121:, the water level approached the top of the dam. In the end, the dam could not withstand the large water masses, and the flood outbreak was triggered when the dam broke. The dammed river basin at Guanting is estimated to have had a level approximately up to 160 or 200 meters above today's water level at the time of the eruption. When the dam broke, the water level in the dammed lake dropped more than 100 meters and released 12 to 16
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The flood breached the Yellow River's natural levees and caused widespread flooding, which also potentially changed the course of the Yellow River and had a major impact on all communities along the Yellow River's reach. After the primary flood, prolonged secondary floods likely occurred. The flood
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located 25 kilometers downstream from the dam show the devastation following the earthquake and then the flood, which together completely destroyed the settlement. The site was covered by up to 38 meters thick layer of flood sediments from the eruption. In the archaeological excavation, skeletons
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In both the Book of
Documents and Records of the Grand Historian, it is described that the place where Yu began to fight the river was "Jishi" (積石 / 积石) (literally translated 'amassed stones') which is the same spelling as today's name on the Jishi Gorge.
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of water. Calculations based on both the volume of water and its head in the impoundment area at Xunhua, and also reconstructed cross-sections of the floodplain at
Guanting estimate the peak flow at the outlet to be approximately 480,000
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in the direction of the river's flow and its highest level was 240 meters above today's water level. Upstream at Xunhua, a dammed lake filled after the river was blocked at the Jishi Gorge dam.
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have been found inside terraced houses whose positions show people helping each other before they died, and some adults died with children in their arms.
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was established, which is China's first dynasty. The flood of the Jishi Gorge has great similarities to the great flood described in the chronicles.
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Flood sediments downstream of the dam are found at levels 7 to 50 meters above the present water level. The sediments consist exclusively of angular
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sourced from Jishi Gorge. At the outlet of the gorge, the sediment layer is 20 meters thick and contains stones up to two meters in diameter.
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and rock avalanches that dammed the Yellow River in Jishi Gorge west of present-day Mengda township (孟达乡) in Xunhua County, eastern
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victims after their dwellings collapsed during the earthquake. With a margin of error, measurements gave the date 1922±28 BC.
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date the eruption rounded to 1920 BC. The measurements were made, among other things, on
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in the west through the Jishi
Mountain and further east to the river area around the
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The Jishi Gorge (积石峡) leads the Yellow River from the river area around
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may have affected 2,000 kilometers downstream of the Yellow River.
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After less than a year, probably after about six to nine
350:"Massive flood may have led to China's earliest empire"
374:. National Geographic. August 4, 2016. Archived from
372:"Geologic Evidence May Support Chinese Flood Legend"
182:The damming and flood outbreak occurred during the
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16:Natural disaster in ancient China
531:2nd-millennium BC natural events
27:that occurred around 1920 BC in
222:Records of the Grand Historian
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106:about 100 kilometres west of
428:"《夏本紀 - Annals of the Xia》"
226:great and devastating flood
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21:Jishi Gorge outburst flood
526:20th-century BC disasters
352:. Science. August 4, 2016
327:. IA CASS. April 28, 2005
302:. Science. March 31, 2017
74:from the flood eruption.
280:. Science. 5 August 2016
186:archaeological period.
460:. MDBG. March 31, 2017
398:"《禹貢 - Tribute of Yu》"
212:Great Flood of Gun-Yu
102:, near the border of
511:Earthquakes in China
432:Chinese Text Project
402:Chinese Text Project
142:Effects of the flood
521:Landslides in China
516:Yellow River floods
378:on January 26, 2020
167:archaeological site
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188:Radiocarbon dating
480:"Jishi Gorge 积石峡"
406:Book of Documents
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490:November 7,
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464:November 7,
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234:Xia Dynasty
224:describe a
156:greenschist
136:fresh water
61:Xia dynasty
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505:Categories
244:References
96:landslides
94:triggered
92:earthquake
78:The course
53:earthquake
49:landslides
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198:parts of
72:sediments
51:after an
220:and the
196:skeletal
37:Holocene
160:mudrock
108:Lanzhou
178:Dating
152:clasts
132:second
119:months
112:meters
84:Xunhua
63:. The
23:was a
436:Shiji
200:human
192:Lajia
190:from
171:Lajia
90:. An
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492:2022
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