2530:
2984:. p. 423-424. Magocsi explains that the census data for Austria-Hungary did not include figures on ethnicity per se but only on language and religion; therefore, the Jewish population is based on the religion statistics, while his estimates of the other ethnic groups are based on both the language and the religion statistics, in order to correct for the fact that Jews are counted in those language groups. He notes that in 1910 "the vast majority of Jews (808,000) gave Polish as their language" (p. 423). (Yiddish did not appear as a language option on the census forms of Austria-Hungary.)
2631:, stationery and retail. However, the Jewish inclination towards education was overcoming barriers. The number of Jewish intellectual workers proportionally was much higher than that of Ruthenian or Polish ones in Galicia. Of 1,700 physicians in Galicia, 1,150 were Jewish; 41 percent of workers in culture, theaters and cinema, over 65 percent of barbers, 43 percent of dentists, 45 percent of senior nurses in Galicia were Jewish, and 2,200 Jews were lawyers. For comparison, there were only 450 Ruthenian (Ukrainian) lawyers. Galician Jewry produced four Nobel prize winners:
2522:
40:
2772:. In 1921, Poland's March Constitution gave the Jews the same legal rights as other citizens and guaranteed them religious tolerance and freedom of religious holidays. The number of Jews migrating to Poland from Ukraine and Soviet Russia grew rapidly. According to the Polish national census of 1921, there were 2,845,364 Jews living in the country; but, by late 1938 that number had grown by over 16% to approximately 3,310,000. Between the end of the
2666:
2720:. Although the Polish losses were estimated at more than 10,000 dead and wounded, the Western Ukrainian army lost in excess of 15,000 men. "Despite the official neutrality, some Jewish men had been noticed aiding the combat Ukrainian units, and this fact alone caused a great enthusiasm in the Ukrainian press." Reportedly, the Council of Ministers of the West Ukrainian People's Republic provided assistance to Jewish victims of the
5315:
2571:
5329:
2557:), in 1772, there were approximately 150,000 to 200,000 Jews residing there, comprising 5–6.5% of the total population; by 1857 the Jewish population had risen to 449,000, or 9.6% of the total population. In 1910, the 872,000 Jews living in Galicia comprised 10.9% of the total population, compared to approximately 45.4% Poles, 42.9% Ruthenian, and 0.8% Germans.
2514:
2780:
2677:
Under
Habsburg rule, Galicia's Jewish population increased sixfold, from 144,000 in 1776 to 872,000 in 1910, due to a high birth rate and a steady stream of refugees fleeing pogroms in the neighboring Russian Empire. The Jews constituted one third of the population of many cities and came to dominate
2716:, which protected Jews from being mobilized against their will or forced to contribute to the Ukrainian military effort. Both Ukrainian and pro-Ukrainian Jewish armed units suffered significant losses as they retreated from Galicia before the army of General
3337:, (original document, 1,522 KB), including "Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej z dnia 9 marca 1927 r. w sprawie utworzenia gmin wyznaniowych żydowskich na obszarze powiatów: białostockiego, bielskiego i sokólskiego województwa białostockiego."
2915:
3122:
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Most of
Galician Jewry lived poorly, largely working in small workshops and enterprises, and as craftsmen—including tailors, carpenters, hat makers, jewelers and opticians. Almost 80 percent of all
3435:
1093:
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3304:
1671:
3462:
3282:
Controversial
Reports on the Situation of Jews in Poland in the Aftermath of World War I: The Conflict between the US Ambassador in Warsaw Hugh Gibson and American Jewish Leaders.
2712:
which emerged in the same month and was disbanded nine months later. The West
Ukrainian government respected Jewish neutrality during the Polish-Ukrainian conflict by an order of
1326:
1021:
1213:
2728:, many more pogroms and assaults against Galician Jews were perpetrated by the Ukrainian side in rural areas and other towns. Between 22 and 26 March 1919, during massacres in
2736:. The chief organizer of the pogrom became minister of war soon thereafter. Simultaneous Ukrainian pogroms took place in Berdichev, Uma, and Cherniakhov among other places.
3054:
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was most influential in
Ukraine and southern Poland but was fiercely resisted in Lithuania (and even the form of Hasidism that took root there, namely
2682:
in 1867, Galician Jews constituted 58 percent of
Galicia's civil servants and judges by 1897. During the 19th century Galicia and its main city, Lviv (
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Gesher
Galicia - An organization dedicated to the genealogy of Galician Jewry and preserving the heritage and culture of Galician Jews
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2843:, who thought of them as irrational and uneducated. They, in turn, held the Litvaks in disdain, derogatively referring to them as
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3299:"Traktat między Głównemi Mocarstwami sprzymierzonemi i stowarzyszonemi a Polską, podpisany w Wersalu dnia 28 czerwca 1919 r."
