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Macedonia, including the towns of Debar, Struga, and Tetovo, which were part of
Italian-occupied Albania. On October 4, 1941, the Bulgarian authorities enacted a law prohibiting Jews from engaging in any form of commerce, and forcing them to sell their businesses to non-Jews. However, such laws were not a novelty for the region since the Kingdom of Yugoslavia had had its own anti-Semitic law enacted as early as 1939. The Bulgarians then
3335:. Immediately following this, she was the target of anti-semitic comments, such as calls for her to prominently place the Star of David in her office. The Simon Wiesenthal Center responded that “antisemitic reactions have been revealing and outrageous." Within a month, she was fired from the Minister post for standing in front of a sign with the country's previous name (Macedonia). The charge to remove her was led by the Prime Minister
3276:. The chapter "The Deportation and Liquidation of the Jews of Macedonia" updates his previous 1962 book. It describes in detail the political, diplomatic and legal preparation of the deportation by the Bulgarian authorities and their German allies, the personnel and the organization of the concentration camp in the "Monopol" Tobacco Factory in Skopje and the three train transports to Treblinka. Four years later, in 1986, the editors
2943:(approximately 500 Jews). The Jewish communities during World War I in smaller areas, like Dojran and Strumica, that were close to the front line, were significantly affected by the fighting and fled the area. The partition of the region also adversely impacted the Jews in the smaller centers since it deprived them of free flow for most of their merchant activities to the largest Jewish trading center in the Balkans,
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Religious
Affairs in Diaspora - Jerusalem - Israel. From 2000 Rabbi Avi M. Kozma served as an assistant Rabbi and Chazzan to the Chief Rabbi of Serbia Yitzchak Asiel who was also serving Macedonian Jewish Community. Rabbi Avi M. Kozma was appointed in this conference (2008) as the first young Macedonian Jewish orthodox Sephardic rabbi born after the Holocaust to serve as a Chief Rabbi of the country.
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3231:, as they were considered to be capable of potentially destabilizing the internal inter-ethnic Yugoslav relations. This was to some extent relaxed in the Macedonian case, as the perpetrators were German and Bulgarian occupiers. Nevertheless, the mentioning of the fate of the Macedonian Jews was minimal. Only in 1958, the historian Aleksandar Matkovski published
2759:, born in Ohrid in 1328, wrote commentaries stating that incorrect interpretations of scripture often resulted from neglect of grammar. He later became the physician of the king of Majorca, where he assembled a vast library that was used by scholars for centuries to come. The first known synagogue in Skopje, Beth Aharon, was built in 1366.
3020:, "on October 4, 1941, the Bulgarians enforced an extraordinary measure that prohibited the Jews of Macedonia from engaging in any type of industry or commerce." Over the course of 1942, they enacted increasingly harsh measures against the Jews under their control in Vardar Macedonia, as well as in occupied northern
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The First Balkan
Rabbinical Conference was also held there, organized by the Jewish Community in North Macedonia "Yeshiva Bet Midrash Sepharadi - Rabbi Shlomo Kassin, World Zionist Organization - Department for Religious Affairs in Diaspora - Jerusalem - Israel", led by Rabbi Yechiel Wasserman and by
2821:
Relations between the Jews and the local non-Jewish population were generally good. Confirmation of good conditions for Jews in North
Macedonia (and the broader Macedonian region) and Ottoman Europe in general comes from a 15th-century letter from the Macedonian Jew, Isaac Jarfati, sent to German and
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attracted many Jews. Jews in this area prospered in the fields of trade, banking, medicine, and law, with some even reaching positions of power. The Jewish cemetery in Bitola was established in 1497, soon after the first
Sephardic Jews moved to the area. The cemetery is the oldest Jewish cemetery in
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A new museum dedicated to the memory of North
Macedonia's Jews who perished in the Holocaust during the Bulgarian rule was inaugurated in the presence of the country's President and representatives of North Macedonia's religious communities and international Jewish organizations in 2011. The modern
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This project to train Rabbi Kozma, to serve in a community where the institution of rabbi didn't exist for 60 years, was supported by the Jewish community in North
Macedonia, Yeshiva - Rabbinical College Bet Midrash Sepharadi in Jerusalem - Israel and the World Zionist Organization - Department for
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For this event, about 25 rabbis from all over the world participated including the Chief Rabbis of Moscow, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Strasbourg, Lyon, rabbis from France, Bulgaria, Israel and represents from WJC and
Israeli high government members. Also Yeshiva Bet Midrash Sepharadi - Rabbi Ezra
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A combination of circumstances determined little awareness in the decades after the war about the fate of the
Macedonian Jews murdered in the Holocaust. Its impact almost annihilated the Macedonian Jews communities and only twelve of those sent to Treblinka are known to have survived to tell the
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Although
Bulgaria had effectively occupied the region, German authorities, who were in charge, recognised only the Bulgarian military administration and not the civil one. The Bulgarian occupational zone included neither Thessaloniki, with its over 55,000 Jews, nor the westernmost part of Vardar
3084:
gave the Jewish community advance warning of the deportation. Shelters were organized, as well as connections to the partisan units, but unfortunately, few Jews believed that a program for their destruction was underway and chose to stay together in the ghettos instead. In contrast with the old
3124:, surrendering them to the Nazi German authorities and thus sending them to their deaths. As a result, the Jewish communities of Bulgarian-controlled Yugoslavia and Greece were almost completely wiped out. There was much harsh treatment before the Jews were transported in German cattle-cars to
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Hungarian Jews advising them of the favorable conditions in the Ottoman Empire, and encouraging them to immigrate to the Balkans. An Italian traveler wrote in 1560 that in Skopje Jews exceeded other populations in number. In the 17th century, there were 3,000 Jews and two synagogues in
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Many of the Macedonian Jews who happened to be in the rest of the territory of Yugoslavia at the time of the Axis conquest and occupation were murdered in the earlier phase of the Holocaust, before the institutionalization of the Final Solution of the Jewish Question during the
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to deport 20,000 Jews (12,000 from Vardar Macedonia and Thrace and 8,000 from Bulgaria proper). This is the only agreement that a country ever signed with Nazi Germany for deportation of Jews. Bulgaria had to pay all transportation costs and promise never to claim those Jews as
3425:: Еврејско маало), in the center of the Macedonian capital Skopje. North Macedonia's Jewish community benefited from a 2002 law providing for the return of heirless Jewish property to the Jewish community, a law that is widely recognized as one of the best in Europe.
2734:(dining hall) and a portico, reserving the upper story of the complex for his residence and that of his successors. The information comes from a very impressive and informative inscription, arguably the most important one found to date in a Diaspora synagogue.
3473:, after the war there was silence." Representatives of the Orthodox, Catholic and Muslim communities joined their Jewish countrymen in the inauguration of the museum. The museum details the history of North Macedonia's Jewish community since ancient times.
3024:. Some of the harsh demands by the Bulgarian government were that all "Jewish households hand over 20 percent of the value of all assets." The harsh measures culminated in 1943 with the deportation, upon orders from Germany, of "Macedonian Jews" and
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The first Jews arrived in the area now known as North Macedonia during Roman times, when Jews fled persecution in other Roman territories, with some settling in the Roman territory of Macedonia. The presence of Jews in North Macedonia is attested by
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identity. The Institute of National History published several detailed studies on various aspects of the Bulgarian occupation of Vardar Macedonia in World War II, but the Holocaust and Bulgarian anti-Jewish measures were generally not covered.
3250:. This appears to have added another layer to the avoidance of researching the Holocaust. In the 1970s, the Yugoslavian authorities ordered the Macedonian historians to counter the increasing Bulgarian claims about the nonexistence of the
3297:" sought to expand the scope of research and the spectrum of interdisciplinary angles around this topic and it materialized in a chrestomathy of fourteen original works and archival documents and also in an exhibition.
