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penalties for violations of imposed civilian restrictions were both swift and brutal, administered through beatings, hangings, imprisonment, starvation, torture, and executions. In
January 1943, antisemitic propaganda targeted the non-interned German Jews, as Japanese leaders began to be influenced by their Nazi allies. Rumors about forcing the German Jews into a ghetto began to circulate. This imminent danger to the German Jews was averted by the more influential leaders of the Jewish community, who negotiated with the Japanese leaders. While the Japanese could not be bothered by Nazi plans to establish a Jewish ghetto in the Philippines, they did not object to episodes of abuse randomly waged against members of the Jewish community by their own soldiers. The Japanese also used the synagogue and its adjacent hall to store ammunition, and they were totally destroyed in the war. Dozens of incidents of German Jews, along with other civilians suffering at the hands of the Japanese during these years of occupation, illustrate the horror of the time.
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influential
American members, were immediately incarcerated, as well as Americans of other faiths and "enemy alien" civilians. Having spent five years freeing hundreds of German Jews from Nazi oppression, the Manila American Jewish community now faced its own incarceration. Their fate was now in the hands of the German refugee Jews who aided their interned benefactors with food and supplies. Several firsthand accounts about the details of camp life have been written over the years, but few of them discuss specifics concerning the experiences of the Jews in camp. It can only be assumed that the general state of affairs at the camp pertained to all. The Japanese left the camp members to their own designs to solve their housing, food, and sanitation problems. Most prisoners were interned for the full three years until the end of the war in 1945.
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name: Temple Emil and
Bachrach Hall. Joseph Cysner became the caretaker of the Temple. Bachrach's economic successes allowed him to be a generous philanthropist, who supported both Jewish and Christian causes. Economic prosperity, along with a high level of societal interaction, apparently precluded the need for strong Jewish institutions. Theirs was a 19th-century lifestyle of the very rich. Although the Jewish families did go to the Temple for special occasions, and the existence of an adjacent social hall did serve to centralize and focus Jewish cultural life, it was still very low-key. Even though Temple Emil was built in the 1920s primarily through the generous contributions of the Bachrachs, Netzorgs, and Frieders, the only services conducted on an annual basis were the High Holidays, when a visiting Rabbi or
2762:, more than 1,300 Jews from Europe had immigrated to the Philippines. The Jewish community of Manila reached its maximum population of about 2,500 members by the end of 1941, having increased eightfold since it first received refugees in 1937. This once American-dominated Jewish community that had saved the lives of well over 1,300 European Jews from probable extermination in the Holocaust, faced an unexpected persecution of its own. An amazing turn of events put the fate of the American Jews into the hands of the German refugee Jews when the Japanese entered Manila in December 1941 and summarily interned all "
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Philippine
President Quezon to operate a selection committee to choose those who would be granted visas by the U.S. State Department. By an application and review process, Jewish refugees in Germany and Austria obtained visas for immigration from U.S. consular officers who had been instructed by the U.S. State Department to issue visas based on recommendations from the JRC in Manila. This successful Frieder-McNutt selection rescue plan led to the larger resettlement rescue plan that focused on the island of
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2587:(1935–1946) that Jewish refugees from Europe sought a safe haven in Manila. The migration of Jews escaping Europe between 1935 and 1941 was the last major immigration of Jews to the Philippines. The first German Jews to arrive in Manila actually came from the Jewish community in Shanghai. With the occupation of Peking by the Japanese in 1937, the four million inhabitants of Shanghai were endangered. Germany's shift of alliance from China to
2496:, observed their Jewish rites in secret. The Inquisition investigated and persecuted many of the Conversos, accusing them of practicing in secret, some without substantial basis. Thus many of the original Jews and Marranos fled to the new Spanish colonies including the Philippines. Two "New Christian" brothers, Jorge and Domingo RodrĂguez, arrived in the Spanish Philippines in the 1590s. By 1593 both were tried and convicted at an
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had been victimized by the
Japanese occupying forces, which resulted in the death of 70 members of the Jewish community. The American military took steps to assist the Jewish community in its recovery. U.S. and Filipino soldiers provided not only food, water, supplies, and medicine for the victims, but also donated $ 15,000 for the rebuilding of the synagogue.