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1336:
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2732:(Jitomir), between 500 and 700 Jews lost their lives at the hands of armed men from the Ukrainian republican army led by
685:
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5147:
4335:
4320:
4084:
4039:
3784:
2765:
1812:
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2276:
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1829:
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419:
409:
145:
45:
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In the popular perception, Galitzianers were considered to be more emotional and prayerful than their rivals, the
2581:
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766:
5319:
5259:
5157:
5137:
5007:
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2083:
1934:
1875:
3588:
5239:
5070:
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3584:
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1183:
663:
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4219:
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4098:
2701:
2451:
2234:
2224:
2189:
2068:
2058:
1841:
1012:
954:
788:
467:
424:
139:
3661:
Rohatyn
District Research Group - Group dedicated to genealogy research and Jewish heritage in the district
3553:
3140:
5228:
5198:
4261:
3000:
2921:
2761:
2478:
2353:
2088:
2002:
1068:
620:
239:
209:
49:
2773:
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parts of the local economy such as retail sales and trade. They were also successful in the government;
615:
5254:
5175:
4957:
4664:
4547:
4288:
4278:
4271:
4256:
4142:
2894:
2847:("cross heads"), or Jews assimilated to the point of being Christian. This coincides with the fact that
2542:
2244:
2239:
2184:
1972:
887:
602:
497:
214:
2721:
39:
5289:
5279:
4782:
3754:
3267:
2697:
2549:
In the modern period, Jews were the third most numerous ethnic group in Big
Galicia, after Poles and
2498:
2493:). Galicia proper, which was inhabited by Ruthenians, Poles and Jews, became a royal province within
2315:
2267:
2007:
1865:
678:
543:
532:
490:
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2713:
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741:
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322:
197:
5269:
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4669:
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4266:
3839:
3744:
3711:
2889:
2753:
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2644:
2219:
2169:
2116:
2111:
2025:
1895:
1163:
992:
751:
671:
525:
91:
4552:
4428:
3327:
3193:
Nationalizing a
Borderland: war, ethnicity, and anti-Jewish violence in east Galicia, 1914-1920.
2657:, was a Galician Jew whose family migrated to the U.S. in the first decade of the 20th century.
2752:
signed in March 1921. The borders between Poland and Soviet Russia remained in force until the
5053:
4984:
4866:
4851:
4634:
4505:
4470:
3759:
3606:
3596:
3571:
3561:
3537:
3527:
3510:
3500:
3363:
3246:
3146:
3139:
Vasyl Kuchabsky; Gus Fagan; Wirth-Institute for Austrian and Central European Studies (2009).
3093:
3062:
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2632:
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2285:
2102:
1662:
1301:
761:
632:
562:
439:
352:
219:
3032:
2756:
in September 1939, although serious abuses against the Jews, including pogroms, continued in
2517:
The Jews in Europe (1881). Galicia is located immediately northeast of the Hungarian district
5119:
5087:
5048:
5019:
5002:
4952:
4753:
4562:
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4448:
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3764:
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3206:
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2138:
1836:
1386:
897:
653:
557:
472:
362:
154:
3421:
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4836:
4763:
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2078:
2030:
1870:
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1002:
731:
643:
626:
170:
4730:
3656:
Nadworna Shtetl Research Group - A group dedicated to the Jews of the shtetl of Nadworna
117:
5333:
5308:
5129:
5036:
4994:
4974:
4962:
4942:
4856:
4846:
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4787:
4758:
4725:
4691:
4601:
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1908:
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922:
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369:
135:
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4423:
4184:
4130:
4064:
4044:
4034:
4029:
4002:
3948:
3822:
3088:
3050:
2870:. Galitzianers like things sweet, even to the extent of putting sugar in their fish.
2808:
2749:
2653:
2636:
2627:
in Galicia were Jewish. The main occupation of Jews in towns and villages was trade:
2343:
2338:
1544:
1471:
997:
846:
841:
836:
826:
756:
518:
357:
262:
224:
175:
3655:
3362:, Vol. 2. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research Yale University Press. 2008. p. 1393.
2533:
Population of Jews before World War II in Galicia. Largest Jewish population was in
5082:
4879:
4841:
4802:
4391:
4135:
4074:
4054:
4014:
3997:
3965:
3953:
3914:
3832:
3807:
3386:
3378:
2373:
2199:
2040:
2035:
1993:
1946:
1040:
907:
892:
851:
816:
429:
271:
3593:
Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories
2708:(UHA). In exchange, they were allotted 10% of the seats in the parliament of the
5092:
4607:
4532:
4510:
4413:
4007:
3936:
3931:
3919:
3909:
3492:
3167:
2910:
2820:
2776:
and late 1938, the Jewish population of the Republic had grown by over 464,000.
2570:
2474:
2358:
2300:
1965:
871:
866:
861:
831:
2690:. Lviv was the home of the world's first Yiddish-language daily newspaper, the
17:
5186:
4893:
4475:
4069:
3817:
3739:
3385:
End note 20: 44–29, memo 1/30/39 , The Jewish Publication Society of America,
3004:
2648:
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2016:
1030:
959:
917:
746:
726:
285:
192:
112:
3610:
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3514:
3066:
2700:, which erupted in November 1918. During the conflict, 1,200 Jews joined the
5107:
4572:
4463:
4374:
3992:
3926:
3575:
2816:
2800:
2628:
2179:
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1254:
1202:
964:
912:
902:
583:
579:
569:
484:
244:
3943:
3646:
Buchach Jewish Cemetery fully documented at Jewish Galicia and Bukovina ORG
2538:
932:
3367:
3326:"Ustawa z dnia 17 marca 1921 r. – Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej."
3222:
4826:
4768:
4713:
4708:
4379:
2729:
2670:
2348:
1958:
1890:
721:
229:
180:
3383:
A History of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 1929–1939.
2724:, wrote Alexander Prusin. Nevertheless, as noted by Robert Blobaum from
5041:
4925:
4920:
4910:
4898:
4718:
4703:
4647:
4582:
4557:
4520:
4384:
4059:
3958:
3882:
3774:
3700:
3127:
Hostages of Modernization: Studies on Modern Antisemitism, 1870-1933/39
2859:
2824:
2788:
2784:
2624:
2595: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2513:
2502:
2470:
2324:
2290:
2159:
1953:
942:
937:
809:
700:
595:
591:
587:
336:
331:
308:
290:
165:
160:
150:
128:
103:
3436:"Berkeley bookseller's side shtick is a treasure trove of Yiddishisms"
5112:
4979:
4915:
3524:
Rediscovering Traces of Memory: The Jewish Heritage of Polish Galicia
2828:
2804:
2696:
Towards the end of World War I, Galicia became a battleground of the
1984:
1979:
1939:
1924:
1035:
927:
347:
313:
299:
234:
3558:
Jewish Roots in Poland: Pages from the Past and Archival Inventories
2779:
3665:
3399:
3174:
from the original on 12 January 2012 – via Internet Archive.