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The Jewish community persisted in North Macedonia (as well as in the rest of the Macedonian region) after Roman rule. The medieval Jewish population of North Macedonia consisted until the 14th-15th century primarily of
3343:. The majority of the anti-Semitic comments against Mizrahi were directed from supporters of this political party. Mizrahi stated these "anti-Semitic attacks were a surprise. People in Macedonia are not anti-Semitic."
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The remnants of a Jewish synagogue excavated in Stobi (North Macedonia) date back to that period and the conclusion that a developed Jewish Community existed in that locality those days is based on these findings.
4217:"Identification of the Jews from Macedonia in Serbia and The Independent State of Croatia in 1941-1942 [Идентификација на Евреите од Македонија во Србија и Независна држава Хрватска во 1941 и 1942 година]"
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welcomed Jews who were able to reach his territories. They were granted significant autonomy, with various rights including the right to buy real estate, to build synagogues and to conduct trade throughout the
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was widely hailed for enabling the Jews to regain their heirloom that was lost in the Holocaust. The museum opened in March 2011, with transferring the urns containing the ashes of Macedonian Jews executed in
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government, in Vardar Macedonia such organized movements were lacking. In the early morning of Thursday, March 11, 1943, Bulgarian police and army rounded up the entire Jewish population of Skopje, Bitola and
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3143:, who effectively refused such an effort, on the grounds that "if we do that then the Jews of the world will be wanting us to make a similar offer in Poland and Germany there are simply not enough ships."
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travels to Skopje from Belgrade to aid in the conducting of services. The community also recently sent, for the first time, a representative to the annual bible quiz in Israel celebrated every year on
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In Bulgaria the post-war communist government increasingly focused the narrative on the rescue of the Bulgarian Jews, maintaining silence around the deportation and subsequent extermination of Jews in
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Biographical dictionary of women's movements and feminisms in Central, Eastern, and South Eastern Europe: 19th and 20th centuries edited by Francisca de Haan, Krasimira Daskalova, Anna Loutfi p. 382
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during the uprising of 1903. Mentes Kolomonos, Santo Aroesti, the Muson brothers and Avram Nisan are other known participants in the uprising who collected weapons and provided rebels with money.,
3039:. Jews from Skopje, Stip, and Bitola, approximately a total of 7,215, were kept in "crowded, filthy conditions in four warehouses at Monopol" for 11 days before being put on trains to Treblinka.
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On 27 March 1943 U.S. President Roosevelt discussed "the question of the 60 or 70 thousand Jews that are in Bulgaria and are threatened with extermination..." with the British Foreign Secretary
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Inter-religious inauguration ceremony of the urns containing ashes of North Macedonia's Jews executed in Treblinka as part of the opening of the new Holocaust Museum in Skopje, North Macedonia
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in 1863 significantly diminished the Jewish population in North Macedonia in the two largest Jewish centers. In 1689, the Jewish population of Skopje was 3,000 of the total 60,000 population.
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World Jewish Congress (WJC) Research Director Laurence Weinbaum pointed out that no Jewish community in Europe had suffered a greater degree of destruction than the one from North Macedonia.
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in 1944, the total number of surviving Jews, according to Society of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia, was 419. Some sources state that the remnants of the Jewish community re-gathered in
2751:. The First Crusade devastated the Jewish population in Pelagonia and Skopje. However, the Jews in North Macedonia continued to have prominent members of their communities. For instance,
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recalled the long history of co-habitation between Jews and Macedonians and said that with the loss of the Jews "a part of Macedonia had been torn out and that on the Jewish streets of
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David Pipera, Jewish Almanach 1968–1970, Society of Jewish Communities in Yugoslavia. {Serbo-Croatian}: Давид Пипера, Јеврејски алманах 1968–1970, Савез јеврејских општина Југославије.
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According to Bulgarian antisemitic laws Jewish houses were labeled (the left sign) and access restrictions were introduces (the sign on the right). The picture is taken at the
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3094:. The population was sent to a temporary detention center at "Monopol" the state tobacco warehouse in Skopje. Among 7,215 people who were detained in warehouses there were:
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and many others. The Conference was hosted, in part, by Gligor Tashkovich, Minister of Foreign Investment of the Republic of Macedonia and he also gave a luncheon address.
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Presently, the Jewish community of North Macedonia numbers some 200 people. Almost all live in Skopje, with one family in Štip and a single Jew remaining in Bitola.
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The community opened in 11.03.2000 at the Beth Yaakov Synagogue, and has a community center in Skopje. The community also maintains ties with Jewish communities in
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3210:, with some returning to North Macedonia, and others remaining in Serbia. As a result of this the number of Jews living in North Macedonia dropped to 81 in 1952.
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A crowd of Jewish immigrants gathered at the gates of the Yagel Yaakov Synagogue in Jerusalem, in preparation for a memorial service for the victims of the
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652:
615:
2755:, the Philosopher, converted to Christianity and succeeded Theophylactus of Ohrid as the archbishop of Ohrid from 1108 to 1120. A leading Jewish scholar,
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2834:. His burial place was a pilgrimage site after his death, but it would not become a permanent pilgrimage site, since it was destroyed in World War II.
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to the Holocaust Museum. The museum was the first one to be opened in a museum complex that includes the Archeological Museum of Macedonia and the
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Kraabel, A. T. (1994). "The diaspora synagogue: archaeological and epigraphic evidence since Sukenik". In Urman, Dan; Flesher, Paul V. M. (eds.).
4317:"Contrasting Destinies : The Plight of Bulgarian Jews and the Jews in Bulgarian-occupied Greek and Yugoslav Territories during World War Two"
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Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries: history and culture in the modern era By Harvey E. Goldberg, Jewish Theological Seminary of America p. 75
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In January 2020, the government of North Macedonia appointed its first Jewish government cabinet minister, Labour and Social Policy Minister,
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3128:. A few dozen Bitola Jews managed to avoid deportation, and four escaped from the transit camp. None of the 3,276 Jews of Bitola deported to
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the Jews of Bitola, forcing them to move from the Jewish areas of the town, which were relatively affluent, to poorer areas of the town.
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2856:, Josef ben Lev, Shlomo Koen, Kirco Blazevski, Jaakov tam David Yahia, Ishaak ben Samuel Adrabi, Aharon ben Josef Sason, and Salamon.
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The Miraculous Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews during the Holocaust (1939–1945) (The Bulgarian Miracle) (Part 1) by Dr. Marcel Israel
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Clarifying 70 Years of Whitewashing and Inaccuracies: The Bulgarian Government and its Interaction with Jews During the Holocaust
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3080:, was among the first women to join the partisan movement in 1941. The day before the deportations, the Central Committee of the
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army entered Vardar Macedonia, in an effort to recover the region, which it saw as a natural part of its own national homeland.