35:
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at this time alarmed German Jews in
Shanghai, fearing German pressure on Japan to adopt Nazi anti-Jewish policies. Fearing for them as well, the Jewish community in Manila, led by the Frieder Brothers of Cincinnati, organized the Jewish Refugee Committee of Manila (JRC) with the intention of rescuing
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When the
Philippines became an American colony, American Jewish citizens took advantage of this new frontier. The arrival of American military forces to the Philippines brought Jewish servicemen who decided to remain in the islands after their military discharge and become permanent residents. Jewish
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The
Japanese did not perceive a difference between German nationals and German Jews so the majority of the Jewish community in Manila, hundreds of German and Austrian Jews, did not face internment at Santo Tomas University. However, about 250 other members of the Jewish community, including the more
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After the liberation of the
Philippines from Japanese occupation by the U.S. and Philippine Commonwealth Armed Forces, the freed internees of STIC joined with the remaining refugees in Manila to try to rebuild their devastated community. Temple Emil and Bachrach Hall had been totally destroyed. All
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While inmates at STIC battled malnutrition, disease, and exposure, residents of Manila tried to adapt to life under
Japanese occupation. Houses and businesses were searched and seized without warning, providing lodging for the Japanese forces while making their owners jobless and homeless. Japanese
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and Morton I. Netzorg. Emil Bachrach arrived in Manila in 1901 and soon built a sizable commercial empire. Because he is regarded as the first American Jew who permanently settled in the Philippines, the synagogue and cultural hall, which the Bachrach family financed in subsequent decades, bore his
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in 1870. As entrepreneurs, their business ventures over the years included jewelry retail, a general merchandising business, and import trade in gems, pharmaceuticals, and eventually automobiles. Along with them was another notable Jew from the Alsace region, Leopold Kahn, who became president and
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because the Inquisition did not have an independent tribunal in the Philippines. The Inquisition imprisoned the RodrĂguez brothers and subsequently tried and convicted at least eight other "New Christians" from the Philippines. Such was the precarious status of Jewish settlers in the Philippines.
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as a destination for the mass resettlement of 10,000 refugee Jews. For the refugees who did manage to settle in the Philippines, the JRC organised committees to aid in finding employment and new homes for them in Manila. Though relatively modest in numbers when compared to the number of refugees
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in March 1869 provided a more direct trading route between Europe and the Philippines, allowing businesses to grow and the number of Jews in the Philippines to increase. The Levy brothers were subsequently joined by Turkish, Syrian, and Egyptian Jews, creating a multi-ethnic Jewish population of
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But the destruction was so widespread that nearly all of the refugees and their American and British benefactors left the Philippines and the community membership had decreased by 30% by the end of 1946. Fewer than 250 European Jewish refugees could be counted among the estimated 600 Jews who
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were still totally in the hands of the U.S. State Department and would be until the Philippines was granted independence in 1946. What is unique to the rescue of refugee Jews in the Philippines is that the Jewish community in Manila was granted authority by High Commissioner Paul McNutt and
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officiated the services. By 1936, the Jewish community in the Philippines had a distinctly cosmopolitan makeup with a total population of about 500 persons. The threat to European Jewry by the Nazi government in the 1930s sparked a renewed Jewish consciousness. The small, decentralized and
2563:," a delegation of volunteer teachers, who gave public instruction to Filipino children. In addition to education, new markets for import-export businesses attracted young Jewish businessmen, who set up new shops in the Philippines or extended businesses from the U.S. mainland.
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remained in the Philippines by the end of 1948. By 1954, the Jewish community of Manila counted a total of 302 members. By rescuing over 1,300 Jewish refugees, this American Commonwealth saved them from the fate of the six million Jews who were murdered in the Holocaust.
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worldwide, the newly arrived refugees nearly overwhelmed the small Jewish community of Manila, multiplying its numbers relatively overnight. An ironic turn of events occurred when all rescue plans halted with the invasion and occupation of the Philippines during WWII.
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in 1938. Manila then received 30 German Jewish refugee families from Shanghai, which then started a larger program that would eventually rescue 1,300 refugee Jews from Europe between 1937 and 1941, the largest influx of Jews in Philippine history.
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secular-minded Jewish community of Manila took steps to save fellow Jews from certain death, only becoming Jewish-conscious in a deep way when the Nazi threat came out of Europe, and there were thousands of Jews in desperate need of help.