2855:, was more intellectually inclined than the other Hasidic groups).
5063:
5058:
5012:
4967:
4888:
4883:
4147:
3902:
3872:
2778:
2664:
2528:
2520:
2512:
947:
376:
280:
249:
3650:
3639:
3497:
Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-Day Ukraine
3142:
Western Ukraine in conflict with Poland and Bolshevism, 1918-1923
5162:
3696:
3321:
3294:
3055:"Crimes and Mass Violence of the Russian Civil Wars (1918-1921)"
2534:
99:
3669:
3242:
Dreamland: Europeans and Jews in the Aftermath of the Great War
3660:
3145:. Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press. p. 185.
2916:
Wooden synagogues of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2564:
3463:"This is no fish tale: Gefilte tastes tell story of ancestry"
2553:. At the time that Galicia was annexed by Austria (i.e. the
3595:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation.
3560:. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation.
3110:
Jews in Ukrainian Literature: representation and identity.
2799:. The majority of Galician Jews were murdered during the
2819:. In 1959, the census showed 29,701 Jews were living in
2501:
in the late 18th century. Galician Jews primarily spoke
73:
449,000, or 9.6% of the total population of the region.
2764:
were protected by a series of explicit clauses in the
27:
Subgroup of ethnic Jews in present-day Western Ukraine
3499:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
2456:
2704:
and formed an all-Jewish Ukrainian battalion called
1963:
1944:
367:
5128:
4993:
4865:
4739:
4633:
4164:
3853:
3783:
3725:
3642:
Paintings depicting a Galician shtetl in the 1930s.
3402:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
2957:." Translated from the Hebrew by Deborah Weissman.
77:
69:
61:
56:
3526:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
3092:, pp. 367-368, University of Toronto Press, 2000,
65:150,000–200,000, or 5–6.5% of the total population
3284:Studia Judaica 7: 2004 nr 2(14) s. 257–304 (pdf)
3245:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 11.
3360:The YIVO encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
3123:"Ethnic Diversity in Twentieth Century Poland."
2760:. The rights of minorities in the newly reborn
2949:
2947:
2945:
3681:
2901:Jewish–Ukrainian relations in Eastern Galicia
2795:In September 1939, most of Galicia passed to
2415:
8:
32:
5170:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
3112:New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 94-95
3027:
3025:
2992:
2990:
2959:YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
659:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
3850:
3688:
3674:
3666:
2673:(east and west) between the two world wars
2422:
2408:
2272:
1913:
986:
793:
398:
267:
86:
3422:"If Not Even Wiser" by Hirshe-Dovid Katz.
2611:Learn how and when to remove this message
81:872,000, or 10.9% of the total population
5361:Jewish Galician (Eastern Europe) history
3717:Index of Jewish history-related articles
3011:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
2976:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
2485:Oblasts) and from south-eastern Poland (
5216:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3170:. Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust.
2941:
2525:Peasants and Jews from Galicia, c. 1886
2469:and Bukovina from contemporary western
2323:
2275:
2101:
2048:
2015:
1992:
1916:
1782:
1670:
1644:
1479:
1273:
1048:
1020:
879:
713:
642:
542:
457:
401:
321:
298:
270:
98:
3324:RP. Internetowy System Aktow Prawnych.
3297:RP. Internetowy System Aktow Prawnych.
2906:List of Galician (Eastern Europe) Jews
31:
7:
3461:Bill Gladstone (10 September 1999).
3059:Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence
3045:
3043:
3041:
2953:Manekin, Rachel (2 November 2010). "
2593:adding citations to reliable sources
3195:University of Alabama Press. p. 99.
2929:Jewish Roots in Ukraine and Moldova
2446:
5163:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
5143:American Jewish Historical Society
3328:PDF scan of the March Constitution
2823:. A small number have remained in
25:
3207:"Europe: Early Modern and Modern"
2858:The two groups diverged in their
2465:originating and developed in the
2461:) are members of the subgroup of
450:Historical population comparisons
5327:
5314:
5313:
3268:"Modern Jewish History: Pogroms"
2710:West Ukrainian People's Republic
2686:in Yiddish), became a center of
2569:
2467:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
1094:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1008:Historical population by country
38:
3634:Brief history of Galician Jews.
3266:Jewish Virtual Library (2008).
3191:Alexander Victor Prusin.(2005).
2580:needs additional citations for
5235:Relations with other religions
3591:(in cooperation with) (1999).
3556:(in cooperation with) (1997).
3400:"The Jewish Community of Lvov"
3311:(original document, 1,369 KB).
3211:The American Historical Review
3205:Blobaum, Robert (April 2006).
1:
5222:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
3465:. jweekly.com. Archived from
3438:. jweekly.com. Archived from
3434:Joshua Brandt (19 May 2000).
3180:(L'viv), November 5, 1918, 3.
3009:Galicia: A Multicultured Land
2866:, separated by the so-called
2803:. Most survivors migrated to
665:Christianity and Judaism
5153:Leo Baeck Institute New York
5148:American Sephardi Federation
3125:In: Herbert Arthur Strauss.
3108:Myroslav Shkandrij. (2009).
2783:Galician Jewish cemetery in
57:Jewish population in Galicia
3976:Constantinopolitan Karaites
3349:(original document, 67 KB).
3176:General Ukrainian Council,
2457:
1964:
1945:
1672:Latin America and Caribbean
368:
5382:
5204:National Library of Israel
3845:Zionism, race and genetics
3589:Moldovan National Archives
3129:. Walter de Gruyter, 1993.