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who led one of the rebel groups. It was he who took part in the early activities of the movement under the nickname Skanderbeg (
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Jews also took part in the liberation movement against Ottoman rule. A great number of Macedonian Jews participated in the
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Nazi Germany even requested that Bulgaria finance the deportations. On February 22, 1943, an agreement was signed between
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to the Bulgarian border on the river Danube. From there they were transported with German boats and trains to the German
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Macedonian Jews in World War II (1941–1945), Collection of documents (vol I and vol II, Skopje, 1986). {macedonina}
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in January 1942. There have been uncovered the names of about 200 Macedonian Jews murdered in the early phase of
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Bulgarian territories, where widespread protests against the deportations took place, including petitions to the
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1891:
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4230:(1). Belgrade/Kragujevac: Museum of Genocide Victims/ Memorial Museum “21st of October”: 203–242. Archived from
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2730:, who is designated “father of the synagogue,” converted his villa into a synagogue containing a prayer hall, a
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Shlomo Alboher, The Jews of Monastir Macedonia - The Life and Times of the Departed Jewish Community of Bitola
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The Holocaust in Macedonia: Deportation of Monastir Jewry, Mark Cohen, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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4425:"Bordering the Past: The Elusive Presences of the Holocaust in Socialist Macedonia and Socialist Bulgaria"
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The Jewish Community of Monastir: A Community in Flux, Mark Cohen, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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partisans. Of those transported to the death camps, nobody survived. Most survivors chose to immigrate to
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4472:"Only 200 strong, Macedonia's Jews celebrate unity and new synagogue", Ruth E Gruber, Jewish World Review
3532:
Only 200 strong, Macedonia's Jews celebrate unity and new synagogue", Ruth E Gruber, Jewish World Review
3290:. The book had an important role in the introduction of this topic in the mainstream of history studies.
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The History of the Jews in North Macedonia, from the Jewish Community in the Republic of North Macedonia
4107:
Vera Rich, Bulgaria: Shadows of the holocaust, The Lancet, Vol. 337, Issue 8750, Page 1152, 11 May 1991.
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In 1967, Yugoslavia cut diplomatic ties with Israel, as it sided with the Arabs in the aftermath of the
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4288:"TBI congregants raise funds for synagogue in Macedonia", Tami Bickley, Jewish News of Greater Phoenix
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Bonfil, R. et al. Jews in Byzantium: Dialectics of Minority and Majority Cultures, Robert Bonfil, 2011
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The sign of the Holocaust Museum in Skopje, North Macedonia in Macedonian, Ladino, Hebrew and English
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1964:
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3743:"Remembering the Past - Jewish culture battling for survival in North Macedonia, Zhidas Daskalovski"
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A stone commemorating Jews from North Macedonia on site of the former Treblinka exterminantion camp.
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region in Serbia. In 1983, Matkovski broke the silence by publishing the first Macedonian language
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Honored by the Glory of Islam: Conversion and Conquest in Ottoman Europe By Marc David Baer p. 300
3136:
community for more than 400 years. Štip's ancient Jewish community was also completely destroyed.
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4342:"Sofija Grandakovska - Unearthing Catastrophe in Macedonia - John Jay Fall 2019 Visiting Scholar"
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Jews from modern-day North Macedonia got their citizen rights after the region became a part of
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a Memorandum of Conversation, by Mr. Harry L. Hopkins, Special Assistant to President Roosevelt
2852:
Several notable Jewish philosophers are born or lived for a time in North Macedonia, including
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was among the few survivors, after being saved by Bulgarian authorities. Among them were also
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3198:
and only about 140 had survived. Most had survived by going into hiding or fighting with the
6341:
5258:
5034:
4910:
4823:
4818:
4637:
A comprehensive article about the past, present and future of Jewish life in North Macedonia
4370:
4158:
4116:
4020:
3801:
3336:
3259:
3220:
3203:
3187:
3004:
2931:(the area roughly corresponding to the borders of the present-day republic) was centered on
2928:
2889:
established a school in Bitola. More than 30% of Macedonian Jews spoke French at this time.
2853:
2522:
2290:
2171:
2131:
2095:
1793:
1343:
854:
610:
514:
429:
319:
111:
6421:
6354:
6075:
5969:
4984:
4927:
4761:
4720:
4665:
4643:
4489:
4294:
4096:
3557:
3447:
3426:
3047:
2882:
2674:
2661:
2512:
2472:
2252:
2211:
2206:
2186:
2108:
2102:
2035:
1987:
1827:
1808:
959:
688:
600:
583:
127:
34:
4341:
3858:
Encyclopedia of the Jewish diaspora: origins, experiences, and culture, Volume 1, p. 980
3792:
Encyclopedia of the Jewish diaspora: origins, experiences, and culture, Volume 1, p. 980
74:
6587:
6408:
6379:
6369:
6288:
5939:
5930:
4855:
4830:
4558:
4471:
4287:
3533:
3328:
3263:
3160:
3065:
2827:
2802:
2797:
2778:
2748:
2352:
2151:
2020:
2006:
1886:
1865:
1842:
1837:
1815:
1803:
1398:
879:
813:
778:
756:
693:
531:
509:
371:
350:
326:
92:
3488:
Transferring the urns containing ashes of North Macedonia's Jews executed in Treblinka
3072:
Many Jews joined the partisans fighting the Nazis in Yugoslavia. In Vardar Macedonia,
6609:
6553:
6260:
6177:
6024:
6017:
5334:
5085:
3458:
3355:
3152:
3120:
Further, the Jews were transported to the Bulgarian border with Romania on the river
2712:
2683:
2300:
2295:
1501:
1428:
954:
803:
798:
793:
783:
761:
713:
475:
314:
219:
181:
132:
4399:"Macedonian Historiography on the Holocaust in Macedonia under Bulgarian Occupation"
6386:
6267:
4157:
Holocaust Encyclopedia -The Holocaust in Macedonia: Deportation of Monastir Jewry,
3391:
3363:
3313:
3228:
3174:
3140:
2944:
2924:
2679:
2330:
2156:
1997:
1992:
1950:
1903:
997:
864:
849:
808:
773:
386:
228:
4482:
3694:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century p. 450
3644:
3617:
3590:
6131:
5996:
5493:
4887:
4492:
4320:
3247:
3057:
3025:
2965:
In March 1941, Bulgaria became an ally of the Axis Powers and in April 1941 the
2752:
2315:
2257:
1922:
828:
823:
818:
788:
3551:"Macedonia's Jews battle the odds of survival", Katka Krosnar, Centropa Reports
6182:
6116:
6010:
4902:
4658:
4625:
4530:"North Macedonia's first Jewish minister fired after using country's old name"
4145:
Beyond Hitler's Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria's Jews, Michael Bar-Zohar
4120:
3930:
3351:
3332:
3240:
3029:
2793:
2731:
1973:
987:
916:
874:
703:
683:
242:
149:
69:
4597:
Ovadiah, Asher (1998). "Ancient Jewish communities in Macedonia and Thrace".
3421:
building is located in the heart of what was once the city's Jewish quarter (
5989:
4751:
3431:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3032:
2878:
2653:
2136:
2121:
1211:
1159:
921:
869:
859:
540:
536:
526:
441:
201:
4689:
3803:
The Expulsion of the Jews: Five Hundred Years of Exodus By Yale Strom p. 17
3164:
889:
4601:. Tel-Aviv: Ramot Publishing House, Tel Aviv University. pp. 185–198.
2996:
List of railway cars used in transort of the Jews deported from Skopje to
5982:
5948:
5899:
3896:"JEWS OF YUGOSLAVIA 1941 - 1945 VICTIMS OF GENOCIDE AND FREEDOM FIGHTERS"
3309:
3191:
2966:
2716:
2305:
1915:
1847:
678:
186:
137:
4671:
3132:
survived. In 2003, one Jew remained in the city that had been home to a
6396:
6374:
6003:
5065:
4258:. "Out of the Archives: Uncovering Victims of Genocide in Yugoslavia”.
3470:
3380:
3091:
2940:
2846:
2814:
2695:
2281:
2247:
2116:
1910:
899:
894:
766:
657:
552:
548:
544:
293:
288:
265:
247:
122:
117:
107:
85:
60:
3375:(a commission for relations with religious communities and groups)...