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German members of the Shanghai Jewish community. These Jews had already been deprived of their German citizenship, and the Gestapo presence that was taking root in Japanese areas threatened Jewish existence in Shanghai as well. When the
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general manager of La Estrella del Norte and Levy Hermanos, Inc. Kahn also held positions such as the French consul-general to the Philippines, and president of the French Chamber of Commerce. The opening of the
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The mechanics of the refugee rescue plan in Manila involved many different people and agencies in the Philippines, the United States, and in Germany. The refugee rescue plan also had some opponents. In 1938,
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Jewish presence during the subsequent centuries of Spanish colonization remained small and unorganized. Spanish Christianized laws would not have permitted the presence of an organized Jewish community.
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at the end of the 19th century, when the United States took control of the islands from Spain in 1898, that the Jewish community was allowed to officially organize and openly practice Judaism.
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beliefs in his opposition to Quezon's plan to shelter Jews in the Philippines. While it was important to have the cooperation and consent of President
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Jews numbered at the most 500 people. Other estimates range between 100 and 18,500 people (0.000001% and 0.005% of the country's total population).
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The first permanent settlement of Jews in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial years began with the arrival of three Levy brothers from
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broke out in 1937, the JRC received a telegram from Shanghai asking for assistance for Shanghai's refugee Jews. With the help of
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has the largest Jewish community in the Philippines, which consists of roughly seventy families. The country's only synagogue,
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in Manila working at call centers and a few other executives. There are also a number of converts to Judaism.
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or business envoys, and their existence is almost totally unknown in mainstream society. There are a few
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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http://asianjewishlife.org/pages/articles/AJL_Issue_11_Jan2013/AJL_Feature_Manila_Memories.html
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Three important names appear in the Jewish community around the start of the 20th century:
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Documentary Film by Sonny Izon, "An Open Door: Jewish Rescue in the Philippines"
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1965:
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about fifty individuals by the end of the Spanish period. It was not until the
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2016:
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page 133 in "Philippine Sanctuary: A Holocaust Odyssey" by Bonnie M. Harris
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2680: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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3216:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from
2559:
teachers from the United States also arrived with a contingent of "
4253:
4243:
4238:
4225:
3919:
3897:
2907:
The ties that bind: Filipinos and Jews, the Philippines and Israel
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376:
280:
249:
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A glimpse into the past: The Jewish community in the Philippines
99:
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3854:
3310:
3304:
History of Jews in the Philippines" by Bonnie M. Harris, Ph.D.
3293:
https://www.holocaustandhumanity.org/rescue-in-the-philippines/
2649:
28:
3515:
Christian and Missionary Alliance Churches of the Philippines
3163:"How the Philippines saved 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust"
46:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
3275:
52:
3621:
Evangelical Methodist Church in the Philippine Islands
3300:
Feature Article in Asian Jewish Life, "Manila Memories
2774:
Internment Camp and the old Bilibid prison in Manila.
3500:
Bastion of Truth Reformed Churches in the Philippines
3287:
http://www.anopendoormovie.com/#/a-preview/4559868994
3189:"The Philippines: A Distant Haven From The Holocaust"
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to convert to Christianity or to flee. These Jewish "
3588:
Philippines General Council of the Assemblies of God
1963:
1944:
367:
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Pentecostal Missionary Church of Christ (4th Watch)
3553:
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3458:
3417:
3408:
3381:
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3344:
3840:Atheism, Agnosticism and other forms of Irreligion
3568:Church of the Foursquare Gospel in the Philippines
3108:
3106:
2488:and settled in the Philippines, particularly, in
3683:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
3824:UniĂłn Espiritista Cristiana de Filipinas, Inc.
3819:Philippine Benevolent Missionaries Association
2968:"The Virtual Jewish History Tour: Philippines"
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
4559:
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3322:
3087:. Inquirer.net. March 8, 2005. Archived from
2970:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. November 29, 1947
2786:Recognition of independence up to the present
2415:
8:
3520:Christian Reformed Church in the Philippines
2480:", a term which included converted Muslims.