2862:accents and even in their
2277:Jewish political movements
1974:Conversion to Judaism
5302:
5158:Yeshiva University Museum
5138:Center for Jewish History
3707:
3636:Personal.ceu.hu/Students.
3620:the quarterly journal of
3522:Webber, Jonathan (2009).
3255:– via Google Books.
3155:– via Google Books.
2970:Magocsi, Paul R. (1996).
680:Hinduism and Judaism
37:
3750:Ancient Israel and Judah
3585:Ukrainian State Archives
3270:. Encyclopaedia Judaica.
3001:Galicia: A European Land
2726:West Virginia University
2537:with 76,854, second was
506:Temple in Jerusalem
199:Bar and bat mitzvah
4126:North African Sephardim
4099:Jewish tribes of Arabia
3640:Shoshana Eden, painter.
3587:(in cooperation with);
3358:Gershon David Hundert.
3019:. p. 3-21; here: p. 11.
2961:. Retrieved 2016-02-13.
2702:Ukrainian Galician Army
2669:Galicia in relation to
468:Twelve Tribes of Israel
5229:Holocaust Encyclopedia
5199:Jewish Virtual Library
3301:PDF scan of the Treaty
3007:& Magocsi (Eds.),
2922:Jewish Roots in Poland
2792:
2762:Second Polish Republic
2674:
2546:
2526:
2518:
50:Second Polish Republic
5366:Ashkenazi Jews topics
5176:Encyclopaedia Judaica
4958:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
4143:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
3893:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
3554:Polish State Archives
3280:Andrzej Kapiszewski,
3223:10.1086/ahr.111.2.587
2895:Galicia Jewish Museum
2782:
2722:Polish pogrom in Lviv
2668:
2543:Galicia Jewish Museum
2532:
2524:
2516:
1214:São Tomé and Príncipe
1209:Republic of the Congo
603:Second Temple Judaism
474:Kingdom of Judah
445:Modern historiography
46:the Rebbe in Husiatyn
5356:Jewish ethnic groups
3755:Second Temple period
3333:5 March 2016 at the
3073:on 1 September 2008.
2997:Magocsi, Paul Robert
2768:signed by President
2698:Polish-Ukrainian War
2589:improve this article
2499:Partitions of Poland
2316:World Agudath Israel
1457:United Arab Emirates
544:Second Temple period
534:Babylonian captivity
5193:Jewish Encyclopedia
4938:Hekhalot literature
4749:Religious movements
4284:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3166:Melamed, Vladimir.
2714:Yevhen Petrushevych
609:Hellenistic Judaism
187:Land of Israel
146:Principles of faith
34:
5334:Judaism portal
5270:Jews and Halloween
5265:Jews and Christmas
4655:Rabbinic authority
4407:Judaeo-Piedmontese
3840:Xueta Christianity
3745:Origins of Judaism
3712:Outline of Judaism
3345:2012-01-19 at the
3307:2012-01-26 at the
3089:Ukraine: a history
2973:History of Ukraine
2890:Fortress synagogue
2793:
2754:invasion of Poland
2718:Edward Rydz-Śmigły
2692:Lemberger Togblat.
2688:Yiddish literature
2675:
2547:
2527:
2519:
2170:Jewish Koine Greek
1712:Dominican Republic
993:Judaism by country
672:Jews and Christmas
527:Assyrian captivity
5343:
5342:
5309:extinct languages
5210:YIVO Encyclopedia
4985:Hebrew literature
4953:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
4793:Reconstructionist
4471:Judaeo-Portuguese
4160:
4159:
4116:Eastern Sephardim
3760:Synagogal Judaism
3602:978-0-96-565081-6
3567:978-0-96-565080-9
2868:Gefilte Fish Line
2774:Polish–Soviet War
2766:Versailles Treaty
2746:Polish–Soviet War
2706:Zhydivs’kyy Kurin
2633:Isidor Isaac Rabi
2621:
2620:
2613:
2555:Habsburg monarchy
2455:
2432:
2431:
2381:
2380:
2129:
2128:
1876:Reconstructionist
1820:
1819:
972:
971:
779:
778:
616:Jewish–Roman wars
564:Hasmonean dynasty
480:Kingdom of Israel
384:
383:
85:
84:
16:(Redirected from
5373:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5317:
5316:
4449:Judeo-Golpaygani
4050:Palestinian Jews
4025:Alexandrian Jews
3981:Crimean Karaites
3898:Unterlander Jews
3851:
3765:Rabbinic Judaism
3690:
3683:
3676:
3667:
3614:
3583:Weiner, Miriam;
3579:
3545:
3518:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3431:
3425:
3420:Barnett Zumoff,
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3396:
3390:
3376:
3370:
3356:
3350:
3318:
3312:
3291:
3285:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3237:Howard M. Sachar
3233:
3227:
3226:
3202:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3136:
3130:
3119:
3113:
3106:
3100:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3069:. Archived from
3047:
3036:
3031:Magocsi (2005),
3029:
3020:
3005:Christopher Hann
2994:
2985:
2968:
2962:
2951:
2885:Jews in Bukovina
2880:Borshchiv Ghetto
2616:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2573:
2565:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2424:
2417:
2410:
2273:
2154:
1975:
1969:
1950:
1914:
1861:
1808:New Zealand
1760:
1723:El Salvador
1713:
1645:Northern America
1637:
1231:
987:
898:Crimean Karaites
794:
772:
770:
691:
689:
681:
675:
666:
654:Rabbinic Judaism
635:
629:
623:
611:
599:
565:
558:Maccabean Revolt
535:
528:
522:
514:
507:
501:
493:
475:
399:
373:
268:
200:
188:
87:
42:
35:
21:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5328:
5326:
5298:
5124:
4989:
4861:
4735:
4629:
4444:Judeo-Borujerdi
4419:Judeo-Malayalam
4365:Judeo-Aragonese
4336:Lishanid Noshan
4168:
4156:
3888:Oberlander Jews
3849:
3779:
3721:
3703:
3694:
3630:
3618:The Galitzianer
3603:
3582:
3568:
3548:
3534:
3521:
3507:
3491:
3488:
3486:Further reading
3483:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3469:on 8 March 2004
3460:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3442:on 14 July 2007
3433:
3432:
3428:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3377:
3373:
3357:
3353:
3347:Wayback Machine
3335:Wayback Machine
3319:
3315:
3309:Wayback Machine
3292:
3288:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3264:
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3204:
3203:
3199:
3190:
3186:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3121:Norman Davies.