2781:
times, with the next major influx of Jews to the area coming with the
3872:
3466:
3462:
3359:
3207:
3195:
3121:
3077:
3036:
3021:
3012:
Bulgarian authorities had already adopted an antisemitic law called "
2986:
2936:
2932:
2871:
2863:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2810:
2806:
2805:. Wealthy merchant cities in the present-day North Macedonia such as
2790:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2657:
1941:
1936:
1896:
1881:
992:
884:
304:
270:
256:
191:
38:
4581:
Ancient synagogues: historical analysis and archaeological discovery
4424:
2690:, around 200 Jews remain in North Macedonia, mostly in the capital,
4648:
4380:
The Jews from Macedonia and the Holocaust: History, Theory, Culture
3871:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from
3838:
2682:
antiquity, when Jews first arrived in the region. Today, following
6298:
3952:"Jewish Communities In Macedonia Prior To 1941 - EL MUNDO SEFARAD"
3350:
3317:
3267:
3173:
3086:
3056:
3003:
2991:
2971:
2905:
2723:
2647:
904:
333:
237:
206:
28:
3972:
Sekelj, Laslo (1981). "ANTISEMITIZAM U JUGOSLAVIJI (1918—1945)".
3619:
Jewish Life and Thought Among Greeks and Romans: Primary Readings
6461:
3280:
and Vera Vesković-Vangeli published the collection of documents
2670:
56:
6528:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
5903:
5497:
4693:
4685:
3227:. The official line was of avoiding delving into the crimes of
3052:
3716:
Les Juifs d'Espagne: histoire d'une diaspora, 1492–1992 p. 274
3283:
The Jews in Macedonia during the Second World War (1941-1945)
3223:
became again part of Yugoslavia, in its new iteration as the
3113:
4 pregnant women who gave birth while in the detention camp.
4067:"The Holocaust in Macedonia: Deportation of Monastir Jewry"
3394:
also participated, as well as a Representative of the JDC,
4177:Евреите во Македонија во Втората светска војна (1941–1945)
4117:
Interview with Shela Altaraz, Holocaust Survivor from Štip
4622:
Monastir: The Story of a Sephardic Community in Macedonia
4608:
A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
3646:
The Jews Among Pagans and Christians: In the Roman Empire
4305:
Todorov, Tzvetan (2001). The Fragility of Goodness, p. 9
4224:
Yearbook of Research on Genocide , section: World War II
3442:. Major landmarks and tourist attractions, such as the
3110:
250 seriously ill persons (who were tied to their beds)
4375:
The Holocaust of the Macedonian Jews in Historiography
6571:
4179:, Зборник на документи, том 1, и том 2, Скопје, 1986.
3811:
3809:
2777:
The area's Jewish community remained small well into
4631:
A website of the Jewish community in North Macedonia
4560:
The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944
2678:
stretches back two thousand years, beginning during
1920:
1901:
324:
6541:
6508:
6475:
6447:
6407:
6340:
6309:
6034:
5938:
5849:
5811:
5531:
5365:
5296:
5235:
5113:
5052:
4983:
4901:
4846:
4794:
4737:
4728:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3416:
Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia
4557:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3159:and its collaborator, the quisling government of
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3705:Daily life of the Jews in the Middle Ages p. 143
3235:, in 1959 translated in English under the title
2818:North Macedonia, if not in the Balkans overall.
4506:"North Macedonia names Jewish cabinet minister"
4483:http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/851851.html
3592:The Ancient Synagogue: The First Thousand Years
3116:4 people who had died upon arrival in the camp.
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
5915:
5509:
4705:
4654:Jewish Communities In Macedonia Prior To 1941
4153:
4151:
2629:
2372:
8:
6332:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
5025:2016 Macedonian protests-Colorful Revolution
3991:
3989:
3987:
4447:"The Jews from Macedonia and the Holocaust"
3237:The Destruction of Macedonian Jewry in 1943
2896:. One of the most notable participants was
616:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
5922:
5908:
5900:
5516:
5502:
5494:
5302:
5241:
5123:
5119:
5058:
5030:2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament
5010:2014 Macedonian government building attack
4734:
4712:
4698:
4690:
4451:European Holocaust Research Infrastructure
3745:. Archived from the original on 2019-03-01
2636:
2622:
2596:Timeline of the history of North Macedonia
2390:
2379:
2365:
2229:
1870:
943:
750:
355:
224:
43:
4592:. Skopje: University of Pittsburgh Press.
4274:
4272:
4262:, vol. 3, no. 1 spring (2020). New York:
4175:Жамила Колономос, Вера Весковиќ-Вангели,
4171:Zamila Kolonomis, Bera Veskovic-Vangeli,
4167:
4165:
3839:"THE JEWS ON THE BALKANS | eSefarad"
3643:Lieu, J.; North, J.A.; Rajak, T. (1992).
3295:The Jews from Macedonia and the Holocaust
3182:who were murdered in the Holocaust (1967)
2877:The Jewish community was almost entirely
4404:. Südosteuropäische Hefte, 2(1), 107-114
4266:, Department of Anthropology, pp. 18-20.
6578:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3478:
3214:Research and awareness of the Holocaust
2587:
2561:
2554:History of the ethnic Macedonian people
2535:
2422:
2404:
2393:
2280:
2232:
2058:
2005:
1972:
1949:
1873:
1739:
1627:
1601:
1436:
1230:
1005:
977:
836:
670:
599:
499:
414:
358:
278:
255:
227:
55:
3927:"The History of the Jews in Macedonia"
3755:
3595:. Yale University Press. p. 270.
3383:who are serving all around the world.
3243:, and enlarged in a brochure in 1962.
3233:The Tragedy of the Jews from Macedonia
2826:, Beit Aron and Beit Yaacov. In 1680,
6317:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
3219:story. After the defeat of the Axis,
2763:Ottoman Rule and Sephardic migrations
7:
4583:. New York: Brill. pp. 112–115.
4346:John Jay College of Criminal Justice
3341:Social Democratic Union of Macedonia
3016:" in January 1941. According to the
6516:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
3098:539 children less than 3 years old,
6467:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
4670:Empty Boxcars (2011) Documentary *
4564:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
3569:Jewish Virtual Library - Macedonia
3273:A History of the Jews in Macedonia
25:
3440:Museum of Macedonian Independence
407:Historical population comparisons
18:Jews in the Republic of Macedonia
6593:
6581:
3869:"The Jewish Community of Skopje"
3579:Philo, "Legatio ad Caium," § 36
3505:
3493:
3481:
3104:1172 children age 10 to 16 years
3014:Law for Protection of the Nation
2605:
2414:
1051:Democratic Republic of the Congo
965:Historical population by country
6533:Institute for Sephardic Studies
4963:Refugees of the Greek Civil War
4590:Macedonia and the Jewish people
4352:from the original on 2021-12-21
4315:Nadège Ragaru (15 March 2017).
3841:. esefarad.com. 2 November 2010
3454:are located around the museum.
2939:(approximately 3,000 Jews) and
2773:History of the Jews in Monastir
6322:Antisemitism in the Arab world
5525:History of the Jews in Europe
3894:Jasa Romano (26 August 2004).
3622:. Fortress Press. p. 70.
3410:The Holocaust Museum in Skopje
3101:602 children age 3 to 10 years
2961:Yugoslav Macedonia during WWII
2951:World War II and the Holocaust
2894:Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising
2887:Alliance Israelite Universelle
2686:and emigration, especially to
2656:of the Bet Jakov synagogue in
1:
5040:2022 North Macedonia protests
3929:. ezrm.org.mk. Archived from
3379:Kassin and other rabbis from
3373:Government of North Macedonia
2769:History of the Jews in Turkey
2488:Anti-Fascist Assembly (ASNOM)
622:Christianity and Judaism
6483:American Sephardi Federation
6476:Major communal organizations
4943:Independent Macedonia (1944)
4610:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
4556:Chary, Frederick B. (1972).