2632:in this refugee rescue plan, all issues of
659:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4566:
4552:
4544:
4406:
4168:
4095:
3915:
3873:
3859:
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3641:United Church of Christ in the Philippines
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1913:
986:
793:
398:
267:
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3611:Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches
2770:Internment Camp (STIC), and later at the
2740:Learn how and when to remove this message
2514:, who were escaping the aftermath of the
75:Learn how and when to remove this message
2689:"History of the Jews in the Philippines"
2535:
2464:in the 16th century forced many Jews in
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2015:
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321:
298:
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3540:Presbyterian Church of the Philippines
3505:Bread of Life Ministries International
3495:Baptist Bible Fellowship International
3012:"Proposed Hugo and Ilse Learmer Story"
2754:Japanese occupation of the Philippines
2550:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
2456:History of the Philippines (1521–1898)
4974:History of the Jews in Southeast Asia
3535:Philippine Chinese Baptist Convention
3271:Jewish Association of the Philippines
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18:Jewish Association of the Philippines
7:
3756:Indigenous Philippine folk religions
2678:adding citations to reliable sources
2554:Open Door policy of Manuel L. Quezon
2540:Jewish community in Manila during a
4964:Jews and Judaism in the Philippines
4959:History of the Philippines by topic
3678:Members Church of God International
3616:Episcopal Church in the Philippines
3276:Chabad Lubavitch in the Philippines
3014:. Monmouth.army.mil. Archived from
3626:Lutheran Church in the Philippines
3161:Park, Madison (February 3, 2015).
3127:. Alpha-canada.org. Archived from
25:
450:Historical population comparisons
4932:
4923:
4922:
3882:Ethnic groups in the Philippines
3187:Hoffman, Carl (April 25, 2017).
2853:
2839:
2654:
1094:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1008:Historical population by country
33:
3525:Day by Day Christian Ministries
3085:"Global Nation | INQ7.net"
2665:needs additional citations for
2484:are those Jews coming from the
4890:British Indian Ocean Territory
3573:Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide
3510:Christ's Commission Fellowship
3432:Patriarchate of Constantinople
2943:"Philippines Jewish Community"
1:
3396:Philippine Independent Church
3214:"The Jews of the Philippines"
2583:It was during the era of the
665:Christianity and Judaism
3606:Charismatic Episcopal Church
3545:Victory Christian Fellowship
3477:Seventh-day Adventist Church
2879:Israel–Philippines relations
4574:History of the Jews in Asia
3338:Religion in the Philippines
1964:
1945:
1672:Latin America and Caribbean
368:
4990:
3688:The Church of Almighty God
3419:Philippine Orthodox Church
3125:"Diplomats Who Saved Jews"
2751:
2634:Philippine foreign affairs
2613:annexed Austria to Germany
2547:
2453:
2277:Jewish political movements
1974:Conversion to Judaism
4969:Jewish history by country
4918:
3888:
3391:Apostolic Catholic Church
3368:
3070:The Jews of Latin America
2768:University of Santo Tomas
680:Hinduism and Judaism
4639:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2594:Second Sino-Japanese War
506:Temple in Jerusalem
199:Bar and bat mitzvah
4900:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3776:Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi
3673:Kingdom of Jesus Christ
3646:United Methodist Church
3427:Patriarchate of Antioch
3255:Cauliflower and Ketchup
3240:"World Jewish Congress"
2585:Philippine Commonwealth
468:Twelve Tribes of Israel
3437:Patriarchate of Moscow
2760:attack on Pearl Harbor
2545:
55:by rewriting it in an
3578:Jesus Miracle Crusade
2945:. Jewishtimesasia.org
2539:
1214:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1209:Republic of the Congo
603:Second Temple Judaism
474:Kingdom of Judah
445:Modern historiography
4814:United Arab Emirates
3383:Independent Catholic
2674:improve this article
2526:Spanish–American War
2316:World Agudath Israel
1457:United Arab Emirates
544:Second Temple period
534:Babylonian captivity
4841:limited recognition
3668:Jehovah's Witnesses
3563:Cathedral of Praise
2624:was quoted to hold
2516:Franco-Prussian War
2462:Spanish Inquisition
2442:started during the
609:Hellenistic Judaism
187:Land of Israel
146:Principles of faith
3903:Indigenous peoples
3631:The Salvation Army
3252:Schlossberger, E.