3120:
3116:
3107:
3103:
3082:
3078:
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3048:
3039:
3030:
3023:
2995:
2988:
2969:
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2876:
2837:
2748:ended with the
2742:
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2641:Georges Charpak
2617:
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2600:
2597:
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2563:
2511:
2495:Austria-Hungary
2479:Ivano-Frankivsk
2428:
2383:
2382:
2270:
2260:
2259:
2250:Judeo-Malayalam
2230:Judaeo-Georgian
2150:
2141:
2131:
2130:
2031:Yiddish theatre
1973:
1911:
1901:
1900:
1859:
1832:
1822:
1821:
1758:
1711:
1635:
1229:
1013:Genetic studies
984:
974:
973:
791:
781:
780:
768:
767:
687:
686:
679:
669:
664:
646:and Middle Ages
644:Rabbinic period
631:
625:
618:
606:
577:
563:
533:
526:
517:
509:
505:
496:
491:in Judaism
488:
473:
396:
386:
385:
265:
255:
254:
198:
186:
131:
52:
28:
23:
22:
18:Jews of Galicia
15:
12:
11:
5:
5379:
5377:
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5368:
5363:
5358:
5348:
5347:
5341:
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5300:
5299:
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5287:
5282:
5276:non-Christian
5274:
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5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5232:
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5022:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
4999:
4997:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4975:Shulchan Aruch
4972:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4963:Sefer Yetzirah
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4943:Pardes Rimonim
4940:
4933:Kabbalah texts
4930:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4877:
4871:
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4859:
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4812:
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4780:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4726:Land of Israel
4723:
4722:
4721:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4689:
4684:
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4678:
4677:
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4662:
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4651:
4650:
4639:
4637:
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4628:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4618:
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4612:
4611:
4604:
4602:Judeo-Alsatian
4594:
4593:
4592:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
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4498:
4493:
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4473:
4468:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4454:Judeo-Hamedani
4451:
4446:
4441:
4431:
4429:Judaeo-Occitan
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4370:Jewish English
4367:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4301:Judaeo-Aramaic
4298:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4289:Judeo-Tunisian
4286:
4281:
4279:Judeo-Moroccan
4276:
4275:
4274:
4272:Judeo-Baghdadi
4259:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4176:
4174:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4123:
4121:Livornese Jews
4118:
4108:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4062:
4057:
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4012:
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3940:
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3917:
3907:
3906:
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3895:
3890:
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3870:
3868:Afrikaner-Jode
3859:
3857:
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3847:
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3837:
3836:
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3685:
3678:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3629:
3628:External links
3626:
3625:
3624:
3622:Gesher Galicia
3615:
3601:
3580:
3566:
3550:Weiner, Miriam
3546:
3532:
3519:
3505:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3453:
3426:
3413:
3391:
3371:
3351:
3313:
3286:
3273:
3258:
3252:978-0307425676
3251:
3228:
3197:
3184:
3158:
3152:978-1894865128
3151:
3131:
3114:
3101:
3084:Orest Subtelny
3076:
3053:(April 2008).
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2813:United Kingdom
2797:Soviet Ukraine
2758:Soviet Ukraine
2741:
2738:
2734:Symon Petliura
2662:
2659:
2647:(literature).
2643:(physics) and
2619:
2618:
2577:
2575:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2510:
2507:
2463:Ashkenazi Jews
2430:
2429:
2427:
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2412:
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2195:Judaeo-Spanish
2192:
2190:Judaeo-Iranian
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1069:Bilad-el-Sudan
1066:
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1038:
1033:
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1024:
1022:Land of Israel
1018:
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880:Related groups
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737:Jewish atheism
734:
729:
724:
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710:
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688:Islamic–Jewish
683:
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553:Yehud Medinata
547:
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515:
502:
494:
482:
477:
470:
462:
461:
459:Ancient Israel
455:
454:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
415:Land of Israel
412:
404:
403:
397:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:
381:
380:
379:
374:
370:Shulchan Aruch
365:
360:
355:
350:
342:
341:
340:
339:
334:
326:
325:
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
303:
302:
296:
295:
294:
293:
288:
283:
275:
274:
266:
261:
260:
257:
256:
253:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
195:
190:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
148:
143:
136:God in Judaism
132:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:
115:
107:
106:
96:
95:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
54:
53:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5378:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5336:
5335:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:Protestantism
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:Sefer HaBahir
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4875:Sifrei Kodesh
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4731:Who is a Jew?