4510:jewishnews.timesofisrael.com
3954:. elmundosefarad.wikidot.com
3616:Feldman, L.H.; Reinhold, M.
3436:Museum of the City of Skopje
3169:Independent State of Croatia
3107:865 people over 60 years old
3082:Communist Party of Macedonia
2998:Treblinka extermination camp
2935:(approximately 8,000 Jews),
2757:Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi
6198:Western Europe and overseas
4264:City University of New York
2498:Exodus from Northern Greece
1921:
1902:
1629:Latin America and Caribbean
325:
6642:
6488:Sephardi Community Council
5005:2012 inter-ethnic violence
3413:
2978:Holocaust Museum in Skopje
2954:
2927:, the Jewish community of
2766:
2612:North Macedonia portal
2234:Jewish political movements
1931:Conversion to Judaism
6616:Jewish Macedonian history
6493:World Sephardi Federation
5462:
5305:
5244:
5187:
5164:
5126:
5122:
5061:
4958:National Liberation Front
4938:War in Yugoslav Macedonia
3762:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3649:. Routledge. p. 11.
3322:Israel's independence day
3157:German occupier in Serbia
3068:, Pepo Alaluf and others.
2493:National Liberation Front
637:Hinduism and Judaism
5169:Administrative divisions
5020:2015 Macedonian protests
4624:an online exhibition by
4599:Hellenic and Jewish Arts
4200:U.S. Department of State
3388:European Jewish Congress
3186:After the liberation of
2809:, Monastir (present-day
2483:Independent State (1944)
463:Temple in Jerusalem
156:Bar and bat mitzvah
5977:Expulsion from Portugal
4649:The Jews on the Balkans
4397:Stefan Troebst (2013).
3293:The 2010–2011 project "
2904:). He headed a unit in
2830:died and was buried in
2431:Ottoman North Macedonia
425:Twelve Tribes of Israel
5574:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4975:1963 Skopje earthquake
4948:Anti-Fascist Assembly
4423:Nadège Ragaru (2017).
4071:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
4013:Holocaust Encyclopedia
3367:
3183:
3167:in the Nazi satellite
3076:, a Jewish woman from
3069:
3009:
3001:
2981:
2870:and a massive fire in
2664:
2508:1963 Skopje earthquake
41:
6621:Romaniote Jews topics
6327:Antisemitism in Islam
6045:Eastern Mediterranean
5035:2018 Prespa agreement
5015:2015 Kumanovo clashes
4606:Sachar, H.M. (2007).
3589:Levine, L.I. (2000).
3457:Macedonian President
3396:World Jewish Congress
3386:The president of the
3354:
3177:
3060:
3018:U.S. Holocaust Museum
3007:
2995:
2975:
2841:had nine synagogues,
2651:
1171:São Tomé and Príncipe
1166:Republic of the Congo
560:Second Temple Judaism
431:Kingdom of Judah
402:Modern historiography
32:
6626:Sephardi Jews topics
6432:Sephardi chief rabbi
6409:Religion and culture
5965:Expulsion from Spain
5450:World Heritage Sites
5076:Environmental issues
4916:Bulgarian occupation
4866:Macedonian awakening
4427:. Südost-Forschungen
3400:European Jewish Fund
3225:Communist Yugoslavia
2728:Tiberius Polycharmus
2513:Independent Republic
2273:World Agudath Israel
1414:United Arab Emirates
501:Second Temple period
491:Babylonian captivity
5812:States with limited
5179:Statistical regions
4893:Treaty of Bucharest
4861:Karposh's rebellion
4779:Macedonia Salutaris
4769:Kingdom of Dardania
4385:Sofija Grandakovska
4256:Sofija Grandakovska
4213:Sofija Grandakovska
3680:"Macedonian Review"
3239:in the yearbook of
3074:Haim Estreya Ovadya
2957:Fascism in Bulgaria
2862:'s burning down of
2706:Ancient Roman times
2570:Region of Macedonia
2528:2020 NATO accession
2436:Karposh's Rebellion
566:Hellenistic Judaism
144:Land of Israel
103:Principles of faith
5274:Telecommunications
4970:Socialist Republic
4757:Kingdom of Macedon
4664:2020-01-27 at the
4642:2020-09-19 at the
4488:2007-10-01 at the
4453:. 19 December 2011
4293:2006-04-28 at the
4095:2011-07-02 at the
3556:2006-07-08 at the
3452:Old Turkish Bazaar
3368:
3184:
3180:Monastir community
3149:Wannsee Conference
3070:
3062:Rafael Moshe Kamhi
3010:
3002:
2982:
2980:, North Macedonia.
2898:Rafael Moshe Kamhi
2885:at home. 1895 the
2789:Inquisitions, and
2726:, in 165 AD,
2665:
2588:Lists and outlines
2503:Socialist Republic
2441:National awakening
2127:Jewish Koine Greek
1669:Dominican Republic
950:Judaism by country
629:Jews and Christmas
484:Assyrian captivity
42:
6569:
6568:
6365:Judaeo-Portuguese
5897:
5896:
5491:
5490:
5458:
5457:
5292:
5291:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5192:Foreign relations
5146:Political parties
5109:
5108:
5048:
5047:
4881:Kruševo Manifesto
4836:Kingdom of Prilep
4824:Theme of Bulgaria
4803:Bulgarian Empire
4588:Assa, A. (1992).
3347:Religious revival
3044:Theodor Dannecker
2913:Kingdom of Serbia
2881:, and most spoke
2646:
2645:
2389:
2388:
2338:
2337:
2086:
2085:
1833:Reconstructionist
1777:
1776:
929:
928:
736:
735:
573:Jewish–Roman wars
521:Hasmonean dynasty
437:Kingdom of Israel
341:
340:
16:(Redirected from
6633:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6577:
6557:
6524:
6501:
6427:Rite and customs
6400:
6283:Crypto-Sephardim
5924:
5917:
5910:
5901:
5850:Dependencies and
5791:Northern Ireland
5532:Sovereign states
5518:
5511:
5504:
5495:
5471:
5430:National symbols
5303:
5242:
5124:
5120:
5059:
4951:
4876:Kruševo Republic
4871:Ilinden Uprising
4819:Byzantine Empire
4735:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4691:
4611:
4602:
4593:
4584:
4575:
4563:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4501:
4495:
4480:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4394:
4388:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4297:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4267:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4221:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4169:
4160:
4155:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4099:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4063:
4050:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4019:. Archived from
4009:
3998:
3993:
3982:
3981:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3907:
3901:. Archived from
3900:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3835:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3813:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3788:
3777:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3739:
3726:
3723:
3717:
3712:
3706:
3701:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3586:
3580:
3577:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3548:
3535:
3530:
3509:
3497:
3485:
3337:Oliver Spasovski
3286:, translated in
3278:Žamila Kolonomos
3260:Vardar Macedonia
3221:Vardar Macedonia
3188:Vardar Macedonia
3000:, 26 March 1943.