3068:Harry O. Sandberg
2874:List of Asian Jews
2861:Philippines portal
2546:
2170:Jewish Koine Greek
1712:Dominican Republic
993:Judaism by country
672:Jews and Christmas
527:Assyrian captivity
57:encyclopedic style
44:is written like a
4946:
4945:
4883:other territories
4541:
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4393:
4386:Suludnon/Tumandok
4160:
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3848:
3847:
3714:
3713:
3706:Iglesia ni Cristo
3654:
3653:
3454:
3453:
3404:
3403:
3113:Philippines story
2869:Eastern Sephardim
2750:
2749:
2742:
2724:
2646:Japanese invasion
2544:celebration, 1925
2486:Iberian Peninsula
2472:" were known as "
2432:
2431:
2381:
2380:
2129:
2128:
1876:Reconstructionist
1820:
1819:
972:
971:
779:
778:
616:Jewish–Roman wars
564:Hasmonean dynasty
480:Kingdom of Israel
384:
383:
85:
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77:
16:(Redirected from
4981:
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4895:Christmas Island
4581:Sovereign states
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4545:
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3410:Eastern Orthodox
3366:
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3324:
3317:
3308:
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3250:
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3220:on June 24, 2018
3210:
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3131:on July 20, 2011
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3096:
3091:on July 29, 2009
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3049:
3043:. Archived from
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3008:
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2990:"Jacques Lipetz"
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1808:New Zealand
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1713:
1645:Northern America
1637:
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987:
898:Crimean Karaites
794:
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3050:on July 9, 2010
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3038:"Bonnie Harris"
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2492:. Some, called
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2250:Judeo-Malayalam
2230:Judaeo-Georgian
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1973:
1911:
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644:Rabbinic period
631:
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3193:Jerusalem Post
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2992:. Remember.org
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2905:Carl Hoffman,
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2847:Judaism portal
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2602:Consul-General
2600:, the Chinese
2542:Passover Seder
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2470:New Christians
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2444:Spanish period
2436:Jewish history
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227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
195:
190:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
148:
143:
136:God in Judaism
132:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:
115:
107:
106:
96:
95:
83:
82:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4986:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
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4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4929:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4864:South Ossetia
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
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4830:
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4777:
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4772:
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3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3351:denominations
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3146:
3143:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3017:
3013:
3007:
3004:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2944:
2938:
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2934:
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2926:
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2898:
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2890:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2851:
2848:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2744:
2741:
2733:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691: –
2690:
2686:
2685:Find sources:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2663:This section
2661:
2657:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2568:Emil Bachrach
2564:
2562:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2482:Sephardi Jews
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
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2386:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
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2357:
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2337:
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2332:
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2329:
2326:
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2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:Judeo-Aramaic
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Judeo-Italian
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
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2168:
2166:
2163:
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2158:
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2140:
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2134:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
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2077:
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2070:
2067:
2065:
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2060:
2057:
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2055:
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2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:Denominations
1826:
1825:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
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1684:
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1679:
1678:
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1673:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:United States
1656:
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1638:
1633:
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1523:
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1518:
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1513:
1511:
1508:
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1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
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1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
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1458:
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1453:
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1425:
1423:
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1400:
1398:
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1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
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1360:
1358:
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1325:
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1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
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1300:
1298:
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1288:
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1279:
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1272:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Guinea-Bissau
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Lists of Jews
996:
994:
991:
990:
989:
988:
983:
978:
977:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
884:
883:
878:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
801:
798:
797:
796:
795:
790:
785:
784:
773:
765:
763:
760:
758:
757:The Holocaust
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
717:
712:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
684:
682:
677:
673:
667:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
649:
645:
641:
634:
628:
622:
617:
614:
610:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
548:
545:
541:
536:
531:
529:
524:
520:
516:
513:
508:
503:
499:
495:
492:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
471:
469:
466:
465:
464:
463:
460:
456:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
406:
405:
400:
395:
390:
389:
378:
375:
372:
371:
366:
364:
361:
359:
358:Mishneh Torah
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
343:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:
324:
320:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
304:
301:
297:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
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276:
273:
269:
264:
259:
258:
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248:
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243:
241:
238:
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233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
196:
194:
191:
189:
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182:
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177:
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172:
169:
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162:
159:
156:
152:
149:
147:
144:
141:
137:
134:
133:
130:
125:
124:
119:
118:Who is a Jew?
116:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:
79:
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48:
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42:This article
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4879:Dependencies
4809:Turkmenistan
4774:Saudi Arabia
4758:
4487:
4090:Zamboangueño
3737:
3728:Bahá'à Faith
3636:Unida Church
3346:Christianity
3303:
3253:
3248:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3218:the original
3208:
3196:. Retrieved
3192:
3182:
3170:. Retrieved
3166:
3156:
3145:
3133:. Retrieved
3129:the original
3119:
3093:. Retrieved
3089:the original
3064:
3052:. Retrieved
3045:the original
3032:
3020:. Retrieved
3016:the original
3006:
2994:. Retrieved
2984:
2972:. Retrieved
2947:. Retrieved
2910:
2819:Chabad House
2817:, as is the
2807:Metro Manila
2805:As of 2011,
2804:
2798:As of 2005,
2797:
2793:
2789:
2780:
2776:
2757:
2736:
2727:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2684:
2672:Please help
2667:verification
2664:
2618:
2610:Adolf Hitler
2598:Ho Feng-Shan
2582:
2565:
2557:
2532:American era
2509:
2497:
2459:
2433:
2374:Post-Zionism
2245:Judeo-Berber
2240:Judeo-Arabic
2200:Judeo-Gascon
1947:Pidyon haben
1866:Conservative
1412:Saudi Arabia
1401:
1230:South Africa
1219:Sierra Leone
1041:Israeli Jews
955:Mosaic Arabs
908:Kaifeng Jews
769:Arab–Israeli
742:Emancipation
621:Great Revolt
430:Anti-Judaism
425:Antisemitism
420:Name "Judea"
215:Baal teshuva
71:
62:
43:
26:
4938:Asia portal
4839:States with
4759:Philippines
4699:South Korea
4694:North Korea
4589:Afghanistan
4400:Immigrants
4128:Maguindanao
3984:Romblomanon
3969:Kapampangan
3766:Bell Church
3748:Ethnic/Folk
3555:Pentecostal
3487:Evangelical
2811:Beth Yaacov
2764:enemy alien
2758:Before the
2626:antisemitic
2504:Mexico City
2494:Crypto-Jews
2450:Spanish era
2440:Philippines
2369:Revisionist
2359:Neo-Zionism
1966:Zeved habat
1759:Puerto Rico
1585:Netherlands
1417:South Korea
1402:Philippines
1282:Afghanistan
1149:Ivory Coast
923:Crypto-Jews
888:Bnei Anusim
867:Bene Israel
832:Beta Israel
789:Communities
696:Middle Ages
435:Persecution
210:Bereavement
65:August 2015
4953:Categories
4819:Uzbekistan
4794:Tajikistan
4709:Kyrgyzstan
4689:Kazakhstan
4609:Bangladesh
4599:Azerbaijan
4453:Indonesian
4113:Banguingui
4085:Surigaonon
4037:Hiligaynon
3979:Pangasinan
3833:Irreligion
3771:Rizalistas
3721:monotheism
3460:Protestant
2885:References
2752:See also:
2730:April 2018
2700:newspapers
2561:Thomasites
2548:See also:
2521:Suez Canal
2499:auto-da-fé
2454:See also:
2354:Maximalism
2306:Secularism
2286:Autonomism
2103:Literature
1896:Humanistic
1500:Azerbaijan
1462:Uzbekistan
1437:Tajikistan
1357:Kyrgyzstan
1342:Kazakhstan
1189:Mozambique
1164:Madagascar
1084:Cape Verde
1036:New Yishuv
1031:Old Yishuv
982:Population
960:Subbotniks
918:Samaritans
857:Romanyotim
800:Ashkenazim
747:Old Yishuv
727:Sabbateans
714:Modern era
706:Golden Age
633:Bar Kokhba
353:Beit Yosef
220:Philosophy
4905:Hong Kong