4729:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4660:Chosen people
4658:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4616:Scots-Yiddish
4614:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4589:Klezmer-loshn
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:Judeo-Shirazi
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4434:Judeo-Persian
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:Judeo-Marathi
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4402:Judeo-Italian
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4257:Judeo-Amazigh
4255:
4253:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:Hadhrami Jews
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4045:Mountain Jews
4043:
4041:
4040:Egyptian Jews
4038:
4036:
4035:Bukharan Jews
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:Lists of Jews
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3679:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3533:9781906764036
3529:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3506:9780691131214
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3454:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3168:"Jewish Lviv"
3162:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3098:0-8020-8390-0
3095:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3051:Nicolas Werth
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3017:9780802037817
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2982:9780802078209
2979:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2821:Lviv province
2818:
2814:
2810:
2809:United States
2806:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:Peace of Riga
2747:
2740:Peace of Riga
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:Call It Sleep
2650:
2646:
2642:
2639:(chemistry),
2638:
2637:Roald Hoffman
2634:
2630:
2626:
2615:
2612:
2604:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2578:This section
2576:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2544:
2541:with 45,229 (
2540:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2491:Lesser Poland
2488:
2487:Subcarpathian
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:Galician Jews
2425:
2420:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2235:Judeo-Aramaic
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2225:Judeo-Italian
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Ghardaïa Sign
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:Denominations
1826:
1825:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:United States
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1144:Guinea-Bissau
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
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1100:
1097:
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1092:
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1080:
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1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Lists of Jews
996:
994:
991:
990:
989:
988:
983:
978:
977:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
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939:
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931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
884:
883:
878:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
801:
798:
797:
796:
795:
790:
785:
784:
773:
765:
763:
760:
758:
757:The Holocaust
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
719:
718:
717:
712:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
684:
682:
677:
673:
667:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
649:
645:
641:
634:
628:
622:
617:
614:
610:
604:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
548:
545:
541:
536:
531:
529:
524:
520:
516:
513:
508:
503:
499:
495:
492:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
471:
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466:
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464:
463:
460:
456:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
406:
405:
400:
395:
390:
389:
378:
375:
372:
371:
366:
364:
361:
359:
358:Mishneh Torah
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
344:
343:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:
324:
320:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
305:
304:
301:
297:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
277:
276:
273:
269:
264:
259:
258:
251:
248:
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243:
241:
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231:
228:
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221:
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213:
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208:
206:
203:
201:
196:
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184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
156:
152:
149:
147:
144:
141:
137:
134:
133:
130:
125:
124:
119:
118:Who is a Jew?
116:
114:
111:
110:
109:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
33:Galician Jews
30:
19:
5325:
5318:
5304:
5227:
5220:
5208:
5191:
5174:
5008:perspectives
4842:Samaritanism
4803:Neo-Hasidism
4783:Conservative
4697:Names of God
4606:
4587:
4397:Judaeo-Greek
4392:Judeo-Gascon
4331:Lishán Didán
4326:Lishana Deni
4294:Judeo-Yemeni
4262:Judeo-Arabic
4136:Meshuchrarim
4055:Persian Jews
3988:Kurdish Jews
3966:Kaifeng Jews
3915:Beta Abraham
3878:Galitzianers
3877:
3833:Antisemitism
3808:Israeli Jews
3793:Assimilation
3617:
3592:
3557:
3523:
3496:
3493:Bartov, Omer
3471:. Retrieved
3467:the original
3456:
3444:. Retrieved
3440:the original
3429:
3424:Translation.
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3394:
3387:Philadelphia
3382:
3379:Yehuda Bauer
3374:
3359:
3354:
3320:
3316:
3293:
3289:
3276:
3261:
3241:
3231:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3192:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3161:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3087:
3079:
3071:the original
3058:
3008:
2971:
2966:
2958:
2927:
2920:
2857:
2844:
2838:
2794:
2743:
2705:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2676:
2652:
2651:, who wrote
2622:
2607:
2601:October 2023
2598:
2587:Please help
2582:verification
2579:
2548:
2509:Demographics
2447:גאַליציאַנער
2439:Galitzianers
2438:
2434:
2433:
2374:Post-Zionism
2245:Judeo-Berber
2240:Judeo-Arabic
2200:Judeo-Gascon
1947:Pidyon haben
1866:Conservative
1412:Saudi Arabia
1230:South Africa
1219:Sierra Leone
1041:Israeli Jews
955:Mosaic Arabs
908:Kaifeng Jews
804:
769:Arab–Israeli
742:Emancipation
621:Great Revolt
430:Anti-Judaism
425:Antisemitism
420:Name "Judea"
215:Baal teshuva
29:
5250:Catholicism
4832:Hellenistic
4670:Eschatology
4608:Lachoudisch
4533:Lotegorisch
4511:Lachoudisch
4501:Koiné Greek
4414:Judeo-Latin
4351:Palestinian
4245:Palestinian
4094:Mustaʿravim
4020:Afghan Jews
4008:Berber Jews
3932:Bene Israel
3920:Falash Mura
3910:Beta Israel
3828:Persecution
3770:Middle Ages
3473:22 December
3446:22 December
2911:Three hares
2845:tseylem-kop
2680:emancipated
2635:(physics),
2458:Galitsianer
2369:Revisionist
2359:Neo-Zionism
1966:Zeved habat
1759:Puerto Rico
1585:Netherlands
1417:South Korea
1402:Philippines
1282:Afghanistan
1149:Ivory Coast
923:Crypto-Jews
888:Bnei Anusim
867:Bene Israel
832:Beta Israel
789:Communities
696:Middle Ages
435:Persecution
210:Bereavement
5350:Categories
5245:Anabaptism
5187:Jew (word)
5054:Leadership
4867:Literature
4852:Secularism
4798:Humanistic
4665:Conversion
4635:Philosophy
4476:Judeo-Urdu
4240:Babylonian
4085:Saada Jews
4070:Adeni Jews
3863:Ashkenazim
3818:Samaritans
3785:Population
3740:Israelites
3339:Amendments
3217:(2): 587.