2929:Vardar Macedonia
2854:Samuel de Medina
2638:
2631:
2624:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2523:Prespa Agreement
2450:Kruševo Republic
2446:Ilinden Uprising
2418:
2391:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2230:
2111:
1932:
1926:
1907:
1871:
1818:
1765:New Zealand
1717:
1680:El Salvador
1670:
1602:Northern America
1594:
1188:
944:
855:Crimean Karaites
751:
729:
727:
648:
646:
638:
632:
623:
611:Rabbinic Judaism
592:
586:
580:
568:
556:
522:
515:Maccabean Revolt
492:
485:
479:
471:
464:
458:
450:
432:
356:
330:
225:
157:
145:
44:
37:(dark green) in
33:The location of
21:
6641:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6600:North Macedonia
6594:
6592:
6582:
6580:
6572:
6570:
6565:
6551:
6549:Philosephardism
6537:
6518:
6504:
6495:
6471:
6443:
6403:
6394:
6355:Sephardi Hebrew
6336:
6305:
6030:
5970:Alhambra Decree
5934:
5931:Sephardi Jewish
5928:
5898:
5893:
5851:
5845:
5831:Northern Cyprus
5813:
5807:
5706:North Macedonia
5527:
5522:
5492:
5487:
5474:
5467:
5454:
5435:Public holidays
5425:National emblem
5361:
5288:
5223:
5209:Law enforcement
5183:
5160:
5105:
5044:
4998:Ohrid Agreement
4993:2001 insurgency
4979:
4949:
4928:Vardar Banovina
4897:
4842:
4790:
4762:Upper Macedonia
4724:
4721:North Macedonia
4718:
4666:Wayback Machine
4644:Wayback Machine
4633:(in Macedonian)
4618:
4605:
4596:
4587:
4578:
4572:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4538:
4536:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4514:
4512:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4490:Wayback Machine
4481:
4477:
4470:
4466:
4456:
4454:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4430:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4387:, 2011, 588-606
4369:
4365:
4355:
4353:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4325:
4323:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4295:Wayback Machine
4286:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4254:
4250:
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4234:
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4206:
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4170:
4163:
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4149:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4127:
4115:
4111:
4106:
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4097:Wayback Machine
4088:
4084:
4075:
4073:
4065:
4064:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4026:
4024:
4015:
4010:
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3994:
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3971:
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3957:
3955:
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3925:
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3911:
3909:
3908:on 27 July 2011
3905:
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3892:
3888:
3878:
3876:
3875:on 24 June 2018
3867:
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3603:
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3558:Wayback Machine
3549:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3510:
3501:
3498:
3489:
3486:
3448:Skopje Fortress
3427:North Macedonia
3418:
3412:
3349:
3303:
3216:
3048:Alexander Belev
2963:
2953:
2921:
2775:
2765:
2744:
2708:
2675:North Macedonia
2669:history of the
2662:North Macedonia
2642:
2606:
2604:
2580:Public Holidays
2518:2001 Insurgency
2473:Vardar Banovina
2408:North Macedonia
2407:
2400:
2385:
2340:
2339:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2207:Judeo-Malayalam
2187:Judaeo-Georgian
2107:
2098:
2088:
2087:
1988:Yiddish theatre
1930:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1816:
1789:
1779:
1778:
1715:
1668:
1592:
1186:
970:Genetic studies
941:
931:
930:
748:
738:
737:
725:
724:
644:
643:
636:
626:
621:
603:and Middle Ages
601:Rabbinic period
588:
582:
575:
563:
534:
520:
490:
483:
474:
466:
462:
453:
448:in Judaism
445:
430:
353:
343:
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222:
212:
211:
155:
143:
88:
35:North Macedonia
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6639:
6637:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6608:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6590:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6561:Sephardization
6558:
6545:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6536:
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6530:
6525:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6490:
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6457:Black Panthers
6453:
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6413:
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6405:
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6389:
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6380:Tetuani Ladino
6377:
6370:Judaeo-Spanish
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6346:
6344:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
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6310:Modern history
6307:
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6291:
6279:
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5993:
5986:
5979:
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5962:
5957:
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5944:
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5936:
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5929:
5927:
5926:
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5912:
5904:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5855:
5853:
5852:other entities
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
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5817:
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5809:
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5781:United Kingdom
5778:
5773:
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5683:
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5606:
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5594:Czech Republic
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
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5556:
5551:
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5506:
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5486:
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5473:
5472:
5464:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
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5447:
5442:
5440:Radio stations
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
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5306:
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5294:
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5290:
5289:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5269:Stock exchange
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5219:Naming dispute
5216:
5211:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5174:Municipalities
5171:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5156:Prime Minister
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5117:
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5110:
5107:
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5027:
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5017:
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4907:
4905:
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4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4856:Ottoman Empire
4852:
4850:
4844:
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4841:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4831:Serbian Empire
4828:
4827:
4826:
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4814:
4809:
4800:
4798:
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4774:Roman Province
4771:
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4765:
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4754:
4749:
4743:
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4732:
4726:
4725:
4723: articles
4719:
4717:
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4709:
4702:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4668:
4656:
4651:
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4616:External links
4614:
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4603:
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3725:A. Assa, p.36.
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3414:Main article:
3411:
3408:
3348:
3345:
3331:, a member of
3329:Rasela Mizrahi
3302:
3299:
3264:Western Thrace
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3118:
3117:
3114:
3111:
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2920:
2917:
2837:At one point,
2828:Nathan of Gaza
2803:Ottoman Empire
2798:Ottoman Empire
2764:
2761:
2749:Romaniote Jews
2743:
2742:Medieval times
2740:
2707:
2704:
2644:
2643:
2641:
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2618:
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2601:
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2583:
2582:
2577:
2575:Naming Dispute
2572:
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2459:Ohrid Uprising
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2147:Judaeo-Iranian
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2018:
2010:
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1990:
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1967:
1962:
1954:
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979:Land of Israel
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837:Related groups
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694:Jewish atheism
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645:Islamic–Jewish
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510:Yehud Medinata
504:
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372:Land of Israel
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253:
252:
251:
250:
245:
240:
232:
231:
223:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
152:
147:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
105:
100:
93:God in Judaism
89:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
72:
64:
63:
53:
52:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6638:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6601:
6591:
6589:
6579:
6575:
6562:
6559:
6555:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6540:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6499:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6398:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6294:Belmonte Jews
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6280:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6261:Paradesi Jews
6259:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6235:
6234:New Amsterdam
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6025:New Christian
6022:
6020:
6019:
6018:Maghrebi Jews
6015:
6013:
6012:
6008:
6006:
6005:
6001:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5937:
5932:
5925:
5920:
5918:
5913:
5911:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5864:Faroe Islands
5862:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5848:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5836:South Ossetia
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5810:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5666:Liechtenstein
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5519:
5514:
5512:
5507:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5461:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5320:Ethnic groups
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5051:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4786:Roman Diocese
4784:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4571:9780822932512
4567:
4562:
4561:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4468:
4465:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4426:
4419:
4416:
4400:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4372:
4371:Jovan Ćulibrk
4367:
4364:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4334:
4322:
4318:
4311:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4284:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4249:
4237:on 2021-06-24
4233:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4023:on 2011-09-26
4022:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3965:
3953:
3947:
3944:
3933:on 2020-01-27
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3887:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3773:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3656:9780415049726
3652:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3629:9781451413144
3625:
3621:
3620:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3602:9780300074758
3598:
3594:
3593:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3508:
3503:
3496:
3491:
3484:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3459:Gjorge Ivanov
3455:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3361:
3358:synagogue in
3357:
3353:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3301:Modern period
3300:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:the Holocaust
3150:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2958:
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2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
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2926:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2715:'s letter to
2714:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2694:and a few in
2693:
2689:
2685:
2684:the Holocaust
2681:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2526:
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2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
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2504:
2501:
2499:
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2470:
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2460:
2456:
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2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:Chronological
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2403:
2398:
2392:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
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2354:
2351:
2349:
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2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Judeo-Aramaic
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Judeo-Italian
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Ghardaïa Sign
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:Denominations
1783:
1782:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:United States
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
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1397:
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1199:
1196:
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1191:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
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1164:
1161:
1157:
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1147:
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1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1101:Guinea-Bissau
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1004:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
984:
983:
980:
976:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
955:Lists of Jews
953:
951:
948:
947:
946:
945:
940:
935:
934:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
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906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
841:
840:
835:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
755:
754:
753:
752:
747:
742:
741:
730:
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:The Holocaust
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
676:
675:
674:
669:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
641:
639:
634:
630:
624:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
607:
606:
602:
598:
591:
585:
579:
574:
571:
567:
561:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
506:
505:
502:
498:
493:
488:
486:
481:
477:
473:
470:
465:
460:
456:
452:
449:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
428:
426:
423:
422:
421:
420:
417:
413:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
362:
357:
352:
347:
346:
335:
332:
329:
328:
323:
321:
318:
316:
315:Mishneh Torah
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
302:
301:
300:
295:
292:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
281:
277:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
262:
261:
258:
254:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
235:
234:
233:
230:
226:
221:
216:
215:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
153:
151:
148:
146:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
90:
87:
82:
81:
76:
75:Who is a Jew?
