banquet. Had the first nine cantos been preserved, it is often thought that
168:, meaning "It is also set as an example for you in English according to our style, so that you will defend your land with weapons against an attacking force".
722:
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fire of 1731 and readings have been lost. In order to account for these lost words, modern editions of the poem are supplemented by references to
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Lucas, Peter J. âThe Place of Judith in the
Beowulf-Manuscript.â The Review of English Studies, vol. 41, no. 164, 1990, pp. 463â78. JSTOR,
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Lucas, Peter J. âThe Place of Judith in the Beowulf-Manuscript.â The Review of English Studies, vol. 41, no. 164, 1990, pp. 463â78. JSTOR,
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The Vulgate Liber Iudith, the posited source text of these works, has been mutilated in order to contain the Anglo-Saxon heroic mode:
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is of interest, in contrast to the â126â <io> spellings in Beowulf, (totalling the pages transcribed by both A and B.)
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Brigatti, Federico. The Old English" Judith": Sources, Analysis and Context. University of Glasgow (United Kingdom), 2001.
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47:, dated ca. 975â1025. The Old English poem is one of many retellings of the HolofernesâJudith tale as it was found in the
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Judith, an old English epic fragment. Edited, with introd., facsim., translation, complete glossary, and various indexes
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166:Ăžeo is eac on English on ure wisan iset eow mannum to bisne, Ăžet ge eower eard mid wĂŚpnum beweriĂŚn wiĂ° onwinnende here
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just one quire, designated *0, at least part of which was discarded only as relatively recently as c. 1600.â
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conveys a moral tale of heroic triumph over monstrous beings, if we follow the supposition of Andy Orchardâs
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The poem "Judith" is fully edited and annotated, with digital images of its manuscript pages, in the
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614:. 1st ed. Ed. Richard Marsden. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pages 147â148.
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Full digital coverage of the manuscript on the British Library's Digitised Manuscripts website
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Dobbie, E. "Beowulf and Judith", ASPR vol. 4 (Columbia University Press, New York, 1953)
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In the Nowell Codex, the lack of scribal regularization is of note. The absence of
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558:, ed. L. E. Nicholson and D. W. Frese (Notre Dame, Indiana, 1975),pp. 145â59.
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As Peter Lucas has demonstrated, Scribe A, who copied the first 87 MS pages of
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Cubitt, C. "Virginity and Misogyny in Tenth- and Eleventh-Century England",
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became fragmented, but it is suggested that it was already fragmented when
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Szarmach, Paul E., Tavormina, M. Teresa, Rosenthal, Joel T. (editors).
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Pride and Prodigies: Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf Manuscript.
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63:, late 10th-century Anglo-Saxon abbot and writer; his version is a
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Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Essays in Appreciation for John C. McGalliard
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The Eleventh Century Origin of Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript
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152:(line 55), "wise woman", whilst her appearance is described as
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of 1731, including threads, folds and prick-marks. Studies in
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Chamberlain, D. "Judith: a Fragmentary and Political Poem".
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in the manuscript, was copied by the second of two scribes.
628:. The United States Chapter of Ăa Engliscan GesiĂ°as, 1997.
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Judith contains many of the poetic techniques common to
37:. It is found in the same manuscript as the heroic poem
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The Numbers in the Manuscript of the Old English Judith
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are, however, important and of interest when studying
597:Ălfricâs Homlies on Judith, Esther, and The Maccabees
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619:Judith, Juliana, and Elene: Three fighting Saints
123:A medieval illustration of Judith and Holophernes
639:, Vol. 20, No. 7. (Nov. 1905), pp. 197â199.
535:Campbell, J.J. "Schematic Technique in Judith".
227:The consensus held by modern scholars allocates
653:, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Apr. 1955), pp. 168â172.
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563:Ălfric's Judith: manipulative or manipulated?
530:Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
280:, as the manuscript is written in two hands.
211:. Damage to the manuscript was caused by the
201:The only existing copy of the poem is in the
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159:Portraying the epitome of Germanic heroism,
29:describes the beheading of Assyrian general
649:Woolf, R. E. "The Lost Opening to Judith".
284:is in the hand of the second scribe, as is
1377:Metrical Preface and Epilogue to Alfred's
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591:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.
418:The Norton Anthology of English Literature
621:, (Peter Lang Publishing, New York, 1991)
581:, Vol. 12. No. 1. (2000), pp. 14â18
665:Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project
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59:Bibles. The other extant version is by
276:and the constituent texts within the
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1305:"An Exhortation to Christian Living"
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164:people. In a letter, Ălfric wrote:
605:http://www.jstor.org/stable/516274
514:http://www.jstor.org/stable/516274
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644:Medieval England: an Encyclopedia
502:. London: Routledge. p. 282.
420:. New York: Norton. p. 109.
140:109, Judith is referred to as an
1323:"Old English Psalms" (fragments)
692:of the poem into Modern English.
612:The Cambridge Old English Reader
106:It is evident that the story of
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148:(line 56), "holy woman", and a
669:https://oepoetryfacsimile.org/
589:Early English Christian Poetry
16:Old English poem (c. 975â1025)
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1492:Cultural depictions of Judith
1299:"Proverb from Winfrid's time"
1244:"Paris Psalter" (BNF MS 8824)
181:deceased body of Holofernes.
1194:Capture of the Five Boroughs
610:Marsden, Richard. "Judith".
384:. Harvard University Press.
197:Destruction and preservation
1138:For Loss or Theft of Cattle
626:Judith: a Prose Translation
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651:The Modern Language Review
646:, New York: Garland, 1998.