4859:Palestine
4784:Sri Lanka
4779:Singapore
4659:Indonesia
4468:Malaysian
4422:Brazilian
4348:Agutaynen
4211:Kankanaey
4080:Sangirese
4047:Porohanon
3974:Masbateño
3935:(Ilongot)
3893:Filipinos
3698:Unitarian
3469:Adventist
3198:April 20,
3172:April 20,
2823:diplomats
2772:Los Baños
2478:conversos
2434:Recorded
2364:Religious
2220:Zarphatic
2210:Bukharian
2180:Judeo-Tat
2165:Yeshivish
2139:Languages
2094:Sephardic
2084:Israelite
2074:Ethiopian
2064:Ashkenazi
2003:Religious
1793:Australia
1775:Venezuela
1681:Argentina
1663:Greenland
1575:Lithuania
1427:Sri Lanka
1422:Singapore
1347:Kurdistan
1312:Indonesia
1302:Hong Kong
1255:Abayudaya
1179:Mauritius
913:Igbo Jews
903:Krymchaks
822:Sephardim
690:relations
584:Sadducees
580:Pharisees
570:Sanhedrin
485:Jerusalem
245:Synagogue
113:Etymology
4928:Category
4849:Abkhazia
4799:Thailand
4754:Pakistan
4734:Mongolia
4729:Maldives
4724:Malaysia
4624:Cambodia
4473:Nepalese
4458:Japanese
4417:American
4410:Americas
4378:Suludnon
4363:Tagbanua
4353:Palawano
4340:Palaweño
4297:Ratagnon
4244:Higaonon
4239:Bukidnon
4216:Tinguian
4181:Balangao
4165:Highland
4070:Butuanon
4062:Mindanao
4022:Capiznon
4017:Boholano
3933:Bugkalot
3928:Bicolano
3801:Hinduism
3796:Buddhism
3598:Mainline
3361:Catholic
3224:June 24,
3135:July 31,
3095:July 31,
3054:July 31,
3022:July 31,
2996:July 31,
2974:July 31,
2949:July 31,
2833:See also
2827:Israelis
2800:Filipino
2639:Mindanao
2577:Shanghai
2474:marranos
2391:Category
2349:Kahanism
2296:Feminism
2268:Politics
2152:Biblical
2122:American
2069:Bukharan
2059:American
1959:Shidduch
1935:Clothing
1891:Haymanot
1837:Orthodox
1765:Suriname
1748:Paraguay
1701:Colombia
1600:Portugal
1510:Bulgaria
1447:Thailand
1397:Pakistan
1377:Mongolia
1372:Malaysia
1292:Cambodia
1266:Zimbabwe
1241:Tanzania
1119:Eswatini
1109:Ethiopia
1099:Djibouti
1079:Cameroon
1074:Botswana
1003:Diaspora
965:Noahides
938:Marranos
862:Cochinim
847:Bukharim
837:Gruzinim
827:Teimanim
817:Mizrahim
805:Galician
771:conflict
732:Hasidism
722:Haskalah
627:Diaspora
498:timeline
410:Timeline
323:Rabbinic
230:Kabbalah
205:Marriage
181:Tzedakah
171:Holidays
129:Religion
92:a series
90:Part of
4824:Vietnam
4739:Myanmar
4719:Lebanon
4649:Georgia
4604:Bahrain
4594:Armenia
4529:Spanish
4524:Russian
4504:English
4483:Iranian
4443:Chinese
4427:Mexican
4330:Mamanwa
4307:Negrito
4289:Mangyan
4274:Teduray
4269:Tasaday
4264:Subanon
4254:Mandaya
4249:Mamanwa
4206:Kalinga
4133:Maranao
4075:Kalagan
4042:Karay-a
4027:Cebuano
4012:Aklanon
4004:Visayas
3994:Tagalog
3954:Ilocano
3944:Gaddang
3939:Cuyunon
3912:Lowland
3761:Pulahan
3738:Judaism
2714:scholar
2606:Austria
2438:in the
2334:General
2325:Zionism
2301:Leftism
2291:Bundism
2215:Knaanic
2175:Yevanic
2160:Yiddish
2117:Yiddish
2112:Israeli
2089:Mizrahi
2079:Israeli
2050:Cuisine
2026:Ancient
2008:Secular
1954:Kashrut
1930:Wedding
1917:Customs
1909:Culture
1886:Science
1881:Renewal
1871:Karaite
1852:Hasidic
1784:Oceania
1770:Uruguay
1738:Jamaica
1718:Ecuador
1686:Bolivia