2936:References
2897:, (Kraków)
2787:, western
2770:Paderewski
2649:Henry Roth
2645:S.Y. Agnon
2551:Ruthenians
2497:after the
2354:Maximalism
2306:Secularism
2286:Autonomism
2103:Literature
1896:Humanistic
1500:Azerbaijan
1462:Uzbekistan
1437:Tajikistan
1357:Kyrgyzstan
1342:Kazakhstan
1189:Mozambique
1164:Madagascar
1084:Cape Verde
1036:New Yishuv
1031:Old Yishuv
982:Population
960:Subbotniks
918:Samaritans
857:Romanyotim
800:Ashkenazim
747:Old Yishuv
727:Sabbateans
714:Modern era
706:Golden Age
633:Bar Kokhba
353:Beit Yosef
220:Philosophy
5307:indicate
5255:Mormonism
5240:Christian
5120:Symbolism
5108:Synagogue
5088:Mythology
5049:Education
5020:Astronomy
5003:Astrology
4820:relations
4625:Zarphatic
4573:Galitzish
4375:Yeshivish
4252:Catalanic
4215:Samaritan
4190:Ashkenazi
4171:Diasporic
4166:Languages
4111:Sephardim
4106:Romaniote
3993:Krymchaks
3927:Desi Jews
3803:Buddhists
3611:607423469
3542:323127181
3515:123912559
3368:837032828
3067:1961-9898
2999:(2005). "
2817:Australia
2801:Holocaust
2629:wholesale
2452:romanized
2364:Religious
2220:Zarphatic
2210:Bukharian
2180:Judeo-Tat
2165:Yeshivish
2139:Languages
2094:Sephardic
2084:Israelite
2074:Ethiopian
2064:Ashkenazi
2003:Religious
1793:Australia
1775:Venezuela
1681:Argentina
1663:Greenland
1575:Lithuania
1427:Sri Lanka
1422:Singapore
1347:Kurdistan
1312:Indonesia
1302:Hong Kong
1255:Abayudaya
1179:Mauritius
913:Igbo Jews
903:Krymchaks
822:Sephardim
690:relations
584:Sadducees
580:Pharisees
570:Sanhedrin
485:Jerusalem
245:Synagogue
113:Etymology
5320:Category
5290:Hinduism
5280:Buddhism
5182:Genetics
5098:Politics
5071:Marriage
5030:Holidays
5025:Calendar
4906:Rabbinic
4882:/Hebrew
4827:Haymanot
4754:Orthodox
4741:Branches
4714:Kabbalah
4709:Haskalah
4687:Holiness
4563:dialects
4543:Shassagh
4506:Krymchak
4486:Kayliñña
4380:Yinglish
4356:Galilean
4346:Talmudic
4341:Biblical
4316:Betanure
4235:Biblical
4230:Mishnaic
4225:Medieval
4210:Tiberian
4205:Yemenite
4195:Sephardi
4131:Paradesi
4075:Ḥabbanim
4065:Teimanim
4030:Baghdadi
4003:Maghrebi
3971:Karaites
3949:Gruzínim
3937:Kochinim
3855:Diaspora
3813:Karaites
3798:Atheists
3735:Timeline
3576:38756480
3495:(2007).
3343:Archived
3331:Archived
3305:Archived
3239:(2007).
3172:Archived
2874:See also
2849:Hasidism
2730:Zhytomyr
2671:Volhynia
2483:Ternopil
2391:Category
2349:Kahanism
2296:Feminism
2268:Politics
2152:Biblical
2122:American
2069:Bukharan
2059:American
1959:Shidduch
1935:Clothing
1891:Haymanot
1837:Orthodox
1765:Suriname
1748:Paraguay
1701:Colombia
1600:Portugal
1510:Bulgaria
1447:Thailand
1397:Pakistan
1377:Mongolia
1372:Malaysia
1292:Cambodia
1266:Zimbabwe
1241:Tanzania
1119:Eswatini
1109:Ethiopia
1099:Djibouti
1079:Cameroon
1074:Botswana
1003:Diaspora
965:Noahides
938:Marranos
862:Cochinim
847:Bukharim
837:Gruzinim
827:Teimanim
817:Mizrahim
805:Galician
771:conflict
732:Hasidism
722:Haskalah
627:Diaspora
498:timeline
410:Timeline
323:Rabbinic
230:Kabbalah
205:Marriage
181:Tzedakah
171:Holidays
129:Religion
92:a series
90:Part of
44:Home of
5305:Italics
5130:Studies
5076:Divorce
5042:Kashrut
5037:Cuisine
4995:Culture
4926:Midrash
4921:Tosefta
4911:Mishnah
4899:Ketuvim
4894:Nevi'im
4857:Schisms
4847:Science
4837:Karaite
4808:Renewal
4769:Litvaks
4764:Hasidic
4719:Sefirot
4704:Halakha
4675:Messiah
4648:Mitzvah
4643:Beliefs
4597:Western
4583:Poylish
4578:Litvish
4568:Eastern
4558:Yiddish
4553:Shuadit
4538:Qwareña
4526:Tetuani
4521:Haketia
4496:Knaanic
4491:Kivruli
4439:Bukhori
4385:Heblish
4321:Hulaulá
4311:Barzani
4267:Yahudic
4200:Mizrahi
4060:Urfalim
4015:Mizrahi
3959:Neofiti
3954:Italkim
3883:Lita'im
3775:Zionism
3727:History
3701:Judaism
3406:25 June
3003:." In:
2955:Galicia
2864:cuisine
2860:Yiddish