115:Plot, structure and themes
71:History and incompleteness
1199:"The Coronation of Edgar"
835:The Fates of the Apostles
539:38 (1971),pp. 155â72
516:. Accessed 13 Jan. 2023.
264:evidence was lost in the
1374:"Latin-English Proverbs"
1221:The Rime of King William
970:"The Order of the World"
682:2 September 2015 at the
607:. Accessed 13 Jan. 2023.
565:(1994) pp. 215â227.
537:English Literary History
288:from line 1939 onwards.
205:, immediately following
67:(in prose) of the tale.
1350:The Seasons for Fasting
1317:"The Lord's Prayer III"
1204:The Death of King Edgar
1053:"Homiletic Fragment II"
1037:"The Descent into Hell"
574:, (Heath, Boston, 1889)
51:, still present in the
33:by Israelite Judith of
1387:'s translation of the
1311:"The Lord's Prayer II"
861:"Homiletic Fragment I"
382:The Beowulf manuscript
355:Cook, pp. lxxviâlxxvii
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1308:"A Summons to Prayer"
1216:"The Death of Edward"
1152:For Water-Elf Disease
1070:The Husband's Message
1050:"The Lord's Prayer I"
637:Modern Language Notes
544:Catholic Encyclopedia
266:Ashburnham House fire
231:to the authorship of
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1383:Metrical Preface to
1263:The Battle of Maldon
1187:Battle of Brunanburh
1031:"The Judgment Day I"
587:Kennedy, Charles W.
1211:The Death of Alfred
1131:For a Swarm of Bees
958:The Fortunes of Men
414:Greenblatt, Stephen
223:Authorship and date
94:It is unknown when
1448:Alliterative verse
1326:"The Kentish Hymn"
1284:Solomon and Saturn
1249:Finnsburh Fragment
1239:Metres of Boethius
929:"The Gifts of Men"
732:Old English poetry
579:Gender and History
528:Lapidge, Michael.
203:Beowulf manuscript
191:Old English poetry
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57:Orthodox Christian
1497:Old English poems
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1302:"Judgment Day II"
1145:For Delayed Birth
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849:Dream of the Rood
185:Poetic techniques
61:Ălfric of Eynsham
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1453:Beasts of battle
1289:"The Menologium"
1159:Nine Herbs Charm
999:Soul and Body II
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808:Christ and Satan
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1110:Against a dwarf
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172:
169:
167:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
146:halige meowle
143:
142:ides ellenrof
138:
134:
130:
121:
114:
112:
109:
104:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
80:
77:
70:
68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
41:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
1464:
1388:
1378:
1282:
1256:Waldere A, B
1166:WiĂ° fĂŚrstice
937:The Seafarer
924:The Wanderer
900:Guthlac A, B
854:
847:
826:
806:
799:
792:
781:
762:
761:
754:
747:Nowell Codex
674:
664:
650:
643:
636:
625:
618:
611:
595:
588:
578:
569:
562:
561:Clayton, M.
555:
542:
536:
529:
508:
499:
490:
481:
476:Nelson, p. 4
472:
463:
454:
445:
436:
417:
408:
381:
360:
351:
338:Nowell Codex
317:
313:
308:
306:
301:
297:
295:
285:
281:
278:Nowell Codex
273:
270:palaeography
255:
252:Palaeography
245:
244:, following
241:
228:
226:
206:
200:
188:
179:
176:
173:
170:
165:
160:
158:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
126:
107:
105:
95:
93:
84:
81:
75:
74:
45:Nowell Codex
38:
25:
24:
18:
1320:"The Creed"
1231:Other poems
982:The Panther
910:The Phoenix
870:Exeter Book
690:translation
568:Cook, A.S.
523:Works cited
292:Orthography
89:Reformation
21:Old English
1486:Categories
1335:"A Prayer"
1329:"Psalm 50"
932:"Precepts"
893:Christ III
594:Lee, S.D.
344:References
31:Holofernes
1389:Dialogues
1379:Hierdeboc
1345:"Aldhelm"
1294:Maxims II
1277:Rune poem
1177:Chronicle
989:The Whale
944:Vainglory
905:"Azarias"
886:Christ II
783:Genesis A
774:Junius MS
400:653083509
154:aelfscinu
1458:Kennings
1432:Cynewulf
1385:WĂŚrferth
1082:Riddles
1077:The Ruin
1018:Riddles
965:Maxims I
879:Christ I
680:Archived
498:(2015).
416:(2012).
380:(2010).
322:See also
309:Beowulf,
233:Cynewulf
53:Catholic
35:Bethulia
1465:Beowulf
1422:Aldhelm
1340:Thureth
1103:Ăcerbot
1062:Riddle
1056:Riddle
1045:Pharaoh
951:Widsith
917:Juliana
828:Andreas
756:Beowulf
532:(1991).
286:Beowulf
246:Beowulf
208:Beowulf
129:Beowulf
40:Beowulf
1427:CĂŚdmon
1270:Durham
801:Daniel
794:Exodus
763:Judith
675:Judith
424:
398:
388:
302:Judith
282:Judith
274:Judith
242:Judith
229:Judith
213:Cotton
161:Judith
133:Judith
108:Judith
96:Judith
85:Judith
76:Judith
65:homily
43:, the
26:Judith
1441:Other
1415:Poets
1179:poems
1084:61â95
856:Elene
739:Poems
256:Much
237:runic
127:Like
23:poem
1471:Scop
1020:1â59
1006:Deor
422:ISBN
396:OCLC
386:ISBN
260:and
55:and
19:The
1058:30b
635:â.
547:: "
298:-io
1488::
1064:60
785:,
688:A
667::
394:.
369:^
131:,
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787:B
724:e
717:t
710:v
600:,
551:"
430:.
402:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