1630:Ukraine
1605:Romania
1580:Moldova
1560:Hungary
1550:Germany
1545:Georgia
1535:Finland
1530:Estonia
1525:Denmark
1520:Czechia
1505:Belarus
1495:Austria
1490:Armenia
1467:Vietnam
1382:Myanmar
1367:Lebanon
1287:Bahrain
1246:Tunisia
1224:Somalia
1199:Nigeria
1194:Namibia
1184:Morocco
1114:Eritrea
1059:Algeria
943:Neofiti
852:Italkim
842:Juhurim
752:Zionism
701:Khazars
596:Sicarii
592:Zealots
588:Essenes
575:Schisms
440:Leaders
402:General
394:History
337:Tosefta
332:Midrash
309:Mishnah
291:Ketuvim
286:Nevi'im
235:Customs
166:Shabbat
161:Halakha
153: (
151:Mitzvot
138: (
104:Judaism
51:Please
4869:Taiwan
4804:Turkey
4769:Russia
4704:Kuwait
4684:Jordan
4674:Israel
4634:Cyprus
4619:Brunei
4614:Bhutan
4519:Polish
4509:German
4497:Europe
4488:Jewish
4463:Korean
4448:Indian
4368:Molbog
4259:Manobo
4196:Ifugao
4191:Ibaloi
4186:Bontoc
4173:Igorot
4143:Tausug
4123:Iranun
4118:Kaagan
4032:Eskaya
3989:Sambal
3964:Ivatan
3959:Itawes
3949:Ibanag
3811:Others
3788:Indian
2815:Makati
2716:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2687:
2630:Quezon
2573:Cantor
2476:" or "
2396:Portal
2255:Domari
2185:Shassi
2146:Hebrew
2041:Humour
1985:Hiloni
1980:Aliyah
1940:Niddah
1925:Minyan
1860:Reform
1847:Haredi
1842:Modern
1743:Mexico
1728:Guyana
1691:Brazil
1653:Canada
1625:Sweden
1615:Serbia
1610:Russia
1595:Poland
1590:Norway
1570:Latvia
1555:Greece
1540:France
1515:Cyprus
1481:Europe
1452:Turkey
1442:Taiwan
1352:Kuwait
1337:Jordan
1327:Israel
1261:Zambia
1251:Uganda
1169:Malawi
1139:Guinea
1129:Gambia
1064:Angola
1050:Africa
933:Dönmeh
928:Anusim
872:Berber
810:Litvak
762:Israel
668:
605:
519:Second
487:
348:Targum
314:Gemara
300:Talmud
272:Tanakh
225:Ethics
176:Prayer
4910:Macau
4829:Yemen
4789:Syria
4764:Qatar
4744:Nepal
4679:Japan
4654:India
4644:Egypt
4629:China
4514:Greek
4358:Batak
4325:Batak
4279:Tboli
4234:Blaan
4226:Lumad
4201:Isneg
4148:Yakan
4138:Samal
4108:Bajau
4052:Waray
3920:Luzon
3898:Pinoy
3733:Islam
3445:ROCOR
3441:PESEA
3048:(PDF)
3041:(PDF)
2721:JSTOR
2707:books
2589:Japan
2575:from
2466:Spain
2344:Labor
2339:Green
2036:Dance
1994:Music
1813:Palau
1733:Haiti
1696:Chile
1620:Spain
1565:Italy
1472:Yemen
1432:Syria
1407:Qatar
1387:Nepal
1332:Japan
1307:India
1297:China
1236:Sudan
1159:Libya
1154:Kenya
1134:Ghana
1124:Gabon
1104:Egypt
1089:Benin
948:Xueta
893:Lemba
512:First
377:Zohar
281:Torah
263:Texts
250:Rabbi
240:Rites
140:names
4749:Oman
4714:Laos
4669:Iraq
4664:Iran
4478:Arab
4436:Asia
4315:Aeta
4100:Moro
3226:2018
3200:2018
3174:2018
3137:2010
3097:2010
3056:2010
3024:2010
2998:2010
2976:2010
2951:2010
2693:news
2552:and
2460:The
1803:Guam
1798:Fiji
1753:Peru
1706:Cuba
1392:Oman
1362:Laos
1322:Iraq
1317:Iran
1274:Asia
1203:Igbo
1174:Mali
193:Brit
102:and
100:Jews
4881:and
4320:Ati
3167:CNN
2676:by
2604:in
2502:in
2017:Art
363:Tur
155:613
4955::
3443:·
3191:.
3165:.
3105:^
3076:^
2959:^
2918:^
2909:,
2892:^
2446:.
630:,
624:,
594:,
590:,
586:,
582:,
94:on
4567:e
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