73:
71:
68:
67:
66:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
31:
27:
19:
6387:Judeo-Gascon
6360:Judeo-Arabic
6350:Judeo-Berber
6281:
6196:
6168:Gibraltarian
6157:North Africa
6155:
6147:Thessalonian
6099:
6043:
6023:
6016:
6009:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5955:Roman Empire
5947:
5841:Transnistria
5705:
5380:Architecture
5310:Demographics
5254:Central bank
5197:Human rights
5131:Constitution
4933:World War II
4923:South Serbia
4676:link YouTube
4607:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4559:
4537:. Retrieved
4533:
4524:
4513:. Retrieved
4509:
4499:
4478:
4467:
4455:. Retrieved
4441:
4429:. Retrieved
4418:
4406:. Retrieved
4392:
4383:, edited by
4378:
4374:
4366:
4354:. Retrieved
4336:
4324:. Retrieved
4310:
4301:
4283:
4259:
4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4232:the original
4227:
4223:
4207:
4195:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4139:
4128:
4112:
4103:
4085:
4074:. Retrieved
4070:
4049:Chary, p. 46
4045:
4040:Chary, p. 45
4036:
4025:. Retrieved
4021:the original
3977:
3973:
3967:
3956:. Retrieved
3946:
3935:. Retrieved
3931:the original
3921:
3910:. Retrieved
3903:the original
3889:
3877:. Retrieved
3873:the original
3863:
3854:
3843:. Retrieved
3833:
3822:
3797:
3772:
3747:. Retrieved
3721:
3710:
3699:
3688:
3674:
3665:
3645:
3638:
3618:
3611:
3591:
3584:
3575:
3564:
3475:
3456:
3444:Stone Bridge
3419:
3404:
3392:Moshe Kantor
3385:
3377:
3369:
3364:World War II
3326:
3314:Thessaloniki
3307:
3304:
3292:
3281:
3271:
3257:
3245:
3236:
3232:
3229:World War II
3217:
3185:
3145:
3141:Anthony Eden
3138:
3119:
3071:
3041:
3035:in occupied
3011:
2983:
2964:
2945:Thessaloniki
2925:World War II
2922:
2919:Distribution
2910:
2901:
2891:
2876:
2858:
2851:
2836:
2820:
2776:
2745:
2736:
2721:
2709:
2668:
2666:
2549:Demographics
2478:World War II
2469:South Serbia
2331:Post-Zionism
2202:Judeo-Berber
2197:Judeo-Arabic
2157:Judeo-Gascon
1904:Pidyon haben
1823:Conservative
1369:Saudi Arabia
1187:South Africa
1176:Sierra Leone
998:Israeli Jews
912:Mosaic Arabs
865:Kaifeng Jews
726:Arab–Israeli
699:Emancipation
578:Great Revolt
387:Anti-Judaism
382:Antisemitism
377:Name "Judea"
172:Baal teshuva
26:
6552: [
6519: [
6496: [
6395: [
6117:Palestinian
5879:Isle of Man
5814:recognition
5766:Switzerland
5701:Netherlands
5325:Macedonians
5249:Agriculture
4911:World War I
4888:Balkan Wars
4321:Sciences Po
3974:Rev. Za Soc
3776:Assa, p.40.
3248:Six-Day War
3163:and by the
3161:Milan Nedić
3066:Illés Spitz
3026:Greek Jewry
2902:Skender-beg
2860:Piccolomini
2753:Leo II Mung
2464:World War I
2326:Revisionist
2316:Neo-Zionism
1923:Zeved habat
1716:Puerto Rico
1542:Netherlands
1374:South Korea
1359:Philippines
1239:Afghanistan
1106:Ivory Coast
880:Crypto-Jews
845:Bnei Anusim
824:Bene Israel
789:Beta Israel
746:Communities
653:Middle Ages
392:Persecution
167:Bereavement
6610:Categories
6100:Macedonian
6088:Alexandria
6036:Dispersion
6011:Megorashim
5990:Degredados
5960:Golden Age
5736:San Marino
5696:Montenegro
5676:Luxembourg
5656:Kazakhstan
5559:Azerbaijan
5445:Television
5405:Literature
5395:Embroidery
5141:Parliament
4903:Yugoslavia
4626:Yad Vashem
4550:References
4539:2020-07-03
4515:2020-07-03
4260:Newsletter
4121:Yad Vashem
4076:2020-07-03
4027:2011-07-11
4017:"Bulgaria"
4011:Bulgaria,
3958:2014-10-02
3937:2014-10-02
3912:2014-10-02
3845:2014-10-02
3749:2006-07-10
3423:Macedonian
3333:VMRO-DPMNE
3316:, while a
3288:Macedonian
3252:Macedonian
3241:Yad Vashem
3030:death camp
2987:ghettoized
2955:See also:
2845:three and
2794:Bayezid II
2787:Portuguese
2767:See also:
2732:triclinium
2406:History of
2311:Maximalism
2263:Secularism
2243:Autonomism
2060:Literature
1853:Humanistic
1457:Azerbaijan
1419:Uzbekistan
1394:Tajikistan
1314:Kyrgyzstan
1299:Kazakhstan
1146:Mozambique
1121:Madagascar
1041:Cape Verde
993:New Yishuv
988:Old Yishuv
939:Population
917:Subbotniks
875:Samaritans
814:Romanyotim
757:Ashkenazim
704:Old Yishuv
684:Sabbateans
671:Modern era
663:Golden Age
590:Bar Kokhba
310:Beit Yosef
177:Philosophy
6342:Languages
6289:Amazonian
6273:Livornese
6251:Hamburger
6095:Hungarian
6061:Bulgarian
5983:Conversos
5869:Gibraltar
5671:Lithuania
5420:Mythology
5347:Languages
5330:Albanians
5315:Education
5284:Transport
5151:President
5136:Elections
5091:Mountains
5054:Geography
4752:Pelagonia
3434:from the
3432:Treblinka
3362:, before
3356:Sephardic
3339:from the
3134:Sephardic
3130:Treblinka
3126:Treblinka
3051:citizens.
3033:Treblinka
2967:Bulgarian
2923:Prior to
2879:Sephardic
2849:had two.