2841:Litvaks
2835:Culture
2825:Ukraine
2789:Ukraine
2785:Buchach
2684:Lemberg
2661:History
2625:tailors
2561:Society
2503:Yiddish
2471:Ukraine
2454::
2443:Yiddish
2334:General
2325:Zionism
2301:Leftism
2291:Bundism
2215:Knaanic
2175:Yevanic
2160:Yiddish
2117:Yiddish
2112:Israeli
2089:Mizrahi
2079:Israeli
2050:Cuisine
2026:Ancient
2008:Secular
1954:Kashrut
1930:Wedding
1917:Customs
1909:Culture
1886:Science
1881:Renewal
1871:Karaite
1852:Hasidic
1784:Oceania
1770:Uruguay
1738:Jamaica
1718:Ecuador
1686:Bolivia
1630:Ukraine
1605:Romania
1580:Moldova
1560:Hungary
1550:Germany
1545:Georgia
1535:Finland
1530:Estonia
1525:Denmark
1520:Czechia
1505:Belarus
1495:Austria
1490:Armenia
1467:Vietnam
1382:Myanmar
1367:Lebanon
1287:Bahrain
1246:Tunisia
1224:Somalia
1199:Nigeria
1194:Namibia
1184:Morocco
1114:Eritrea
1059:Algeria
943:Neofiti
852:Italkim
842:Juhurim
752:Zionism
701:Khazars
596:Sicarii
592:Zealots
588:Essenes
575:Schisms
440:Leaders
402:General
394:History
337:Tosefta
332:Midrash
309:Mishnah
291:Ketuvim
286:Nevi'im
235:Customs
166:Shabbat
161:Halakha
153: (
151:Mitzvot
138: (
104:Judaism
5113:Hazzan
5103:Prayer
4980:Siddur
4916:Talmud
4880:Tanakh
4815:Neolog
4788:Reform
4776:Modern
4759:Haredi
4682:Ethics
4548:Shassi
4516:Ladino
4481:Karaim
4464:Juhuri
4306:Targum
4220:Signed
4185:Modern
4180:Hebrew
4148:Xuetes
3944:Dönmeh
3903:Yekkes
3609:
3599:
3574:
3564:
3540:
3530:
3513:
3503:
3389:, 1974
3366:
3249:
3149:
3096:
3065:
3015:
2980:
2853:Chabad
2829:Poland
2811:, the
2807:, the
2805:Israel
2791:, 2005
2539:Kraków
2481:, and
2396:Portal
2255:Domari
2185:Shassi
2146:Hebrew
2041:Humour
1985:Hiloni
1980:Aliyah
1940:Niddah
1925:Minyan
1860:Reform
1847:Haredi
1842:Modern
1743:Mexico
1728:Guyana
1691:Brazil
1653:Canada
1625:Sweden
1615:Serbia
1610:Russia
1595:Poland
1590:Norway
1570:Latvia
1555:Greece
1540:France
1515:Cyprus
1481:Europe
1452:Turkey
1442:Taiwan
1352:Kuwait
1337:Jordan
1327:Israel
1261:Zambia
1251:Uganda
1169:Malawi
1139:Guinea
1129:Gambia
1064:Angola
1050:Africa
933:Dönmeh
928:Anusim
872:Berber
810:Litvak
762:Israel
668:
605:
519:Second
487:
348:Targum
314:Gemara
300:Talmud
272:Tanakh
225:Ethics
176:Prayer
5285:Islam
5093:Names
5083:Music
5064:Rebbe
5059:Rabbi
5013:Monen
4968:Zohar
4889:Torah
4884:Bible
3998:Lemba
3873:Chuts
3033:p. 12
2344:Labor
2339:Green
2036:Dance
1994:Music
1813:Palau
1733:Haiti
1696:Chile
1620:Spain
1565:Italy
1472:Yemen
1432:Syria
1407:Qatar
1387:Nepal
1332:Japan
1307:India
1297:China
1236:Sudan
1159:Libya
1154:Kenya
1134:Ghana
1124:Gabon
1104:Egypt
1089:Benin
948:Xueta
893:Lemba
512:First
377:Zohar
281:Torah
263:Texts
250:Rabbi
240:Rites
140:names
3699:and
3697:Jews
3607:OCLC
3597:ISBN
3572:OCLC
3562:ISBN
3538:OCLC
3528:ISBN
3511:OCLC
3501:ISBN
3475:2014
3448:2014
3408:2018
3364:OCLC
3322:Sejm
3295:Sejm
3247:ISBN
3178:Dilo
3147:ISBN
3094:ISBN
3063:ISSN
3013:ISBN
2978:ISBN
2744:The
2535:Lviv
2489:and
2475:Lviv
1803:Guam
1798:Fiji
1753:Peru
1706:Cuba
1392:Oman
1362:Laos
1322:Iraq
1317:Iran
1274:Asia
1203:Igbo
1174:Mali
193:Brit
102:and
100:Jews
78:1910
70:1857
62:1772
4692:God
3219:doi
3215:111
2827:or
2815:or
2591:by
2437:or
2017:Art
363:Tur
155:613
5352::
3605:.
3570:.
3552:;
3536:.
3509:.
3381:,
3341:,
3303:,
3213:.
3209:.
3086:,
3061:.
3057:.
3040:^
3024:^
2989:^
2944:^
2831:.
2505:.
2477:,
2449:,
2445::
630:,
624:,
594:,
590:,
586:,
582:,
94:on
48:,
4173:)
4169:(
3689:e
3682:t
3675:v
3613:.
3578:.
3544:.
3517:.
3477:.
3450:.
3410:.
3225:.
3221::
3035:.
2614:)
2608:(
2603:)
2599:(
2585:.
2545:)
2473:(
2441:(
2423:e
2416:t
2409:v
1257:)
1253:(
1205:)
1201:(
674:)
670:(
636:)
619:(
612:)
607:(
598:)
578:(
521:)
510:(
500:)
489:(
157:)
142:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