2654:Torah Ark
2321:Religious
2177:Zarphatic
2167:Bukharian
2137:Judeo-Tat
2122:Yeshivish
2096:Languages
2051:Sephardic
2041:Israelite
2031:Ethiopian
2021:Ashkenazi
1960:Religious
1750:Australia
1732:Venezuela
1638:Argentina
1620:Greenland
1532:Lithuania
1384:Sri Lanka
1379:Singapore
1304:Kurdistan
1269:Indonesia
1259:Hong Kong
1212:Abayudaya
1136:Mauritius
870:Igbo Jews
860:Krymchaks
779:Sephardim
647:relations
541:Sadducees
537:Pharisees
527:Sanhedrin
442:Jerusalem
202:Synagogue
70:Etymology
6449:Politics
6229:Suriname
6204:American
6190:Tunisian
6178:Moroccan
6163:Algerian
6122:Romanian
6105:Monastir
6083:Egyptian
6076:Splicani
6066:Croatian
6051:Albanian
6004:Marranos
5997:Lançados
5949:Sepharad
5889:Svalbard
5874:Guernsey
5821:Abkhazia
5796:Scotland
5751:Slovenia
5746:Slovakia
5721:Portugal
5579:Bulgaria
5478:Category
5352:Religion
5259:Currency
5214:Military
5115:Politics
5101:Wildlife
4985:Republic
4796:Medieval
4673:at IMDb
4662:Archived
4640:Archived
4493:Ha'aretz
4486:Archived
4350:Archived
4291:Archived
4215:(2019).
4093:Archived
3758:cite web
3554:Archived
3450:and the
3381:yeshivas
3310:Belgrade
3266:and the
3200:Yugoslav
3192:Belgrade
3165:Ustashas
2717:Caligula
2544:Military
2397:a series
2395:Part of
2348:Category
2306:Kahanism
2253:Feminism
2225:Politics
2109:Biblical
2079:American
2026:Bukharan
2016:American
1916:Shidduch
1892:Clothing
1848:Haymanot
1794:Orthodox
1722:Suriname
1705:Paraguay
1658:Colombia
1557:Portugal
1467:Bulgaria
1404:Thailand
1354:Pakistan
1334:Mongolia
1329:Malaysia
1249:Cambodia
1223:Zimbabwe
1198:Tanzania
1076:Eswatini
1066:Ethiopia
1056:Djibouti
1036:Cameroon
1031:Botswana
960:Diaspora
922:Noahides
895:Marranos
819:Cochinim
804:Bukharim
794:Gruzinim
784:Teimanim
774:Mizrahim
762:Galician
728:conflict
689:Hasidism
679:Haskalah
584:Diaspora
455:timeline
367:Timeline
280:Rabbinic
187:Kabbalah
162:Marriage
138:Tzedakah
128:Holidays
86:Religion
49:a series
47:Part of
6588:Judaism
6574:Portals
6509:Studies
6439:Haredim
6417:Cuisine
6392:Bagitto
6375:Haketia
6268:Italian
6241:English
6224:Curaçao
6209:Antwerp
6183:Tetuani
6142:Rhodian
6127:Serbian
6112:Ottoman
6071:Ragusan
6056:Bosnian
5940:Origins
5786:England
5776:Ukraine
5726:Romania
5686:Moldova
5644:Ireland
5639:Iceland
5634:Hungary
5624:Germany
5619:Georgia
5609:Finland
5604:Estonia
5599:Denmark
5584:Croatia
5569:Belgium
5564:Belarus
5554:Austria
5549:Armenia
5544:Andorra
5539:Albania
5469:Outline
5390:Cuisine
5367:Culture
5298:Society
5279:Tourism
5237:Economy
5081:Geology
5066:Balkans
4950:(ASNOM)
4848:Ottoman
4747:Paeonia
4739:Ancient
4730:History
4534:Haaretz
4457:16 June
4431:16 June
4408:16 June
4326:16 June
4241:18 June
4123:website
3879:24 June
3682:. 1993.
3155:by the
2796:of the
2783:Spanish
2779:Ottoman
2713:Agrippa
2562:Related
2536:Topical
2455:Tikveš
2291:General
2282:Zionism
2258:Leftism
2248:Bundism
2172:Knaanic
2132:Yevanic
2117:Yiddish
2074:Yiddish
2069:Israeli
2046:Mizrahi
2036:Israeli
2007:Cuisine
1983:Ancient
1965:Secular
1911:Kashrut
1887:Wedding
1874:Customs
1866:Culture
1843:Science
1838:Renewal
1828:Karaite
1809:Hasidic
1741:Oceania
1727:Uruguay
1695:Jamaica
1675:Ecuador
1643:Bolivia
1587:Ukraine
1562:Romania
1537:Moldova
1517:Hungary
1507:Germany
1502:Georgia
1492:Finland
1487:Estonia
1482:Denmark
1477:Czechia
1462:Belarus
1452:Austria
1447:Armenia
1424:Vietnam
1339:Myanmar
1324:Lebanon
1244:Bahrain
1203:Tunisia
1181:Somalia
1156:Nigeria
1151:Namibia
1141:Morocco
1071:Eritrea
1016:Algeria
900:Neofiti
809:Italkim
799:Juhurim
709:Zionism
658:Khazars
553:Sicarii
549:Zealots
545:Essenes
532:Schisms
397:Leaders
359:General
351:History
294:Tosefta
289:Midrash
266:Mishnah
248:Ketuvim
243:Nevi'im
192:Customs
123:Shabbat
118:Halakha
110: (
108:Mitzvot
95: (
61:Judaism
6299:Xuetas
6256:Indian
6246:French
6173:Libyan
6132:Syrian
5933:topics
5884:Jersey
5826:Kosovo
5771:Turkey
5761:Sweden
5741:Serbia
5731:Russia
5716:Poland
5711:Norway
5691:Monaco
5661:Latvia
5629:Greece
5614:France
5589:Cyprus
5483:Portal
5385:Cinema
5375:Anthem
5342:Health
5335:Romani
5264:Energy
5096:Rivers
5071:Cities
4812:Second
4568:
4356:28 May
3980:: 181.
3653:
3626:
3599:
3467:Bitola
3463:Skopje
3390:- Mr.
3360:Bitola
3208:Israel
3204:Jewish
3196:Serbia
3122:Danube
3078:Bitola
3037:Poland
3022:Greece
2937:Skopje
2933:Bitola
2883:Ladino
2872:Bitola
2864:Skopje
2843:Skopje
2839:Bitola
2832:Skopje
2824:Skopje
2813:) and
2811:Bitola
2807:Skopje
2791:Sultan
2700:Bitola
2692:Skopje
2688:Israel
2658:Skopje
2399:on the
2353:Portal
2212:Domari
2142:Shassi
2103:Hebrew
1998:Humour
1942:Hiloni
1937:Aliyah
1897:Niddah
1882:Minyan
1817:Reform
1804:Haredi
1799:Modern
1700:Mexico
1685:Guyana
1648:Brazil
1610:Canada
1582:Sweden
1572:Serbia
1567:Russia
1552:Poland
1547:Norway
1527:Latvia
1512:Greece
1497:France
1472:Cyprus
1438:Europe
1409:Turkey
1399:Taiwan
1309:Kuwait
1294:Jordan
1284:Israel
1218:Zambia
1208:Uganda
1126:Malawi
1096:Guinea
1086:Gambia
1021:Angola
1007:Africa
890:Dönmeh
885:Anusim
829:Berber
767:Litvak
719:Israel
625:
562:
476:Second
444:
305:Targum
271:Gemara
257:Talmud
229:Tanakh
182:Ethics
133:Prayer
39:Europe
6556:]
6542:Other
6523:]
6500:]
6422:Music
6399:]
6219:Aruba
6214:Dutch
6137:Greek
5859:Åland
5801:Wales
5756:Spain
5681:Malta
5651:Italy
5415:Music
5410:Media
5357:Women
5086:Lakes
4807:First
4504:JTA.
4402:(PDF)
4377:, in
4235:(PDF)
4220:(PDF)
3906:(PDF)
3899:(PDF)
3518:Notes
3318:rabbi
3268:Pirot
3087:Sofia
2906:Debar
2724:Stobi
2680:Roman
2301:Labor
2296:Green
1993:Dance
1951:Music
1770:Palau
1690:Haiti
1653:Chile
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